Introduction:

Globalization - the 'big idea' of the late twentieth century - lacks precise definition.
More than this, it is in danger of becoming, if it has not already become, the cliché
of our times. Nonetheless, the term globalization captures elements of a
widespread perception that there is a broadening, deepening and speeding up of
world-wide interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from the cultural to the
criminal, the financial to the environmental. At issue appears to be 'a global shift';
that is, a world being moulded, by economic and technological forces, into a
shared economic and political arena. Behind the rhetoric of globalization - rhetoric
found in public as well as academic debate - lie three broad accounts of the nature
and meaning of globalization today, referred to here as the hyperglobalist, the
sceptical, and the transformationalist views.
Hyperglobalists argue that we live in an increasingly global world in which states
are being subject to massive economic and political processes of change. These
are eroding and fragmenting nation-states and diminishing the power of
politicians. In these circumstances, states are increasingly the 'decision- takers'
and not the 'decision-makers'.
The sceptics strongly resist this view and believe that contemporary global
circumstances are not unprecedented. In their account, while there has been an
intensification of international and social activity in recent times, this has
reinforced and enhanced state powers in many domains.

The transformationalists argue that globalization is creating new economic,

political and social circumstances which, however unevenly, are serving to
transform state powers and the context in which states operate. They do not
predict the outcome - indeed, they believe it is uncertain - but argue that politics is
no longer, and can no longer simply be, based on nation- states.

Nature of Globalization:

Globalization can usefully be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which

embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and
transactions, generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of
activity, interaction and power.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

It is characterized by four types of change:

 First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic

activities across political frontiers, regions and continents.
 Second, it suggests the intensification, or the growing magnitude, of
interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration,
culture, etc
 Third, the growing extensity and intensity of global interconnectedness can
be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes, as the
evolution of world-wide systems of transport and communication increases
the velocity of the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, capital, and
people.
 Fourth, the growing extensity, intensity and velocity of global interactions
can be associated with their deepening impact such that the effects of
distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most local
developments may come to have enormous global consequences. In this
sense, the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs can
become increasingly blurred.

Modern globalization:

Globalization in the era since World War II is largely the result of planning by
economists, business interests, and politicians who recognized the costs associated
with protectionism and declining international economic integration. Their work
led to the Bretton Woods conference and the founding of several international
institutions intended to oversee the renewed processes of globalization, promoting
growth and managing adverse consequences.

These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund.
Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced
the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to a series
of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade.

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered
through international agreements - GATT. Particular initiatives carried out as a
result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which GATT is
the foundation, have included:

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

  Promotion of free trade:

o Reduction or elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones

with small or no tariffs

o Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from

development of containerization for ocean shipping.

o Reduction or elimination of capital controls

o Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local

businesses

 Restriction of free trade:

o Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the

majority of states, with more restrictions.

o Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g.

patents granted by China would be recognized in the United
States

The use of the term globalization (in the doctrinal sense), in the context of these
developments has been analysed by many including Noam Chomsky who states

"That enhances what's called "globalization," a term of propaganda used

conventionally to refer to a certain particular form of international integration that
is (not surprisingly) beneficial to its designers: Multinational corporations and the
powerful states to which they are closely linked."

Critics have observed that the term's contemporary usage comprises several
meanings, for example Noam Chomsky states that:

The term "globalization," like most terms of public discourse, has two meanings:
its literal meaning, and a technical sense used for doctrinal purposes. In its literal
sense, "globalization" means international integration. Its strongest proponents
since its origins have been the

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

workers movements and the left (which is why unions are called "internationals"),
and the strongest proponents today are those who meet annually in the World
Social Forum and its many regional offshoots. In the technical sense defined by the
powerful, they are described as "anti- globalization," which means that they favor
globalization directed to the needs and concerns of people, not investors, financial
institutions and other sectors of power, with the interests of people incidental.
That's "globalization" in the technical doctrinal sense.

