Full Stack Developer Interview Q&A

Full Stack Developer Interview
Questions
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Contents
Full Stack Developer Interview Questions for

Freshers
1. To develop a project from scratch, what technologies and languages would you
need or what skills a full stack developer should have?
2. Which language is the most preferred by full-stack developers?
3. Explain Pair Programming.
4. What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?
5. What is Callback Hell?
6. Explain Long Polling.
7. Can you tell me what are the latest trends in Full Stack Development? Also, how
do you keep yourself updated about the new trends in the industry?
8. State difference between GraphQL and REST (Representational State Transfer).
9. What is CI (Continuous Integration)?
10. Explain the meaning of multithreading.
11. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using "use strict".
12. What are some of the uses of Docker?
13. Explain event loop in Node.js.
14. Is there a way to decrease the load time of a web application?
15. Explain dependency injection.
16. What do you mean by observer pattern?

Experienced
17. State difference between blue/green deployment and rolling deployment.
18. Explain inversion of control.
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Full Stack Developer Interview Questions

for Experienced (.....Continued)
19. What do you mean by referential transparency in functional programming?

20. State difference between normalization and denormalization.
21. In Java, what is a connection leak? How can you fix this?
22. What is Promise and explain its states?
23. State the difference between GET and POST.
24. Explain the Restful API and write its usage.
25. What do you mean by MEAN Stack?
26. Do you know how to prevent a bot from scraping your publicly accessible API?
27. What makes MVC (Model View Controller) different from MVP (Model View
Presenter)?
28. What do you mean by Temporal Dead Zone in ES6?
29. Why should arrow functions not be used in ES6?
30. What is event bubbling and capturing in JavaScript?
31. Tell me about a project that you worked on and the technologies you used. Why
did you choose them?
32. In the past, what was the best implementation or debugging you did?
Frequently Asked Questions

33. How to be a full stack developer?
34. How many types of full-stack developers are there?
35. Which full stack is best?
36. Is full-stack development a good career?

Frequently Asked Questions (.....Continued)

37. How much do full stack developers earn?

Let's get Started
What is it like to go into the interview process for a Full-Stack Developer role? It is
quite common to feel anxious at first, especially if this is your first time on the hot
seat. One of the most popular and hottest professions in the tech industry is a Full
Stack Development role.
Full-stack developers do not only specialize in front-end and back-end development
but are also experts with a wide range of skill sets and knowledge. Its high level of
responsibility makes it one of the most important careers in tech and companies are
willing to pay handsomely for those with the right skillset and diverse knowledge.
Likewise, if you're thinking about a career in Full Stack Development, the future is
yours. The InterviewBit team has put together a list of 30+ full stack developer
interview questions and answers that will help you prepare for this role. These
questions have been hand-picked based on what you will likely encounter in the
interview.

Before we begin, let's first determine who exactly is a full-stack developer.
Who is a Full-Stack Developer?
A full-stack web developer is a person who can develop both client and server
so ware. Simply put, full-stack developers comprehend all the technologies that go
into making a website. The responsibilities of Front-end Developers include
developing and designing front-end (client-side) web architecture, server-side (back-
end) applications, working alongside graphic designers to create web design
elements, developing APIs and RESTful services, testing, and debugging so ware,
ensuring cross-platform compatibility and optimization, etc. In addition to mastering
HTML and CSS, he/she also knows how to:
Program a browser (like using JavaScript, jQuery, Angular, or Vue)
Program a server (like using PHP, ASP, Python, or Node)
Program a database (like using SQL, SQLite, or MongoDB)
Now let's look at the most common Full Stack Developer interview questions for
both freshers and experienced candidates.

