Vertebrate Diversity:

Anatomical Vocabulary List

Throughout the semester, you will be required to identify and learn anatomical
structures in your dissections, and you will then need to identify these from
memory for the practical exam.

The best way to learn this is to keep a dissection notebook, drawing and labeling,
as clearly as possible, everything that you observe through the semester. You are
responsible for knowing all of the terminology listed in this document. Anything in
this document can constitute a question for the lab practical examination.

Dissection Manual: Vertebrate Dissection 9th Ed. (2004) Walker and Homberger.

This manual is out of print, so I have placed PDF files

of the relevant sections on the module Brightspace page.

The practical component will be assessed through a practical examination, which is

scheduled for Tuesday, 16 April 2024.
 Skeletal System
General terminology
Dermal Skeleton Visceral Skeleton
Endoskeleton Cranium
Axial Skeleton Neurocranium
Appendicular Skeleton Chondrocranium

Dogfish Squalus acanthias:

Chapter 4

Figs. 4.2, 4.4, 4.5

You will need to identify all labeled structures.

Chapter 6

Figs. 6.1 6.2, 6.3

Basal pterygiophore Coracoid Process
Propterygium Coracoid Bar
Mesopterygium Glenoid Surface
Metapterygium Coracoid foramen
Radial pterygiophore Pelvic Girdle
Ceratotrichia Puboischiadic bar
Suprascapular cartilage Iliac process
Scapulocoracoid Acetabular surface

Compare to figure 6.4, but you will not be tested on 6.4.

Mammals, Cat Felis catus and Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus:

Chapter 4
Figs.4.18, 4.19
You will need to be able to identify these strucutres on both a cat and a rabbit skull.

Premaxilla (“Incisive”) Coronal suture

Maxilla Lambdoid suture
Palatine Frontal
Zygomatic (Jugal) Orbit
Postorbital process Lacrimal
Temporal (Squamosal) Ethmoid
Parietal Nasal
Interparietal Naris
Sagittal and Nuchal crests Mastoid process
Zygomatic arch Paracondylar (“paracondyloid”) process
Sagittal suture Dentary
Fig. 4.20

You will need to be able to identify these strucutres on both a cat and a rabbit skull.

Premaxilla (Incisive) Occipital condyle

Maxilla Tympanic bulla
Infraorbital canal Pterygoid process (hamulus)
Zygomatic (Jugal) Choana
Basisphenoid Palatine
Basioccipital Greater palatine foramen
Jugular foramen Palatine fissure
Foramen magnum

Fig. 4.22
Naris
Infraorbital canal
Optic canal
Orbital fissure
Auditory tube, External acoustic (auditory) meatus
Stylomastoid foramen
Sphenopalatine Foramen
Greater palatine foramen

Fig 4.23
All of it.

Chapter 5
Figs. 5.5, 5.6
All of it.

Figs. 5.7, 5.8

All of it. You will need to identify all types of vertebrae, and structures on individual vertebrae.

Chapter 6
Figs. 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.16
All of it.

Figs. 6.17, 6.18

All of it.

As with vertebrae, you will need to identify the long bone type and structures on them.

Fig. 6.20
Metatarsal
Phalanges (singular: “Phalanx”)
Calcaneus
Astragalus (= “talus”)
 Lamprey
Dogfish: Introduction & Superficial Musculature
Chapter 2
Lamprey: Petromyzon marinus

General Brain
Cephalization Arcualia
Nasal cavities, Eyes, Lateral line system, brain, Spinal cord
cranium Lingual cartilage
Muscularization of the gut Branchial basket
Pancreatic tissue Oral cavity
Liver, Heart, Kidneys Respiratory tube
Agnatha Esophagus
Intestine
Adult Lamprey Coelom
Figs. 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Internal gill slits,
Regions of Body: Head, Trunk, Caudal External gill slits
Dorsal fins Heart
Caudal fins Ovary/Testis
Buccal funnel Dorsal aorta
Papillae Caudal artery
Horny teeth Caudal vein
Pineal eye
Lateral eye Understand Figure 2.6 (Don’t worry about
Lateral line system finding this in the animal.)
Notochord

Chapter 3
Fusiform External Gill Slits
Counter Shading Spiracle
Hetrerocercal Lateral Line
Labial Pockets/Labial Fold Ampullae of Lorenzini
Nares Dermal Denticles (placoid scales)
Olfactory Sac Melanophores

Fig. 3.2

Chapter 5
Fig. 5.1 You will need to identify all labeled structures.

