Prepared by

U Hein Htet
B.E - Mechanical
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

1 Surds and Logarithmic Functions

►Rules for indices and surds

(1) a m  a n = a m + n (6) a 0 = 1 (11) n m
a = nm a
am 1 1 n
a m = kn a km
(2) = a m  a n = a m−n (7) a − n = n
 a n = −n (12)
a n a a n m

( a) am = a k
n k

(a )
n (13)
(3) m n
= a mn (8) n
= a =a
n n

(4) (ab)n = a n  b n (9) n

a  n b = n ab
n n
a an a n a
=
(5)   = n (10) n
b b b b

►Definition of the Logarithm

If N and b are positive real number, b ≠ 1, then
bx = N ⟺ x = logb N
logb N = x (logarithmic form)

N = bx (exponential form)

►Properties of Logarithm
L.1 N = b logb N
L.2 logb bx = x
L.3 logb b = 1
L.4 logb 1 = 0
L.5 logb (MN) = logb M + logb N
M
L.6 logb   = logb M − logb N
N
L.7 logb Np = p logb N

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Change of base logb N

L.8 loga N =
logb a
1
L.9 loga N =
logN a
1
L.10 loga p N = loga N
p

►Common logarithms
John Napier invented logarithms
to simplify arithmetic calculations.
The logarithm uses as base of 10
is called common logarithm.

log x = log10 x = lg x

►Natural Logarithm
As a positive integer n become very large,

the value of approaches an irrational

number, which is denoted by e. The number e is

approximately equal to 2.71828…. The logarithm of

N to the base e is called a natural logarithm,

and is denoted by ℓn N.

ℓn N = loge N

Note
1. loge a = ln a
2. ln e = 1 (ln e = loge e = 1)
3. ln ex = x (ln ex = loge ex = x)
4. e ln x = x (e ln x = e loge x = x)
5. ln 1 = 0 (ln 1 = loge e0 = 0)
1
6. ln = ln e–1 = –1
𝑒

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

2 The Quadratic Function

►Quadratic Equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.
This is also called equation of the second degree in x.

►Complete the Square Method

Perfect square ----- (x+p)2 = q. (q>0).
x+p = ±√𝑞
x = ‒p ±√𝑞

A perfect square quadratic is in the form

x2 + 2bx + b2 = (x+b)2 or x2 ‒ 2bx + b2 = (x‒b)2

2 2
 b   b 
x + bx =  x +  −  
2

 2   2 
2 2
 b   b 
x − bx =  x −  −  
2

 2   2 
►Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a0
4a 2 x 2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
4a 2 x 2 + 4abx = −4ac
4a 2 x 2 + 4abx + b 2 = b 2 − 4ac
(2ax + b )2 = b 2 − 4ac
2ax + b =  b 2 − 4ac
2ax = −b  b 2 − 4ac

− b  b 2 − 4ac
x= Quadratic Formula
2a

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Maximum and Minimum Values of a Quadratic Function

The graph of the function y = ax2 + bx + c , where a ≠ 0 is as follows.

Maximum point for a > 0 Minimum point for a < 0

The Coordinate of the Vertex from the Quadratic Function form y= a(x‒h)2 + k

►The Discriminate and the Quadratic Graph (b2-4ac = ∆)

∆
∆

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The Properties of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Some useful identities

(i )  2 +  2 = ( +  )2 − 2
(ii) (2 −−)22 = ( +  )22 −− 44
 
(iii)  4 −  4 = ( 2 +  2 ) ( +  ) ( −  )
 4 +  4 = ( 2 +  2 ) − 2 2  2
2
(iv)
(v ) 
 3 −  3 = ( −  ) ( +  )2 −  
3 + 3 = ( +  ) ( +  ) − 3 
2
(vi)

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

3 Inequalities and Identities

►Simultaneous Equations (One linear and One quadratic)

y = px + q (Linear equation) and y = ax2 + bx + c (Quadratic equation)

For intersection points of line and curve,

px + q = ax2 + bx + c

Generally, There are two solutions pairs. The graph of the linear equation
(Straight line) intersects the graph of the quadratic (curve) at two points.