Critics argue that:

 Poorer countries are sometimes at disadvantage:

While it is true that globalization encourages free trade among countries on an

international level, there are also negative consequences because some countries
try to save their national markets. The main export of poorer countries is usually
agricultural goods. It is difficult for these countries to compete with stronger
countries that subsidize their own farmers. Because the farmers in the poorer
countries cannot compete, they are forced to sell their crops at much lower price
than what the market is paying.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

  Exploitation of foreign impoverished workers:

The deterioration of protections for weaker nations by stronger industrialized

powers has resulted in the exploitation of the people in those nations to become
cheap labor. Due to the lack of protections, companies from powerful
industrialized nations are able to offer workers enough salary to entice them to
endure extremely long hours and unsafe working conditions, though economists
question if consenting workers in a competitive employers' market can be decried
as "exploitation". The abundance of cheap labor is giving the countries in power
incentive not to rectify the inequality between nations. If these nations developed
into industrialized nations, the army of cheap labor would slowly disappear
alongside development. It is true that the workers are free to leave their jobs, but in
many poorer countries, this would mean starvation for the worker, and possible
even his/her family if their previous jobs were unavailable.

Effects of globalization:

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways
such as:

 Industrial (alias trans-nationalization) - emergence of worldwide

production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for
consumers and companies.
 Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access
to external financing for corporate, national and subnational borrowers.
 Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the
freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
 Political - political globalization is the creation of a world government
which regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights
arising from social and economic globalization.
 Informational - increase in information flows between geographically
remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

 advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of
telephony and Internet.
 Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of
consciousness and identities such as Globalism - which embodies
cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and
ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world
culture"; and also transformation of culture
 Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be
solved without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-
boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread
of invasive species. Many factories are built in developing countries where
they can pollute freely. Globalism and free trade interplay to increase
pollution and accelerate it in the name of an ever expanding capitalist
growth economy in a non-expanding world. The detriment is again to the
poorer nations while the benefit is allocated to the wealthier nations.
 Social - increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer
restrictions. Provided that the people of those nations are wealthy enough to
afford international travel, which the majority of the world's population is
not. An illusory 'benefit' recognized by the elite and wealthy, and
increasingly so as fuel and transport costs rise.

DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION

 Political Globalization

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

Globalization signals the end of sovereignty because a state can only be sovereign
if it can exercise authority over a given territory. For several reasons, such an
exercise of power is no longer possible. Postindustrial economies rely on data and
communication technologies that make borders irrelevant.

In other words, just as modernization was the era of the nation-state, globalization
is the era of multilayered governance. Power is differentially exercised at the
local, national, regional, or global level. In addition, non- state actors, such as
corporations, public and private non-governmental organizations (such as human
rights or environmental organizations), what is often called the global civil
society, also demand seats at the table when treaties are negotiated.
nvironmental degradation occupy the forefront of global political issues.

 Economic Globalization

As our globalization theorem shows, under conditions of globalization, material

goods and land have not completely lost value whereas speculation, hedge funds,
securities and futures have increased their share of global trade. This makes the
system prone to crises as investors roam the globe for short-term profitable
investments but also withdraw capital

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

As a result, social inequalities between and within countries have increased. The
new economy has thus created extraordinary wealth for a few, but also extreme
poverty for many by leaving countries and workers at the mercy of market
mechanisms and investors.

Capitalists, investors and TNCs are among the winners of the global casino,
whereas workers and developing countries are generally on the losing side. For
instance, if the government of a developing country wants to attract corporate
investment, it has to make itself attractive, that is, remove restrictions such as
labor laws, health and environmental regulations and impose minimal taxation.
Such policies further deteriorate the living conditions of the majority of the
population and limit the government8s ability to provide social services and may
potentially destabilize the country.

