Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 7 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    The document discusses the preparation of ethanol through fermentation and hydration of ethene. Fermentation involves breaking down carbohydrates from plants like grains and grapes using yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Hydration of ethene uses a catalyst to convert ethene to ethanol. Common uses of alcohols include alcoholic drinks, methylated spirit, fuel, and solvents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 7 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    44 views4 pages
    The document discusses the preparation of ethanol through fermentation and hydration of ethene. Fermentation involves breaking down carbohydrates from plants like grains and grapes using yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Hydration of ethene uses a catalyst to convert ethene to ethanol. Common uses of alcohols include alcoholic drinks, methylated spirit, fuel, and solvents.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the preparation of ethanol through fermentation and hydration of ethene. Fermentation involves breaking down carbohydrates from plants like grains and grapes using yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Hydration of ethene uses a catalyst to convert ethene to ethanol. Common uses of alcohols include alcoholic drinks, methylated spirit, fuel, and solvents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views4 pages

    Grade 11 Chemistry Week 7 Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    RealGenius (Carl)
    The document discusses the preparation of ethanol through fermentation and hydration of ethene. Fermentation involves breaking down carbohydrates from plants like grains and grapes using yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Hydration of ethene uses a catalyst to convert ethene to ethanol. Common uses of alcohols include alcoholic drinks, methylated spirit, fuel, and solvents.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

    SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

    GRADE 11

    CHEMISTRY

    WEEK 7 LESSON 2

    Topic: Organic Compounds

    Sub-topic: Preparation and Uses of Alcohols

    Objective: Given the information, students will:

    - Identify the raw material used in the laboratory preparation of ethanol.


    - states at least three uses of alcohol in everyday life.
    Content

    Preparation of Ethanol by Fermentation

    This method is only applicable to the preparation of ethanol. Alcohols cannot be prepared by this
    method generally.

    The starting material for this process varies widely, but will normally be some form of starchy
    plant material such as maize, corm whet barley, potato. Starch is a complex carbohydrate, and
    other carbohydrates such as lab sucrose (sugar) obtained from sugar cane, are normally used to
    produce ethanol.

    1. Break down the complex carbohydrate into simpler ones. For example, if the starch
    grains like wheat or barley are to be used, the grain is heated with hot water to extract the
    starch and then warmed with malt. Malt is germinated barley that contains enzymes that
    break the starch into a simpler carbohydrate called maltose, C12H22O11. Maltose has the
    same molecular formula as sucrose but contains two glucose units joined together,
    whereas sucrose contains one glucose and one fructose unit.
    Yeast is then added and the mixture is kept warm at approximately 35 0C for several days
    until fermentation is complete. Air is kept out of the mixture to prevent oxidation of the
    ethanol produced, converting it to ethanoic acid (vinegar).
    Enzymes in the yeast first convert carbohydrates like maltose or sucrose into even
    simpler ones like glucose and fructose. They are then converted to ethanol and carbon
    dioxide.
    The equation for the reaction

    C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) + energy

    Yeast is killed by the ethanol concentrations above 15%, and that limits the purity of the ethanol
    that can be produced. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by fractional distillation to give
    96% pure ethanol.

    Wine is made by adding yeast to grapes. Zymase from the yeast cells ferments the glucose in the
    grape juice. Air must not come into contact with the wine, since certain bacteria oxidize ethanol
    to ethanoic acid (vinegar) which causes the wine to become sour.

    The equation below shows the oxidization of ethanol.

    C2H5OH(aq) + O2(g) CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

    Aerobic bacteria Ethanoic acid

    Rum is made by adding yeast to molasses. The yeast cells produce the enzyme invertase which
    digests the sucrose in the molasses into glucose and fructose. The yeast then ferments the glucose
    and fructose and the mixture is distilled.

    Ethene from ethanol

    Another method used to prepare ethanol is the hydration of ethane. The reaction of ethene with
    steam to form ethanol can be reversed. This allows ethanol to be converted into ethene. A
    catalyst of hot aluminum oxide is used to speed up the reaction.
    Hydration of ethene v Fermentation

    These are some of the advantages and disadvantages of making ethanol by hydration of ethene
    and by fermentation.

    The table compares making ethanol by hydration of ethene (ethene and steam) to making ethanol
    by fermentation (sugar from plant material).

    Fermentation Hydration of Ethene

    Type of raw Renewable (glucose from


    Non-renewable (ethene from crude oil)
    materials plants)

    Type of process Batch (stop-start) Continuous (runs all the time)

    Labour A lot of workers needed Few workers needed

    Rate of reaction Slow Fast

    Conditions Warm (30°C), normal High temperature (300°C) and high


    needed pressure (1 atm) pressure (60-70 atm)

    Purity of product Impure (needs treatment) Pure (no by-products made)

    Energy needed A little A lot

    Uses of Alcohols

    1. Alcoholic Drinks
    The word "alcohol" in alcoholic drinks refers to ethanol (CH 3CH2OH).
    2. Used to produce methylated spirit (meth)
    Methylated spirit is ethanol mixed with small amounts of methanol, which is poisonous, making
    it unfit for consumption.
    Methylated spirit is combustible so it can be used in lamps and stoves, especially those made for
    camping.
    Methylated spirit is used to remove ink from non-porous surfaces. E.g. removing permanent ink
    from various kinds of surfaces, such as metals and plastics.
    Methylated spirit is used as a component of household cleaning products, usually glass cleaners.

    3. Used as a fuel
    Ethanol burns cleanly to form carbon dioxide and water. Using ethanol as fuel does not
    contribute much to pollution.
    Ethanol is usually mixed with the gasoline to produce 'gasohol", which is about 10-20% ethanol.
    Using ethanol as a fuel reduces our reliance on natural fossil fuels such as petrol.

    4. Used as a solvent
    Ethanol is commonly used as an organic solvent to dissolve organic compounds that are
    insoluble in water. E.g. used in cosmetics such as perfumes; used in medicines such as
    disinfectants; used in toiletries such as after-shave lotions
    The advantage of ethanol as a solvent is that it is volatile, colourless and has a relatively high
    boiling point of 78°C. It is also miscible in both water and other organic solvents.

    Reference

    1. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8sb2p3/revision/3
    2. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_
    Chemistry)/Alcohols/Properties_of_Alcohols/Uses_of_Alcohols
    3. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/manufacture.html

    You might also like