For example,

The diagram shows the graphs of y = x+1 and y = x2 – 5

The coordinate of the points of intersection of the two graphs are (–2, –1) and (3,4)

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

(Sign diagram)
1- Quadratic form (ax2 + bx + c > 0)
2- Factories (x–p) (x–q)
3- Critical value are p and q.
4- Sign diagram x<p p<x<q x>q
2
ax + bx + c > 0 , Positive sign
p q
ax2 + bx + c < 0 , Negative sign

►Graph linear inequalities in two Variables

The graph of an inequality in two variables is the set of points that represents all
solutions to the inequality. A linear inequality divides the coordinate plane into two halves by
a boundary line where one half represents the solutions of the inequality. The boundary line is
dashed for > and < and solid for ≤ and ≥.

● All the points that lie on the line are represented by ax + by = c or y = mx + c.

● All the points that lie above line, in region A, are represented by
ax + by > c or y > mx + c
● All the points that lie above line, in region B, are represented by
ax + by < c or y < mx + c

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The Remainder and Factor Theorem

►Polynomial Expression

a0 xn + a1 xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + … + an–1 xn + an

a0, a1, a2,… an–1, an are real constant.

►Long Division

6 Quotient
Divisor 4 27 Dividend
24
3 Remainder

27 = 4×6 +3

4x3–8x2 – 7x +11 = (x+1) (4x2–12x+5) + 6

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

►The Remainder Theorem

- If a polynomial f(x) is divided by x–k, the remainder is f (k).

- Let Q(x) be the quotient.
- Let R be the remainder when f(x) is divided by x–k.
- R is always constant and does not depend on the value of x.

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

f(x) = (x–k) . Q(x) + R
f(k) = (k–k) . Q(k) + R
= 0 . Q(k) +R
= 0+R
f(k) = R

►Short Division
Let f(x) = 4x3–8x2 – 7x +11
When f(x) is divided by x+1,
the remainder = f(–1).
= 4(–1)3 – 8(–1)2 – 7(–1) + 11
= – 4 – 8 + 7 + 11
=6

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The Extension of the Remainder Theorem

1. When f(x) is divided by x – 2, the remainder is f(2).

2. When f(x) is divided by x – 3, the remainder is f(3).
1
3. When f(x) is divided by 2x – 1, the remainder is f( ).
2
5
4. When f(x) is divided by 3x + 5, the remainder is f(– 3 ).

5. When f(x) is divided by x , the remainder is f(0).

6. When f(x) is divided by 2 – x, the remainder is f(2).
1
7. When f(x) is divided by 5 – x, the remainder is f(10).
2

►The Factor Theorem

- If a polynomial f(x) is divisible by x–k, the remainder R = 0

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

f(x) = (x–k) Q(x) + R
f(k) = (k–k) Q(k) + 0
= 0. Q(k)
f(k) = 0

■ Note that
x – a is a factor of f(x), f(a) = 0
f(x) is divisible by x – a, f(a) = 0
f(x) has a factor x – a, f(a) = 0

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

4 Sketching the polynomials

►Sketching graphs of cubic polynomials

A cubic polynomial function of the third degree has the form shown on the right and it
can be represented as y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c, and d are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (or) y = a(x‒p)(x‒q)(x‒r)

1- Factorise the cubic polynomial

2. When y = 0 , x = p or q or r (To find x-intercept )
3. When x = 0 , y = a(‒p)( ‒q)( ‒r) (To find y-intercept)

As x→ + ∞ , y → + ∞ As x→ + ∞ , y → ‒ ∞
As x→ ‒ ∞ , y → ‒ ∞ As x→ ‒ ∞ , y → + ∞
y y

x x

Positive cubic curve , where a > 0 Negative cubic curve , where a < 0

k
►The Graph of y = , (k  0)
x
The curves never intersect both the lines x = 0 and y = 0.
These lines are called the Asymptotes.
The line x = 0 is the vertical asymptote
The line y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

k k
y= , (k  0) y= , (k  0)
x x

x>0, y>0 x>0, y<0

x<0, y<0 x<0, y>0

The curves are in quadrant I and III. The curves are in quadrant II and IV.