Freshers
1. To develop a project from scratch, what technologies and
languages would you need or what skills a full stack
developer should have?
A full-stack developer must be familiar with the following:

Programming Languages: Full-stack developers should be competent in more

than one programming language, such as Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, C++, etc.
Front End technologies: You should be familiar with front-end technologies
such as HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, etc. Knowledge of third-party libraries such as
jQuery, Ajax, Angular, ReactJS, etc., is also important.
Frameworks: This requires proficiency in a variety of development frameworks,
including Spring, Spring Boot, Django, MyBatis, PHP, Hibernate, and others.
Databases and caches: As a full stack developer, you should also know about
various DBMS (Database Management Systems) technologies like MySQL,
SQLite, Oracle, and MongoDB. It is helpful to have a basic understanding of
caching mechanisms like redis, memcached, varnish.
Design Ability: Having a good understanding of design is also important if you
wish to become a successful Full-Stack web developer. Moreover, the person
should be aware of the principles of prototyping and UX/UI design.
Server: Experience with Apache or NGINX would be beneficial. Good knowledge
of Linux helps enormously when administering servers.
2. Which language is the most preferred by full-stack

developers?
Full Stack Developers utilize several programming languages. Ideally, a candidate
should be fluent in several languages, preferably some for designing the front end
and others for fixing the back end. Since Full Stack developers work with a variety of
technologies and applications, they must be proficient in at least two to three of the
most popular languages such as Java, Python, Ruby, PHP, C++, etc.
3. Explain Pair Programming.

In pair programming, two programmers share only one machine and work together.
During the development process, one programmer will be the driver who codes and
another will act as the observer (navigator) who will make sure the code is written
correctly, proofread and spell-check it, while also deciding where to go next. Roles
can be swapped at any time: the driver becomes the observer and vice versa. You can
also call it "pairing", "paired programming", or "programming in pairs".

Advantages:
Two of them will fix the problem if the driver encounters any issues with the
code.
The two programmers working on the same program are only 15% slower than if
they worked independently instead of 50%.
As a result of having another programmer look over your work, you are more
likely to write better code. One study showed that it results in 15% fewer bugs
than code written by a single programmer.
It leads to improved collaboration, higher quality, better code, and sustained
improved development practices.
During the project, each person teaches the other, resulting in more efficient
and expedited knowledge exchange.
The team develops better communication skills.
4. What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

CORS refers to cross-origin resource sharing. It's a browser mechanism that allows
web pages in one domain to have controlled access to resources in other domains
(cross-domain requests). This allows scripts that are run on a browser client to
interact with and access resources from other origins. In doing so, it extends and
provides greater flexibility to the SOP (Same-Origin Policy). Same-origin policies
restrict the ability of a website to access resources outside of its source domain. For
example, a JavaScript app that wants to make a call to an API (Application
Programming Interface) that runs on another domain will be blocked due to the SOP.
A CORS policy was implemented to circumvent restrictions caused by same-origin
policies.
In addition, if a website's CORS policy is not configured properly, it may be vulnerable

to cross-domain attacks. This means that it cannot stop cross-origin attacks like
CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery).
5. What is Callback Hell?

Callback Hell, or Pyramid of Doom, is a common anti-pattern seen in asynchronous

programming code (multiple functions running at the same time). This slang term
describes a large number of nested "if" statements or functions. In simple terms,
Callback hell is a situation where you have multiple asynchronous functions. Those
functions depend on one another, so it could get quite messy with so many callback
functions nested in so many layers. The use of callback functions leaves you with
code that is difficult to read and maintain, and looks like a pyramid as shown below:
This also makes it more difficult to identify the flow of the application, which is the
main obstacle to debugging, which is the reason for the famous name of this
problem: Callback Hell.
6. Explain Long Polling.

Long polling is defined as a web application development technique used to push
information/data from servers to clients as quickly as possible. When a request is
made from the client to the server, long-polling maintains the connection between
the two. This connection is maintained until the information is ready to be sent from
the server to the client. Once a server receives a request from a client, the
connection does not close immediately; the connection is only closed once the server
has sent the data back to the client or when a timeout threshold has been reached
(connection timeout).