 Cultural Globalization

Cultural globalization simply means the extensiveness, intensiveness, velocity and

impact of cultural flows – transmission of symbols, ideas, artistic and
consumption products – on a global scale. Technologies of transportation and
communication facilitate cultural diffusion and an emerging global consciousness.
And as our globalization theorem shows, symbolic exchanges are the ones most
easily globalized. Culture is therefore essential to the understanding of
globalization.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

Similarly to the political and economic dimensions, cultural globalization is
disorganized and chaotic. It is not uniform or harmonious. However, we can discern
three trends: sameness, particularism and hybridity.

Cultural globalization as sameness is a process through which most cultures

progressively become the same mostly through the spread of western and
American culture whose main characteristic is to emphasize consumption. Such a
culture is spread through the mass media. As a greater share of the world8s
population become able to receive electronically and digitally transmitted
information, they become integrated into a world culture dominated by western
and especially American cultural products, such as movies, music, and television
programs that promote the hyper-capitalist way of life.

 Ideological Globalization

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

  Globalization is About the Liberalization and Global Integration of
Markets

Globalism holds that globalization is first and foremost an economic phenomenon.

As our preceding developments show, this is hardly the case. Economic factors
are certainly an important part of globalization but political and cultural factors
play as essential a role in the unfolding of this process.

 Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible

For globalists (individuals who subscribe to globalism), globalization is the next

step in the progressive evolution of human societies. As such, this development
cannot and should not be stopped as it would violate the 7natural8 laws of societal
progress. There is no turning back the clock. This argument is reminiscent of
Comte and Spencer and it was summarized by British Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher when she declared 5there is no alternative”, referring to the global
capitalist economy. This idea implies a depoliticization of society, that is, political
decisions are useless since there is only one possible system. However, this
argument ignores human agency, that is, the human capacity to change their social
circumstances.
After all, communism was also held to be the product of 7natural8 laws of social
evolution and yet, in country after country in Eastern Europe, social movements
radically changed their societies.

 Nobody is in Charge of Globalization

If indeed, as globalism holds, globalization is the product of the 7natural8

evolution of society, then, its emergence was not the product of deliberate
decisions by governments or TNCs but simply the necessary result of evolution.
No one is in charge except the impersonal laws of the market.
However, as we have seen, globalization is indeed the product of political
decisions of governments who agreed to transfer some of their sovereignty to
other entities: TNCs or global institutions such as the United Nations or the World
Bank. Globalization is managed by such social actors.

 Globalization Benefits Everyone

For globalists, ultimately, if we let the markets work their magic, then everyone
will reach a standard of living comparable to that of the western countries.
However, as was already mentioned and will be developed in Part III,
globalization does produce increasingly wealthy winners and

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

progressively marginalized losers. Globalization has created a highly polarized
world and the gap is growing.

International Relation and Globalization

As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing international
community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with
accordingly to the needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in
many forms; through peace talks, written constitutions, field experiences, etc.
Culture is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However,
globalization and international relations have constantly altered culture both
positively and negatively.

Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the readability of fast,

effective communication and consumption of popular products. Globalization
links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels; economics,
politically, socially, etc.

International relations have used globalization to reach its goal: of

understanding cultures. International relations focus on how countries, people
and organizations interact and globalization is making a profound effect on
International relations.

Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for

the future of not only governments, people, and businesses, but for the survival
of the human race.

In today’s increasingly interdependent and turbulent world, many of the leading

issues in the news concern international affairs. Whether it is the continuing
impact of globalization,

Globalization – the process of continuing integration of the countries in the

world – is strongly underway in all parts of the globe. It is a complex
interconnection between capitalism and democracy, which involves positive and
negative features, that both empowers and disempowers individuals and groups.

From the other hand Globalization is a popular term used by governments,

business, academic and a range
Downloaded of Sharma
by Brinda diverse non-governmental organizations. It
([email protected])

also, however, signifies a new paradigm within world politics and economic
relations. While national governments for many years dictated the international
political and economic scene, international organizations such as the World
Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization have

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

now become significant role players. In this “Global Village” national
governments have lost some of their importance and perhaps their powers in
favour of these major international organizations.

As a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and

governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by the
International Trade and Investment and aided by Information technology. This
process on the environment on culture, on political system, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies
around the world.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages.