Horizontal asymptote is y = 0 Horizontal asymptote is y = 0

Vertical asymptote is x = 0 Vertical asymptote is x = 0

k
►The Graph of y = x − p + q , (k  0, x  p) y

k k
y= +q, k 0
y= +q, x ≠ p x−p
x−p
y=q
The vertical asymptote is x = p x

k
x= +p , y ≠ q
y−q x=p
The horizontal asymptote is y = q
y
Domain = {x| x≠p, xR}
Range = {y| y≠q, yR} y=
k
+q, k 0
x−p
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 y=q
For y = ,
𝑐𝑥+𝑑 x
𝑑
the vertical asymptote is x = −
𝑐
𝑎
the horizontal asymptote is y = x=p
𝑐

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Example 1.
3
Draw the graph of y = +2 .
x −1
3
y= + 2 , x ≠ 1, y ≠ 2
x −1
The vertical asymptote is x = 1.
The horizontal asymptote is y = 2.

If x = 0, y = –1

If y = 0 , x = –0.5

The graph cuts the x-axis at (–0.5,0) and y axis at (0, –1).

Example 2.

3x + 4
Draw the graph of y =
x +1

3x + 4 1
y= = +3,
x +1 x +1
x ≠ –1, y ≠ 3
The vertical asymptote is x = –1.

The horizontal asymptote is y = 3.

If x = 0, y = 4
4
If y = 0, x = −
3

4
The graph cuts the x-axis at ( − ,0) and y-axis at (0.4).
3

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

The Graph of y = kx3

y y

y=‒x3
y=x3

k>0 k<0

x
x

These curves are flat at (0,0). This point is called a point of inflexion

The repeated roots (Perfect square)

e.g. y = x2 (x‒4) x = 0 (repeated root)

y = (x‒5)2 (x+4) x = 5 (repeated root)

y = (2‒x) (x+3)2 x = ‒ 3 (repeated root)

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

5 Sequences and Series

►Sequences
A sequence is a function whose domain is either the set of all or part of the natural numbers.

1 2 3 4 5 6 natural numbers

1 4 9 16 25 36 terms
The set of ordered pairs = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), --- , (n, n2)}
where n  A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ---}.
f : A → R by f (n) = n2, n  A.
f (A) = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ---}
The range of f is the set whose elements are the terms of the given list of numbers.
This function is called a sequence.

Finite sequence (2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

Sequences
Infinite sequence (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ---)

The values of the function are called the terms of the sequence.
The value of the function corresponding to the number n of the domain is
called the nth term or the general term of the sequence.
u(n) = the value of the function corresponding to the natural number n.
We list the values in order as u1, u2, u3, ---, un

►Series
A series is the indicated sum of the terms in a sequence.

u1 + u2 + u3 + --- + un is called a series.

►Arithmetic Progression or Arithmetic Sequence

An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the difference between two consecutive
terms like the nth and (n–1)th term is a constant. This constant is called the common difference
of the progression.
The common difference is denoted by d and the first term(u1) is denoted by a.

d = un – un–1

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

d = u2 – u1 ⟺ u2 = u1 + d ⟺ u2 = a + d
d = u3 – u2 ⟺ u3 = u2 + d ⟺ u3 = a + 2d
d = u4 – u3 ⟺ u4 = u3 + d ⟺ u4 = a + 3d

un = a + (n – 1) d

In general, the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by

un = a + (n – 1) d

►Sum of the first n terms of an Arithmetic Progression (Sn)

Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of the arithmetic sequence.
Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + --- + un
Sn =(a) + (a+d) + (a+2d) + --- + a +(n–1)d
If ℓ denotes the last term (i.e. nth term), then
Sn = (a) + (a+d) + (a+2d) + --- + (ℓ–2d) + (ℓ–d) + ℓ --------- (1)
Sn = ℓ + (ℓ–d) + (ℓ–2d) + --- + (a+2d) + (a+d) + (a) --------- (2)

eq(1)+eq(2), 2Sn = (a+ℓ) + (a+ℓ) + (a+ℓ) + --- + (a+ℓ) + (a+ℓ) + (a+ℓ)

n times
2Sn = n (a + ℓ )

n
Sn = (a + ℓ)
2

where, ℓ = a + (n – 1) d
n
Sn =  2a + (n -1)d 
2

►The relationship between un and Sn

Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + --- + un–2 + un–1 + un --------- (3)
Sn–1 = u1 + u2 + u3 + --- + un–2 + un–1 --------- (4)
eq(3)–eq(4), Sn – Sn–1 = un

un = Sn – Sn–1

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Geometric Progression or Geometric Sequence

An geometric progression is a sequence in which the ratio of two consecutive terms like
the n to (n–1)th term is a constant. This constant is called the common ratio of the progression.
th

The common ratio is denoted by r and the first term(u1) is denoted by a.

un
r=
un-1

u2
r= ⟺ u2 = u1 r ⟺ u2 = ar
u1
u
r= 3 ⟺ u3 = u2 r ⟺ u3 = ar2
u2
u
r= 4 ⟺ u4 = u3 r ⟺ u4 = ar3
u3

un = arn–1

In general, the nth term of an geometric progression is given by

un = arn–1

►Sum of the first n terms of an Geometric Progression (Sn)

Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of the G.P.

Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + --- + un
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + --- + arn–1 --------- (1)
eq(1)×r, r Sn = ar + ar2 + --- + arn–1 + arn --------- (2)

eq(1)–eq(2), Sn – rSn = a – arn

Sn (1–r) = a (1–rn)
𝐚 (𝟏–𝐫 𝐧 )
Sn = where r < 1 , r ≠ 1
𝟏−𝐫

𝐚 (𝐫 𝐧 –𝟏)
Sn = where r > 1, r ≠ 1
𝐫−𝟏

When r = 1, then Sn = a + a + a + --- + a

n times
Sn = na where r = 1

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The Sum to infinity (S) of an infinite Geometric sequence

a(1 − r n ) a ar n
Sn = = −
1− r 1− r 1− r
 a(1 − r n ) 
where n → ∞, S= im S n = im  
n → n →
 1− r 
a(1 − 0) a
Since │r│ < 1 , r∞ ≈ 0 ,  S = =
1− r 1− r
𝐚
S= │r│ < 1
𝟏−𝐫

Note That (1) If │r│ < 1 (i.e –1 < r < 1), then the sum to infinity exists.
(2) If │r│ ≥ 1 (i.e r ≤ –1 or r ≥ 1), then the sum to infinity does not exist.

►Sigma Notation (represents the sum of a sequence)

u
i =1
i = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

6 The binomial Series

►The Binomial Theorem

The binomial expansion can be expressed as (n is a positive integer)

(x+y)n = nC0 xny0 + nC1 xn–1y + nC2xn–2y2 +---+ nCr xn–ryr +---+ nCn–1 xyn-1 + nCn x0yn
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(x+y)n =( ) xny0 + ( ) xn–1y + ( )xn–2y2 +---+ ( ) xn–ryr +---+ ( ) xyn-1 + ( )x0yn
0 1 2 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑛
n n
 n
(x+y) =n

r =0
n
Cr x n−r y r =    x n−r y r
r =0  r 

( x + y ) n = x n + nC1 x n −1 y + nC2 x n − 2 y 2 + nC3 x n −3 y 3 + ... + y n

n n n
( x + y ) n = x n +   x n −1 y +   x n − 2 y 2 +   x n −3 y 3 + ... + y n
1  2  3