7. Can you tell me what are the latest trends in Full Stack
Development? Also, how do you keep yourself updated about
the new trends in the industry?
Each business needs emerging technology to thrive, whether it is mobile or web
application development. This is why they hire front-end developers, back-end
developers, or full-stack developers depending on their technology needs. According
to industry experts, candidates who are passionate about full-stack development
should be aware of these trends:
The rise in frameworks and libraries like ReacJs and VueJs, progressive apps,
real-time web apps, and mobile web development.
Enhancements to JavaScript are beneficial to programming
The emergence of a more compatible extension.
The interviewer may ask you how you keep updated with new trends in the industry.
You can explain how you gain your knowledge and understanding by learning from
friends, colleagues, or online. That's an appropriate way of answering the question.
This is a good time to show off any personal projects you have undertaken that apply
your skills. Also, you might mention the webinars or forums that you attend regularly.

8. State difference between GraphQL and REST

(Representational State Transfer).
For decades, REST (Representational State Transfer) has been a popular architectural
way to design APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), but the popularity of
GraphQL over the past few years threatens to topple REST. In general, REST and
GraphQL both aim to transfer data over internet protocols including HTTP. How they
do so differs greatly, however.

GraphQL REST
It is a Query Language for

APIs that enables It is an API design architectural
declarative data fetching style that defines a set of
to provide clients control constraints to create web
over which data to services.
retrieve from the API.
GraphQL is known for its

high predictability. With
this, you can send
requests to your API and On the other hand, REST's
get the exact results you behaviour depends on the HTTP
are looking for without and URI methods used. API
having to include consumers can therefore be
anything you don't need. unsure of what to expect when
GraphQL queries give calling an endpoint.
predictable results, which
improves their usability
significantly.
API security can be

ensured by GraphQL,
though the security
API security can be enforced in
features aren't as mature
several ways using REST. You can
as those of REST.
implement multiple methods of
GraphQL, for instance,
API authentication, such as
assists in integrating data
HTTP authentication, to ensure
validation, but users are
REST API security.
le to figure out how to
apply authentication and
authorization measures.

9. What is CI (Continuous Integration)?

CI (Continuous Integration), as its name implies, is the process of automating and
integrating code changes into a single so ware project, o en several times a day. The
purpose of this DevOps practice is to enable developers to merge their code changes
into a central repository where automated tests and builds can run. Automated tools
are used to assert the new code’s correctness before integration. A source code
version control system is the crux of the CI process. The version control system is also
supplemented with other checks like automated code quality tests, syntax style
review tools, and more.
Advantages:

Integrating regularly has the main benefit of detecting errors quickly and more
easily. Since most changes introduced are small, pinpointing the specific change
that caused a defect is easy.
As a result of the smaller code changes and easier fault isolations, CI reduces
MTTR (Mean Time to Resolution).
When CI is incorporated into your organization's development process, you are
less likely to have noncritical defects on your backlog. Before production, these
small defects are detected and fixed before they are released to the public.
10. Explain the meaning of multithreading.

The thread is an independent part or unit of a process (or an application) that is
being executed. Whenever multiple threads execute in a process at the same time,
we call this "multithreading". You can think of it as a way for an application to
multitask.
Advantages:

By multithreading, computing resources are also minimized and used more

effectively.
The response time of the application is improved since requests from one
thread do not block requests from other threads.
Consequently, if one of the threads encounters an exception, it will not affect
the other threads.
Multithreading, on the other hand, uses fewer resources than running multiple
processes simultaneously.
The overhead, time usage, and management associated with creating processes
are much higher when compared to creating and managing threads.
11. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using "use strict".

In ECMAScript5, a new feature known as strict mode allows you to run a program or
function within a strict operating context. Certain actions, therefore, cannot be taken
due to this strict context, and more exceptions are thrown. When the "use strict"
statement is used, the browser is instructed to use "strict" mode, which is a more
restricted and safer JavaScript feature set. You can specify "use strict" at the top of a
function to evaluate the JS in strict mode. In strict mode, more errors are thrown and
some features are disabled to make your code more robust, clear, and accurate.