Chapter 7
Fig. 7.7
Myomere
Myoseptum
Epaxial Muscle
Hypaxial Muscle
Horizontal Skeletogenous Septum
Longitudinal Bundles
Chapter 8
Figs. 8.3, 8.4 Understand where things fit.

Lateral Line System

- Hair Cells
- Neuromasts
- Kinocilium
- Sterocilia
- Cupula
Octavolateralis System

Fig 8.5
Ampulae of Lorenzini
Pit Organs
Infraorbital canal
Supraorbital canal
Trunk canal
Supratemporal canal
 Dogfish: Musculature
Chapter 7
Fig. 7.8
Fin Abductor/Adductor Levator palatoquadrati
Superficial branchial constrictor: Dorsal, Ventral Levator hyomandibulae
Coracoarcuals Tendinous Plate
Coracomandibular Hyoid/Branchial Trematic constrictors
Ventral hyoid constrictor Epibranchial muscle
Dorsal hyoid constrictor Epaxial / Hypaxial musculature
Intermandibularis Horizontal Skeletogenous Septum
Interhyoideus Cucullaris muscle
Adductor mandibulae Superficial Dorsal Fin muscle
Preorbitalis Hyomandibular Nerve Trunk
Lateral rectus – try to find this, worry about it
more in Fig. 8.6 (below)

Fig. 7.9
Epibranchial Internal gill slits
Dorsal superficial branchial constrictors Coracobranchial
Ventral superficial branchial constrictors Coracomandibular
Cucullaris Intermandibularis
Pectoral girdle Adductor mandibulae
Branchial Adductor Levator hyomandibulae
Gill ray Gill lamellae
Ceratobranchial

Fig. 8.7
Dorsal rectus Adductor mandibulae
Lateral rectus Preorbitalis
Medial rectus Occulomotor Nerve
Ventral rectus Trochlear nerve
Dorsal oblique Mandibular branch of the Trigeminal nerve
Ventral oblique Superficial and Deep ophthalmic nerves
Palatoquadratae Optic Nerve
 Dogfish and Cat: Coelom
Chapter 10
Fig. 10.5: Don’t worry about the veins and arteries at present – study the viscera.
Esophagus Intestine
Liver Stomach
- Median lobe Spleen
- Left lobe Digitiform gland
- Right lobe Kidneys
Gall bladder Not labelled in figs, but find them!
Bile duct Mesentery
Pancreas Lienomesenteric ligament
- Dorsal lobe Hepatogastric ligament
- Ventral lobe Gastrosplenic ligament

Fig. 10.9: Know it all.