►(r+1)th term (or) general term

𝑛
(r+1)th term of (x+y)n = nCr xn–r yr = ( ) xn–ryr
𝑟

n 𝑛
Cr is sometimes written as ( ) where n is a positive integer. This can be evaluate on most
𝑟
𝑛
calculations. Cr = ( ) = is often pronounced ‘n choose r’.
n
𝑟

n 𝑛 𝑛!
Cr = ( ) =
𝑟 (𝑛−𝑟)!∙𝑟!

7! 7! 7  6  5  4  3  2 1 7  6
e.g.
7
C2 = = = =
(7 − 2)! 2! 5! 2! (5  4  3  2 1)(2 1) 2 1

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Special Case

(1+x)n = 1 + nC1 x + nC2 xn–2 + nC3 xn–3 + --- + xn

■Note That
n
C0 = nCn = 1, nC1 = nCn–1 = n, ---, nCr = nCn–r

10 10  9
C8 = 10C2 = = 45
1 2
15 15 14 13
C12 = 15C3 = = 455
1 2  3

►Determine the range of values for which x is true and valid for an expansion

In the expansion (x+y)n , when n is positive integer, the expansion is finite and exact.
When n is negative or a fraction, the expansion will be infinite. In this case (1+x)n will be only in
the range ‒1 < x < 1 or │x│ < 1,

(1 + x )n = 1 + nx + n(n − 1) x 2 + n(n − 1)(n − 2) x3 + ...

2! 3!

where n is negative or a fraction,

(1  ax) n
1
The expansion will be valid for ax  1 , x or −
1
x
1
a a a

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►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

7 Scalar and Vector Quantities

– ⃗
a

►Parallel Vector
⃗
2a
⃗
a
⃗
a – ⃗
a

►Collinear Point

A B C

If A, B and C are collinear.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = k ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = p ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC, AC BC, AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = q ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB, ----------
k, p, q, ---- are constant.

►Non-Zero and Non parallel

𝑎 ⃗b

⃗⃗⃗ ≠ ⃗0 , ⃗b ≠ ⃗0 , 𝑎 ∦ ⃗b
If 𝑎

h 𝑎 + k 𝑏⃗ = p 𝑎 + q 𝑏⃗ s 𝑎 = t 𝑏⃗
h = p and k = q s=t=0

►The Section Formula

AP : PB = m : n
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + n ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP = (m OB OA)
m+n
1 ⃗ + n 𝑎)
⃗ =
p (m b
m+n

If P is the mid point of AB.

1
AP : PB = 1 : 1 ⃗ =
p (𝑎 + ⃗b)
2

20
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Two-Dimensional Vectors y

A(x, y)

𝑎
yj
 x
O xi

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ x
OA = 𝑎 =   (Column vector)
 y
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = 𝑎 = x î + y j (Unit length vector)

The magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |=

OA = |OA x 2 + y2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1
OA has a unit vector ⇔ |OA
𝑎⃗
The unit vector in the direction of 𝑎 , 𝑎
̂=
|𝑎⃗|

►For Triangle with common height,

A

area of ABD 12  BD  h BD
= =
area of ADC 12  DC  h DC
h

B D C

A
If BD : DC = m : n

area of ABD m
=
area of ADC n

m
area of ABD =  area of ABC
m+n
B m D n C area of ADC = n  area of ABC
m+n

21
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

8 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates

► Midpoint Formula
y A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) and M is a midpoint of AB,
B
y2 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
y M x= , y=
2 2
A
y1
 x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
x
M(x,y) =  1 , 
O x1 x x2  2 2 