Advantages:
Errors are thrown when some common coding mistakes are detected.
By having strict mode, mistakes that make JavaScript engines tough to optimize
can be fixed. Sometimes, strict mode code runs faster than similar, non-strict
mode code.
Generally, it prevents or throws an error when an "unsafe" action is taken (for
example, accessing the global object).
It disables poorly thought-out or confusing features.
Strict mode simplifies the process of writing "secure" JavaScript.
Disadvantages:
Many of the functions that most developers use are absent.
It is not possible to access function.caller or function.arguments anymore.
If you concatenate scripts written in different strict modes, you may encounter
problems.
12. What are some of the uses of Docker?

One of the thorniest problems in so ware development is dealing with the different
environments across different machines and platforms. Using Docker, you can isolate
your applications from your infrastructure, which is crucial to delivering so ware
quickly. Developers can package and run their applications into containers,
executable components that have all the OS (Operating System) libraries and
dependencies needed to run the application in any environment. It does not matter
what is installed on the host—containers are lightweight and include everything
needed to run applications.

The code has to pass through many different environments as it travels from the
developer's machine to production. Consequently, each of these environments
may be slightly different. Using Docker streamlines code development and
deployment, as it provides a consistent environment from development to
production.
Docker's primary purpose is to simplify configuration. With VM (Virtual Machine),
you can run any platform with its configuration on top of your infrastructure.
Docker offers the same functionality without the overhead of virtual machines.
13. Explain event loop in Node.js.

The event loop in JavaScript enables asynchronous programming. With JS, every
operation takes place on a single thread, but through smart data structures, we can
create the illusion of multi-threading. With the Event Loop, any async work is
handled by a queue and listener. Consider the diagram below:
Therefore, when an async function (or an I/O) needs to be executed, the main thread
relays it to another thread, allowing v8 (Javascript engine) to continue processing or
running its code. In the event loop, there are different phases, like pending callbacks,
closing callbacks, timers, idle or preparing, polling, and checking, with different FIFO
(First-In-First-Out) queues.

14. Is there a way to decrease the load time of a web

application?
Here are some ways to reduce load times for web applications:
Image Optimization: The file size of an image can be dramatically reduced by
switching to a different file format. For example, GIFs work well for images with
few colors, such as logos, JPEG is ideal for images with lots of colors and details,
such as photographs, and PNG format is ideal for transparent images with high
quality.
Keep JavaScript and CSS in external files: Embedding JavaScript and CSS in
HTML documents forces them to be downloaded every time the HTML
document is loaded. In this case, browser caching is not utilized, and the HTML
document becomes larger. This is why you should always place CSS and
JavaScript in external files; it is a best practice and simplifies maintenance.
Reducing redirects: Too many redirects will delay the loading time of a website.
HTTP requests and responses are delayed each time a page redirects. Getting rid
of unnecessary redirects on your site will reduce the load time of your site
significantly.
Load CSS and JavaScript files asynchronously: Your website contains CSS and
JavaScript files that can be loaded either synchronously or asynchronously. As
part of synchronous loading, each file is loaded sequentially, in the order it
appears on your site. As opposed to synchronous loading, asynchronous loading
allows multiple files to be loaded simultaneously, boosting the performance of a
website.
Minify HTML, CSS, and JavaScript: If you optimize the way your files load, your
pages will load more quickly. You can do the same when it comes to HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript code. By eliminating unnecessary spaces, characters, and
comments, you can reduce the size of your files. This will make your web pages
load faster.
15. Explain dependency injection.

The Dependency Injection (DI) pattern is a design pattern for implementing the
Inversion of Control (IoC). Dependent objects can be created outside of classes and
made available to classes in different ways. Three types of classes are involved in
Dependency Injection as follows:
Client Class: A client class (dependent class) is one that depends on the service
class.
Service Class: Service (dependency) classes provide services to client classes.
Injector Class: This class injects the objects from the service class into the client
class.
16. What do you mean by observer pattern?