From Fig10.17, 10.18 and Anatomy in Action Box 10-3

Also In Text Pages 277 to 286:
Pleural Cavity Falciform ligament & Round ligament of the
Internal Intercostal Muscles liver
Diaphragm Liver: Left lateral, left medial, right medial,
Central tendon right lateral, quadrate, and caudate lobes
Lung: Cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory Gall bladder
lobes Kidney
Thymus Stomach: cardial region, fundus, body, pyloric
Cranial & Caudal Vena Cava region, and pylorus
Systemic vs. Pulmonary vs. Caraotid Arches Greater curvature and lesser curvature of the
Pulmonary arteries stomach
Aorta Gastric Folds
Brachiocephalic artery Greater omentum & Omental bursa
Common carotid artery Spleen
Esophagus Epiploic foramen
Heart Very tough to find, but try!
Mediastium vs. Mediastinal septum Common bile duct
Caval Fold Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Phrenic Nerve Large intestine
Internal Thoracic Artery and Vein Urinary bladder
Ventral Vesicle Ligament
Peritoneal cavity Lateral Vesicle Ligaments
Diaphragm Rectum
Central tendon Pancreas
Ventral Messentery Head vs. Tail
Linea Alba Caecum
Ascending, Transverse, and Descending Colon
 Dogfish and Sheep: Nervous System
Chapter 9
Fig. 9.3
(Fig. 9.4 can be helpful for seeing some 3D relationships.)
Epiphysis Occipital Nerve
Terminal Nerve Medulla oblongata
Optic Nerve Auricle of cerebellum
Trochlear Nerve Body of Cerebellum
Oculomotor Nerve Optic Lobe
Tela choroidea Thalamus
Trigeminal Nerve/Facial Nerve Cerebral hemisphere
Vesitbulocholear Nerve Olfactory tract
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Olfactory bulb
Vagus Nerve

Fig 9.7
Superficial ophthalmic Vesitbulocholear Nerve
Deep ophthalmic (if possible, try to find it) Mandibular branch of the Trigeminal Nerve
Trochlear Infraorbital trunk of Trigeminal Nerve
Lateral rectus Oculomotor Nerve
Vagus Nerve Optic Nerve
Occipital Nerve Preorbitalis muscle
Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Familiarize yourself with Figure 9.6 and Table 9.1 – This will be a good study aid for the
lecture component.

Fig. 9.12, 9.13 & 9. 16

Dura Mater
Flax Cerebri
Tentorium
Gyrus vs. Sulcus
Neopallium, Rhinal sulcus, Piriform lobe
Cerebral Hemisphere
Cerebellum: Cerebellar Hemisphere, Vermis, Folia
Medulla Oblongata
Pyramid
Pons
Optic Chiasma
Olfactory Bulbs, Olfactory Tracts
Mamillary Bodies
Cerebral Peduncle
 Cat: Appendicular Musculature
Fig 7.17 Fig. 7.29
External Obliques Biceps femoris
Aponeurosis of the External Obliques Sartorius
Linea Alba Semimembranousus
Semitedinousus
Fig 7.19 Gracilis
Supraspinatus Tensor facia latae
Scapuladeltoid (= ‘Spinodeltoid’) Triceps Surae
Acromiodeltoid
Triceps Brachii Fig. 7.31
Omotansversarius (= ‘Levator Scapulae Vastus lateralis
Ventralis’)' Semimembranousus
Cliedobrachialis and Cliedocervicalis Semitedinousus
Adductor femoris
Fig 7.21 Tensor facia latae
Superspinatus Facia lata
Infraspinatus Ischiadic, Common Peroneal, & Tibial Nerves
Teres major
Scapuladeltoid (= ‘Spinodeltoid’) Fig. 7.33
Triceps brachii, long head Vastus lateralis
Triceps brachii, lateral head Vastus medialis
Brachialis Rectus femoris
Acromiodeltoid Vastus intermedius
Not labelled in figs, but find it!
Fig. 7.23 Semimembranousus
Subscapularis Semitedinousus
Superspinatus Gacilis
Biceps brachii Adductor femoris brevis et magnus
Triceps brachii, long head Adductor femoris longus
Triceps brachii, medial head
Teres major Figs 7.35 and 7.36
Gastronemius, lateral head
“Rotator Cuff”: ‘SITS’ Gastronemius, medial head
Soleus
Flexor digitrum superficialis (= ‘plantaris’) –
Not labelled in figs, but find it!
 Dogfish: Circulatory System
Chapter 11

Fig. 11.4
Sinous venosa
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus
Coronary ligament
Falciform ligament
Afferent branchial arteries

Figure 11.5, 11.6, 11.7

Know all of these.

“Anatomy in Action” Box 11-3

Know all of the parts in (D) – the other stuff is fiction.

Also, use Figure 11.8 to help you get an idea of the relative position of some of these vessels in 3-D.