the

Contents
• Oceanography

• Hydrology

• Under the Sea

• Waves

• Tides

• Currents

• Marine Environment

• Freshwater Ecosystem

• Groundwater Resources
Oceanography
• The study of the physical, chemical,
and biological features of the ocean.
 OCEANOGRAPHY
covers a wide range of
topics
01 02 03 04

Ecosystem Dynamics Ocean Currents Waves Geophysical Fluid

Dynamics
Explores how different It investigates the movement It examines the formation, It focuses on understanding
organisms interact and thrive of water in the ocean, behavior, and characteristics the physical properties and
in marine ecosystems, including the powerful of waves, which play a crucial behavior of fluids, like water,
studying the delicate balance currents that circulate around role in coastal processes, in the ocean. It helps us
of life in the ocean. the globe, influencing climate erosion, and even surfing comprehend phenomena such
patterns and distributing heat. as turbulence, mixing, and the
circulation of water masses.
 OCEANOGRAPHY
covers a wide range of
topics
01 02 03 04

Plate Tectonics Seabed Geology Fluxes of Various Geophysical Fluid

Chemical Substances Dynamics
Studies the movement and It explores the composition • This involves measuring
It investigates the transport
interactions of Earth's tectonic and structure of the ocean and understanding various
and distribution of different
plates beneath the ocean, floor, including the study of physical characteristics of
chemical substances in the
leading to the formation of underwater mountains, valleys, seawater, like temperature,
ocean, such as nutrients,
features like underwater canyons, and the deposition of salinity, density, and
pollutants, gasses, and trace
mountain ranges and deep- sediments. pressure, which are crucial
elements.
sea trenches. for understanding ocean
processes.
 HYDROLOGY
• The study of water, its distribution, movement, and properties on Earth. It
focuses on understanding the behavior of water in various forms, such as
rainfall, rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
• Hydrologists investigate the water cycle, water resources, and the impact of
human activities on water systems. It's a field that helps us better understand
and manage water resources.

HYDROGIC CYCLE - involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system.
6 System of Hydrogic
Cycle
Runoff
Evaporation
The precipitation that falls on land flows
over the surface, collecting in streams,
Heat from the sun causes water from
rivers, and eventually making its way back
oceans, lakes, and rivers to turn into
to the oceans.
water vapor and rise into the
atmosphere. Infiltration
Condensation
Some of the precipitation soaks into the
ground, becoming groundwater. It can be
As the water vapor cools, it forms stored in underground aquifers or eventually
tiny water droplets, which gather seep into rivers and oceans.
to form clouds in the sky.
Transpiration
Precipitation

Plants absorb water from the ground

When the clouds become saturated
through their roots and release it
with water, the water droplets
into the air through their leaves in a
combine and fall back to the Earth as
process called transpiration
rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
FIVE MAIN OCEANS
OF EARTH
the largest and deepest
ocean, with an average depth
of about 12,080 feet (3,682
meters).
• Mariana Trench // deepest
oceanic trench // 2,550 km
Length - 69 km Width - 37,800
feet depth
the second-largest
ocean, with an average
depth of about 12,080
feet (3,646 meters).
The third-largest ocean, with
an average depth of about
12,080 feet (3,872 meters).
The Southern Ocean, sometimes
referred to as the Antarctic Ocean,
surrounds Antarctica and has an
average depth of about 12,080 feet
(3,688 meters).
The Arctic Ocean is the
smallest and shallowest of
the five oceans, with an
average depth of about
3,953 feet (1,205 meters)
TIDES
• It's the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the
sun on the earth’s surface.
• The gravitational forces create a bulge in the ocean, causing water level to rise and fall
throughout the day

High Tide Spring Tide

This is when the water level is at its This occurs when the sun, moon, and
highest point during the tidal cycle. It's a Earth are aligned, creating a stronger
great time for activities like swimming or gravitational pull. Spring tides result in
surfing. higher high tides and lower low tides.

Low Tide Neap Tide

This is when the water level is at its Neap tides happen when the sun, moon,
lowest point during the tidal cycle. It and Earth form a right angle. The
exposes more of the shoreline, revealing gravitational pull is weaker, resulting in
tide pools and allowing for smaller differences between high and
beachcombing. low tides.
 01 02
Wind Waves Rogue Waves

WAVES
These are the most common type of waves Rogue waves are exceptionally large and
in the ocean, formed by the transfer of powerful waves that can occur
energy from the wind to the water's unexpectedly in the open ocean. They can
surface. be quite dangerous.
• disturbances in the surface of
the ocean. They can be created
Swell Waves Tsunamis
by wind, gravity, or other
Swell waves are long-period waves that displacements of water. Tsunamis are seismic sea waves caused by
have traveled a long distance from their • It’s created by the transfer of underwater earthquakes, volcanic
original source and have a more regular eruptions, or landslides. They can travel
energy from wind to the water
and uniform shape. across entire ocean basins and have
04 03 devastating effects when they reach the
shore.
 CURRENTS
Current in the ocean are like rivers flowing within the vast sea. They are
continuous, directed movements of water caused by various factors such as
wind, temperature, salinity, and the Earth's rotation. Ocean currents can be
classified into two main types: surface currents and deep currents.

SURFACE CURRENT DEEP CURRENT

driven primarily by wind and are found in the top

driven by differences in water density caused by
layer of the ocean. They can flow horizontally
variations in temperature and salinity. These
and are influenced by factors like the Earth's
currents are slower than surface currents and
rotation and the shape of coastlines. Surface
flow in the deep layers of the ocean. They play a
currents play a crucial role in distributing heat
vital role in the global circulation of heat and
around the planet, affecting climate patterns
nutrients, helping to regulate Earth's climate.
and influencing marine life.
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
• Marine ecosystems are the largest of
Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in
waters that have a high salt content.
• It is a home to a vast array of species,
including fish, coral reefs, whales,
dolphins, sharks, turtles, and countless
others. It provides habitats for these
organisms and supports complex food
webs and ecosystems.
• The marine environment faces numerous
challenges, such as pollution, overfishing,
habitat destruction, and climate change.
 Freshwater
Ecosystem
• It is a diverse environment that includes rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, and wetlands. It's
home to a wide variety of plants and animals that have adapted to live in these freshwater
habitats.

• You can find species like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, as well as various
types of plants and microorganisms. These ecosystems provide important resources and
services, such as water supply, food, and habitat for wildlife.
 Groundwater
Resources
• They refer to the water that is stored beneath the Earth's surface in underground
aquifers. These aquifers are like natural underground reservoirs that hold water.

• It plays a crucial role in supplying drinking water to communities around the world. It's
also used for irrigation in agriculture and supports various industries. Many wells and
boreholes are drilled to access this valuable resource.

• Over-pumping or contamination can deplete or degrade these resources, leading to

water scarcity and quality issues.
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