If several objects are tied together in one-to-many relationships, the observer pattern
is used. Every time one object is modified, then all of its dependent objects are
automatically notified and updated. It falls under the behavioural pattern category. It
describes the coupling between the objects and the observer and provides support
for broadcast-type communication. The object that observes the state of another
object is known as the observer, and the object that is being observed is known as the
subject as shown below:


Experienced
17. State difference between blue/green deployment and rolling
deployment.
Today, the so ware is rapidly created and features are o en changed based on
customer needs, and then it is deployed into production. Each organization has its
unique way of getting new applications into the production environment. Most
organizations follow the standard deployment and release strategies such as Blue-
Green and Rolling Deployment.
Blue-Green Deployment Strategy:
A deployment strategy like this creates two separate infrastructure environments i.e.,
blue and green. A blue environment contains older code (old version), while a green
environment (production) contains the latest code (new version). There is only one
live production environment at any given time.

Example: For instance, the green environment is live and is receiving all user traffic,
while the clone (blue) is idle. Once a new version of an application is ready for release,
it can be deployed to the blue environment for testing. As soon as the new release
passes testing, application traffic is switched from green to blue. Blue then becomes
the live production environment, and Green becomes idle, ready for testing the next
release.
Rolling Deployment Strategy

Using this deployment strategy, old versions of an application are completely
replaced with the new versions by completely replacing the infrastructure on which
they run.
Example: When a new version must be deployed to all nodes, the new version is
deployed to the first node while all other nodes handle end-user traffic. As soon as
the new version is successfully installed on the first node, it will begin managing end-
user traffic while the new version is being installed on the second node. The process
is repeated until all nodes have been successfully upgraded to the new version.

18. Explain inversion of control.

IoC (Inversion of Control), as the name suggests, is a design principle in so ware
engineering. With IoC, different kinds of controls can be inverted in an object-
oriented design to attain loose coupling. The term "controls" refers to any other
responsibilities a class may have other than its primary responsibility. These include
controlling the flow of an application, controlling the creation of objects, or
controlling the binding and creation of dependent objects. IoC allows classes to be
loosely coupled, making testing and maintenance easier.
19. What do you mean by referential transparency in functional

programming?
In functional programming, referential transparency is the key differentiating factor.
An expression is considered referential transparent if it can be replaced or
substituted with the corresponding value it computes or vice-versa without affecting
the program’s result.
Example: Imagine that we have an expression called four: val four= add(1,3)

If four is used anywhere in our code, it can safely be replaced with add(1,3), 1 + 3 or 4
wherever it appears. Thus, all the expressions below are equivalent in meaning and
output:
val eight = four + four

val eight_v2 = add(1,3) + add(1,3)
val eight_v3 = 4 + add(1,3)
val eight_v4 = 8
If we can swap back-and-forth between these expressions anytime, anywhere,

without altering their meaning or output, then an expression is referentially
transparent.
20. State difference between normalization and

denormalization.
Normalization and denormalization are the two main methods of altering the
structure of a database.

Normalization Denormalization
Normalization involves
removing redundant data It involves combining data
(multiple copies of data) from multiple tables into a
from a database and single so that it can be queried
storing consistent, non- quickly.
redundant data.
It primarily focuses on
On the other hand,
clearing out unused data
denormalization aims to
and reducing duplicate
achieve faster query execution
data and inconsistencies
by adding data redundancy.
from a database.
During normalization, Denormalization, on the other

tables are reduced in hand, involves integrating data
number due to the into the same database and
reduction of data in the therefore the number of tables
database. to store the data increases.
Data integrity is
maintained by
Data integrity is not
normalization. A change to
maintained by
the data in the table will
denormalization.
not impact its relationship
with the other table.
It optimizes the use of disk It does not optimize disk

space. space.

