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Buffer
Buffers: Buffers are defined as a compound or a mixture of compounds that resists the pH upon
the addition of small quantities of acid or alkali. Buffer have definite pH value. The pH will not
change after keeping it for a long period of time. The pH value altered negligibly by the addition
of small quantities of acid or base.
Buffer action: The resistance to a change in pH is known as buffer action. So buffers can be
added to show buffer action.
Buffer capacity: The amount of acid/base required to produce a unit change in pH in a solution
is called buffer capacity.
Types of buffers:
Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium
dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl.
1. Acidic Buffers:
An acidic buffer is a combination of weak acid and its salt with a strong base.
i.e. Weak acid & salt with strong base (conjugate base).
 EXAMPLES:
 CH3COOH / CH3COONa
 H2CO3 / NaHCO3
 H3PO4 / NaH2PO4
 HCOOH / HCOONa
2. Basic Buffers:
A basic buffer is a combination of weak base and its salt with a strong acid.
i.e. Weak base & salt with strong acid (conjugate acid).
 EXAMPLES:
 NH4OH / NH4Cl
 NH3 / NH4Cl
 NH3 / (NH4)2CO3
Mechanism of Buffer action:

The resistance of a buffer solution to a change in pH is known as buffer action.
In a buffer solution, the components interact with each other and produce a dynamic
equilibrium. When a small quantity of acid or base is added, the dynamic equilibrium shifts and
nullifies the effect of the addition.
Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers:

 Consider a buffer system of CH3COOH (Weak electrolyte) and CH3COONa (Strong
electrolyte). There will be a large concentration of Na+ ions, CH3COONa – ions, and
undissociated CH3COOH molecules.
When an acid is added:

 If a strong acid (HCl) is added in CH3COOH / CH3COONa buffer, the changes that will
occur may be represented as:
Na+ + CH3COO- H+ + Cl-

CH3COONa
CH3COOH
 The hydrogen ions yielded by the HCl are quickly removed as unionized acetic acid, and
the hydrogen ion concentration is therefore only slightly affected (because acetic acid
produced is very weak as compared to HCl added).
When a base is added:

 If a strong base (NaOH) is added in CH3COOH / CH3COONa buffer, the changes that
will occur may be represented as:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ OH- + Na+ NaOH
H2O
 The hydroxyl ions yielded by the NaoH are therefore removed as water.
The supply of hydrogen ions needed for this purpose being constantly provided by the
dissociation of acetic acid.
Mechanism of Action of basic buffers:

 Consider a buffer system of NH4OH (Weak electrolyte) and NH4Cl (Strong electrolyte).
There will be a large concentration of NH4+ ions, Cl– ions, and undissociated NH4OH
molecules.
When an acid is added:
 If a strong acid (HCl) is added in NH4OH / NH4Cl buffer, the changes that will occur
may be represented as:
NH4OH NH4+ + OH- H+ + Cl- HCl
H2O
 The hydrogen ions yielded by the HCl are therefore removed as water. The supply of OH-
ions needed for this is constantly provided by the ammonium hydroxide.
When a base is added:

 If a strong base (NaOH) is added in NH4OH / NH4Cl buffer, the changes that will occur
may be represented as:
NH4Cl Cl- + NH4+ OH+ + Na+ NaOH
NH4OH
 The hydroxyl ions yielded by the NaOH are therefore quickly removed as unionized
ammonium hydroxide and the pH of solution is only slightly affected.
Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
The buffer equation is also known as Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, with the help of this
equation it is possible to calculate the pH of a buffer solution of known concentration or to make
buffer solution of known pH.
Two separate equations are obtained for each type of buffer, acidic and basic
pH of acidic buffer: The hydrogen ion concentration obtained from the dissociation of weak
acid HA is given by equation,
HA H+ + A-
[H + ][A− ]
𝐾𝑎 =
[HA]
Ka = equilibrium constant
[HA]
[H + ] = Ka
[A− ]
Taking logarithms of both sides of the equation & multiplying throughout by -1 gives
[HA]
− log[H + ] = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑎 − log −
[A ]
−
[A ]
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log
[HA]
[conjugate base]
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log
[acid]
pH of an alkaline buffer: The ionization of a weak base BOH is given by,
BOH B+ + OH-
[B+ ] [OH − ]
Kb =
[BOH]
[BOH]
[OH − ] = 𝐾𝑏
[B+ ]
[BOH]
log[OH − ] = log 𝐾𝑏 + log
[B+]
[B+ ]
− log[OH − ] = − log 𝐾𝑏 + log
[BOH]
[conjugate acid]
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑏 + log
[𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]
Now, 𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻
[conjugate acid]
= 14 − ( 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log [base]
)
Buffer capacity:
Buffer capacity may also be defined as “The maximum amount of either strong acid or strong
base that can be added before a significant change in the pH will occur”.
The maximum amount of strong acid that can be added is equal to the amount of
conjugate base present in the buffer whereas the maximum amount of base that can be added is
equal to the amount of weak acid present in the buffer.
 Buffer capacity is depend on the factors:
1. The concentration of the acid or base component of the buffer (Direct relation)
2. The pH of the buffer
 Buffer can act best at pH = pKa and buffering range is pH = pKa +1

Or It may be defined as the moles of strong acid or strong base required to change the pH of
1000 ml of buffer solution by one unit.
 The magnitude of the resistance of a buffer to pH changes is referred to as the buffer
capacity, β.
Where, ΔB is the small increment in gram equivalents (g Eq)/liter of strong base added to the
buffer solution and ΔpH: change in a pH
Standard Buffer Solutions:

The standard buffer solutions of pH ranging from 1.2-10 are possible to prepare by appropriate
combinations of 0.2N HCl or 0.2N NaOH or 0.2M solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate,
potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boric acid, potassium chloride.
Standard buffers with pH range:

Buffer pH
Hydrochloric acid buffer 1.2-2.2
Acid Phthalate buffer 2.2-4.0
Neutralised phthalate buffer 4.2-5.8
Phosphate buffer 5.8-8.0
Alkaline Borate buffer 8-10
Preparation of Buffer Solutions:

Weak acid with pKa = desired pH should be selected
↓
Ratio of salt and acid needed should be calculated using buffer equation
↓
Individual concentration of buffer salt and acid determined.
↓
Ingredients are dissolved in carbon dioxide free water
↓
Buffer capacity of 0.01-0.1 is adequate
↓
Concentration of 0.05-0.5 M is sufficient
↓
Allowed to establish equilibrium
↓
pH verified.

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Buffer

Mechanism of Buffer action:

Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers:

When an acid is added:

Na+ + CH3COO- H+ + Cl-

When a base is added:

CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ OH- + Na+ NaOH

Mechanism of Action of basic buffers:

NH4OH NH4+ + OH- H+ + Cl- HCl

When a base is added:

NH4Cl Cl- + NH4+ OH+ + Na+ NaOH

Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH of an alkaline buffer: The ionization of a weak base BOH is given by,

 Buffer can act best at pH = pKa and buffering range is pH = pKa +1

Standard Buffer Solutions:

Standard buffers with pH range:

Preparation of Buffer Solutions:

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