The Advantages include GDP Increase; statistics shows that GDP in developing
countries has increased twice as much as before. Unemployment is reduced.

Education has increased. Competition on Even Platform: The Companies all

around the world are competing on a single global platform which allows better
options o consumers. It increased fee trade between nations;

The Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Global mass
media ties the world together.

Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared

between individuals and corporations around the world. It increases in
environmental protection in developed nations. Spread of democratic ideas to
developed nations. Reduced cultural barriers increases in the global village
effect.

The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven Distribution of Wealth,

Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries, where the wealth
of developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing
world.
Next disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries,
which is explained by the following fat that the technology worker may get
more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing
country thus there are in the later many dynamic, industrious and enterprising
people who are well educated and ready to work with rigor.
Te reveal of Globalization is also considered as a disadvantage which is
explaining by future factors such as war that can be demand the reveal of the
globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible to
reverse.

There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere.

The threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit
cultural expression.
And the final in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization
being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|38655626

The impact of globalization on international

relations

Introduction:

Globalization has transformed international relations in many ways,

creating new economic opportunities, transforming social and cultural
norms, and changing the dynamics of power and influence. In this essay,
we will explore the impact of globalization on international relations,
including the challenges and opportunities that it presents.

The Impact of Globalization on International Relations:

1. Economic Interdependence:

One of the key impacts of globalization on international relations has been

the increasing economic interdependence between countries. As trade and
investment flows have become more integrated, countries have become
more reliant on each other for economic growth and prosperity. This has
created new opportunities for cooperation and collaboration, but has also
created new vulnerabilities and risks, such as financial instability
and economic inequality.

2. Changing Dynamics of Power and Influence:

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|38655626

Globalization has also had a significant impact on the changing dynamics

of power and influence in international relations. As economic activity has
become more integrated, economic power has shifted from traditional
Western powers to emerging economies such as China and India. This has
led to a shift in the balance of power within international institutions, and
has created new opportunities for emerging economies to shape global
economic policy.

At the same time, globalization has also created new challenges for
international relations, including the rise of populist movements, the
proliferation of non-state actors, and the increasing fragmentation of
global governance. These challenges have made it more difficult for
international institutions to coordinate and implement global policy, and
have created new opportunities for powerful actors to shape global policy
in their own interests.

3. Cultural Exchange:

Globalization has also led to significant cultural exchange between

countries, facilitating the spread of ideas, values, and norms around the
world. This has created new opportunities for cross-cultural
understanding and cooperation, but has also led to cultural
homogenization and the erosion of traditional cultural
identities.

4. Technological Advancements:

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|38655626

Finally, globalization has facilitated technological advancements,

including the growth of the internet, the spread of social media, and the
development of new communication technologies. These technological
advancements have created new opportunities for collaboration and
cooperation, but have also created new risks and challenges, including the
spread of disinformation and cyber threats.

Challenges and Opportunities:

While globalization has presented a range of challenges for international

relations, it has also created new opportunities for global cooperation and
collaboration. Globalization has created new opportunities for economic
growth, technological innovation, and cultural exchange, and has created
new possibilities for global cooperation on issues such as climate change
and poverty reduction.

However, to fully realize these opportunities, international relations will

need to adapt and evolve in response to the changing dynamics of
globalization. This will require countries to be more responsive and
flexible, and to engage with new actors and emerging economies in
meaningful and constructive ways.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, globalization has had a significant impact on international

relations, transforming the dynamics of power and

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|38655626

influence, creating new economic opportunities, facilitating cultural

exchange, and driving technological advancements. While globalization
has presented a range of challenges for international relations, it has also
created new opportunities for global cooperation and collaboration. To
fully realize these opportunities, international relations will need to adapt
and evolve in response to the changing dynamics of globalization, and to
engage with new actors and emerging economies in meaningful and
constructive ways.

Downloaded by Brinda Sharma ([email protected])