21. In Java, what is a connection leak? How can you fix this?
If a connection is opened and forgotten about, this is known as a "leak" since each
time it occurs, a connection is no longer available for reuse. Connection leaks occur
when some database requests or transactions are not closed properly or are not
committed, causing the connections to be abandoned and closed permanently.
Java developers commonly experience Connection Leaks when using Connection
Pools. In the case where there is a section of code that fails to close a connection
properly, a connection will leak from the pool each time the section of code is
executed. Eventually, if this situation continues, the pool will run out of connections,
which is known as Pool Exhaustion. The application will hang once all available
connections have been leaked. We can fix this by closing the connection and paying
particular attention to any error handling code.
22. What is Promise and explain its states?

Callback functions are functions that can be passed to another function as
arguments and executed there to complete a routine or action. Those functions
depend on one another, so it could get quite messy with so many callback functions
nested in so many layers. This is what is referred to as callback hell.
As an alternative to callbacks in JavaScript, promises are used to handle
asynchronous operations. In addition to handling multiple asynchronous operations,
they provide better error handling than callbacks. Promises can be a better way for a
user to read the code effectively and efficiently, especially when that particular code
performs multiple asynchronous operations. The Promise object represents the
result of an asynchronous operation (or its failure) and the resulting value. The
promise is in one of the following states:
Pending: In its initial state, neither fulfilled nor rejected.
Fulfilled: Indicating that the operation was successful.
Rejected: Indicating that the operation failed.
23. State the difference between GET and POST.

GET and POST are two different HTTP request methods.

GET POST
This method is used to

This method is used to request send or write data to be
data from a certain resource (via processed to a specific
some API URL). resource (via some API
URL).
If you use the GET method to send

data, the data is added to the URL,
It does not impose such
and a URL can be up to 2048
limitations.
characters in length. Therefore, it
has restrictions on data length.
It is a little safer to use

In comparison to POST, GET is less
POST than GET because
secure since data is sent as part of
the parameters are not
the URL. Passwords and other
saved in the browser
sensitive information should
history or the web
never be sent using GET.
server logs.
Everyone can see the data in the There is no data

URL. displayed in the URL.
24. Explain the Restful API and write its usage.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are sets of rules and protocols that define
how so ware programs or devices can communicate with each other. APIs that
conform to the design principles of REST, or representational state transfer, are
known as REST APIs. REST APIs may also be referred to as RESTful APIs. Using RESTful
APIs, developers can create requests and receive responses via an HTTP request.
REST API can also be used for mapping data from a cloud platform to a data
warehouse or vice versa.
25. What do you mean by MEAN Stack?

MEAN stands for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js. It is a collection of
JavaScript-based technologies for developing web applications. Despite being a stack
of different technologies, all of them are based on the JavaScript language. It is an
ideal solution for building dynamic websites and applications as it is a very user-
friendly stack. With this free and open-source stack, you can quickly and easily build
web-based prototypes.
26. Do you know how to prevent a bot from scraping your

publicly accessible API?
As long as the data within the API is accessible to the public, it will technically not be
possible to completely prevent data scraping. It is possible, however, to minimize bot
activity (automated computer programs on the internet that perform certain tasks)
by throttling or rare limiting. Rare limiting will be able to prevent a certain device
from making an unlimited number of requests within a defined time. If too many
requests are made beyond the defined limit, a 429 Too Many Attempts HTTP error is
thrown. It is vital to record more than just the IP address of the device since the IP
address is not unique to each device and can stop the whole network from accessing
the API.
27. What makes MVC (Model View Controller) different from

MVP (Model View Presenter)?

Developers prefer to develop Android applications by utilizing a so ware architecture

pattern. Architecture patterns allow you to express and define a structural schema
for so ware systems. Developers can easily maintain the so ware and continue to
add features to the so ware in the future. The two most popular android
architecture patterns are MVC (Model View Controller) and MVP (Model View
Presenter).

MVC MVP
MVC suggests splitting the

code into three This is an architectural pattern
components. As soon as the that helps compensate for
developer creates a class or some of the shortcomings of
file for an application, he or MVC. It is composed of three
she must categorize it into components i.e., Model, View,
one of three layers: Model, and Presenter.
View, and Controller.
The controller serves as a The presenter pulls data from

bridge between the view the model and applies the UI
and model layers and (user interface) logic to
therefore provides the determine what to show. In
application's user interface. response to the user's input
As soon as the Model notification, it manages the
changes, the Controller state of the View and takes
updates the View. appropriate actions.
Controllers and views have

a many-to-one relationship Presenter and View have a
since one Controller can one-to-one relationship since
select different Views the Presenter class manages
depending on the only one View at a time.
operation required.
Support for unit testing is The unit testing process is

limited. highly supported.
28. What do you mean by Temporal Dead Zone in ES6?

Before ES6, variable declarations were only possible using var. With ES6, we got let
and const. Both let and const declarations are block-scoped, i.e., they can only be
accessed within the " { } " surrounding them. On the other hand, var doesn't have
such a restriction. Unlike var, which can be accessed before its declaration, you
cannot access the let or const variables until they are initialized with some value.
Temporal Dead Zone is the time from the beginning of the execution of a block in
which let or const variables are declared until these variables are initialized. If anyone
tries to access those variables during that zone, Javascript will always throw a
reference error as given below.
console.log(varNumber); // undefined
console.log(letNumber); // Throws the reference error letNumber is not defined
var varNumber = 3;
let letNumber = 4;
Both let and const variables are in the TDZ from the moment their enclosing scope
starts to the moment they are declared.
29. Why should arrow functions not be used in ES6?

One of the most popular features of ES6 is the "arrow functions" (also known as "fat
arrow functions"). Arrow functions are a new way to write concise functions. Arrow
functions offer a compact alternative to traditional function expressions, but they
have limitations and cannot be used in every case.
The following is an ES5 function:
function timesTwo(params) {
return params * 2
}
timesTwo(5); // 10
The same function can also be expressed as an arrow function in ES6 as follows:
var timesTwo = params => params * 2

timesTwo(5); // 10

Differences & Limitations:

Has no bindings to 'this' or 'super', so it shouldn't be used as a method.
Has no new.target keyword.
The call, apply, and bind methods are not suitable since they rely on establishing
scope.
Not suitable for use as constructors.
Not possible for an arrow function to use the yield keyword within its body, etc.
30. What is event bubbling and capturing in JavaScript?

The propagation of events inside the DOM (Document Object Model) is known as
'Event Flow' in JavaScript. The event flow defines the order or sequence in which a
particular web page receives an event. Accordingly, event flow (propagation) in JS is
dependent on the following aspects:
Event Bubbling: With Event Bubbling, the event is captured and handled first by
the innermost element, and then propagates to the outermost element. Events
propagate up the DOM tree from child elements until the topmost element is
handled.
Event Capturing: With Event Capturing, the event is captured and handled first
by the outermost element, and then propagates to the innermost element.
Event cycles propagate starting with the wrapper elements and ending with the
target elements that initiated the event cycle.
The following diagram will help you to understand the event propagation life cycle.

31. Tell me about a project that you worked on and the

technologies you used. Why did you choose them?
With this question, the interviewer can figure out the methodology of the full stack
web developer and determine if he is sharp and precise in selecting the right toolset.
While explaining the reasons for choosing a particular toolset, you should be as
specific as possible. You must demonstrate that you can develop both the front and
backend of the web application. Having more experience on one side of the
development game than the other is okay, but you should show you are capable of
handling both ends of the application.
32. In the past, what was the best implementation or debugging

you did?
By asking this question, the hiring manager will get an idea of the type and
complexity of past projects you have completed. You should clearly state the
problems you encountered and the steps you took to overcome them. In addition,
you can talk about the lessons you learned from the issue.

Conclusion
A potential employer doesn't expect applicants to know everything, whether they're

freshers or experienced. However, a well-prepared and enthusiastic candidate will
undoubtedly stand out. In a full stack developer interview, candidates should be able
to demonstrate excellent organizational skills and precision in their work. Also,
honesty and transparency pay dividends over the long run.
In this article, we have covered the top 30+ Full-Stack developer interview questions
& answers for freshers and experienced candidates so you can succeed in your next
full-stack developer interview. Questions like those listed above are quick, insightful,
and provide key cues that are vital to the interview process. If you review frequently
asked full stack developer interview questions and answers, you increase your
chances of getting hired. Make sure you review all the questions and answers.
We hope to have cleared up your doubts and guided you in the right direction. Good
luck with your full stack developer interview!
Frequently Asked Questions

33. How to be a full stack developer?
To become a full stack developer, follow these six steps:
Plan your learning path according to your career goals
Learn the fundamentals, necessary technologies, and develop the skills you
need to be a full-stack developer and necessary technologies.
Learn from tutorials and videos, but learn to code as well.
Based on what you learn, create your own project.
Make a portfolio of your work.
Start your job search and nail the interview.
34. How many types of full-stack developers are there?

Following are the most common types of full-stack developers based on their specific
stacks:

MEAN Stack (MongoDB-ExpressJS-AngularJS-NodeJS).

MERN Stack (MongoDB-ExpressJS-ReactJS-NodeJS).
LAMP Stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP).
LEMP Stack (Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP).
Full-Stack Python.
Full-Stack Elixir.
Full-Stack Django.
Full-Stack Java.
Full-Stack Ruby on Rails.
35. Which full stack is best?

One of the most popular tech stacks is the MEAN stack (MongoDB-ExpressJS-
AngularJS-NodeJS). MEAN stack has many applications, including cloud application
development. MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js are among the
JavaScript technologies in MEAN used to build web applications.
36. Is full-stack development a good career?

Definitely, it's a great career choice. Having a full-stack developer job is one of the
most productive careers you can have, and its high level of responsibility makes it
one of the most important careers in tech. Full-stack developers do not only
specialize in front-end and back-end development but are also experts with a wide
range of skill sets and knowledge. Full Stack Developers are in high demand and
companies are willing to pay handsomely for those with the right skillset and diverse
knowledge. Here's a Resume Sample.
37. How much do full stack developers earn?

A Full Stack Developer is one of the most highly paid professionals. In India, the
average annual salary for a Full Stack Developer is around ₹6,66,697. With 1-4 years of
experience, a full-stack developer earns an average of INR 6,53,006-10,00,000.
Employees with between 5 and 9 years of experience can expect to earn between INR
12 and 17 lakhs per year. Learn More.

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Full Stack Developer Interview Questions

19. What do you mean by referential transparency in functional programming?

Frequently Asked Questions

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Frequently Asked Questions (.....Continued)

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Before we begin, let's first determine who exactly is a full-stack developer.

Who is a Full-Stack Developer?

Full Stack Developer Interview Questions for

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Programming Languages: Full-stack developers should be competent in more

2. Which language is the most preferred by full-stack

3. Explain Pair Programming.

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4. What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

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In addition, if a website's CORS policy is not configured properly, it may be vulnerable

5. What is Callback Hell?

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Callback Hell, or Pyramid of Doom, is a common anti-pattern seen in asynchronous

6. Explain Long Polling.

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8. State diﬀerence between GraphQL and REST

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It is a Query Language for

GraphQL is known for its

API security can be

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9. What is CI (Continuous Integration)?

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10. Explain the meaning of multithreading.

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By multithreading, computing resources are also minimized and used more

11. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using "use strict".

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12. What are some of the uses of Docker?

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13. Explain event loop in Node.js.

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14. Is there a way to decrease the load time of a web

15. Explain dependency injection.

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16. What do you mean by observer pattern?

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Full Stack Developer Interview Questions for

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Rolling Deployment Strategy

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18. Explain inversion of control.

19. What do you mean by referential transparency in functional

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val eight = four + four

If we can swap back-and-forth between these expressions anytime, anywhere,