► The Length of a Line Segment in XY-plane

y

BC = y 2 − y1 , AC = x 2 − x1

By the Pythagoras Theorem,

AB2 = BC2 + AC2

AB2 = ( y 2 − y1 ) + ( x 2 − x1 )
2 2

AB = ( y2 − y1 ) + ( x 2 − x1 )
2 2

►Point of division on a line segment (Section Formula)

y
A(x1 , y1) , B(x2 , y2) and P (xp , yp).
B
n (x2 , y2)
P
AP : PB = m : n
m (xp , yp)
A
(x1 , y1)

22
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

► Gradient Formula
y
y2 B (x2, y2)
vertical change
gradient =
y2-y1 horizontal change

rise BC y2 −y1
y1 C gradient = slope = m = = =
A (x1, y1) run AC x2 −x1

x
O x1 x2 y 2 − y1 y1 − y 2
x2-x1 m= =
x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2

m=0
m = undefined
m>0 m<0
x
O

- If a segment is horizontal, m is zero. (∵ y1 = y2)

- If a segment is vertical, m is undefined (∵ x1 = x2)
- If a segment rises from left to right, m is positive.
- If a segment descends from left to right, m is negative.

23
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Lines in the Coordinate Plane

(1) On a non-vertical line all segments have the same gradient.
Three or more points that lie on the same straight line are said to be collinear.

D
C A, B, C, D are collinear.
B mAB = mAC = mAD = mBC = mBD = mCD
A

(2) Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same gradient.

ℓ1 ℓ2
m1
m2

ℓ 1 // ℓ 2 ⟺ m1 = m2

(3) Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is –1.

ℓ1

m1 ℓ2
1
ℓ 1 ⏊ ℓ 2 ⟺ m1 = − m (or) m1 m2 = –1
2
m2

►Gradient-Intercept Form
The line passes through the point (0, c) at Y-axis and P (x, y).

y ℓ
y−c
P(x,y) m=
x−0

(0, c) y = mx + c
x

24
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Point-gradient form
Line (ℓ) passes through the point (x1, y1) and having a slope m. If P (x, y) is any
other point on the line. y
y−y1
m= P (x, y)
x−x1

y – y1 = m (x – x1) (x1, y1)

ℓ
O x

►Two - Point form

Line (ℓ) passes through the point (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and having a slope m.
y2 −y1
m= y (x2, y2)
x2 −x1

y – y1 = m (x – x1) y – y2 = m (x – x2) (x1, y1)

ℓ
O x

►Area of polygon using ‘shoestring’ method

If the vertices of the triangle ABC are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), then

1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of triangle ABC = + ‒
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
1
= x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − x2 y1 − x3 y2 − x1 y3
2

25
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

9 Differentiation

►Differentiate Formula Let u = f(x) and v = g(x)

d
1. C = 0 (C=constant)
dx
d n
2. x = nx n −1
dx
d d d
3. (u  v) = u v
dx dx dx
d d
4. Cu = C u
dx dx
d
5. x =1
dx
►Chain Rule
d n d
6. u = n u n −1 u
dx dx

►Product Rule ►Quotient Rule

d d
d d d v u−u v
7. uv = u v+v u 8.
d u
= dx dx
dx dx dx dx v v2

►Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

d d d
sin x = cos x sin(u) = cos(u) u
dx dx dx
d d d
cos x = − sin x cos(u) = − sin (u) u
dx dx dx

►Derivatives of eu(x)

d x d u d
e = ex e = eu u
dx dx dx

1
e = lim (1 + t ) t = 2.71828... (irrational) is called the exponential number.
t →0

26
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Gradient and Equation of tangent and normal line

Y
normal line
m= dy
dx

( x1 , y1 )

tangent line
X

At ( x1 , y1 ) ,
dy
=..............
dx

The gradient of the tangent line at ( x1 , y1 ) is m =

dy
.
dx
The equation of tangent line at ( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) .

The equation of normal line at ( x1 , y1 ) is y − y1 = −

1
( x − x1 ) .
m
d2 y
►Distinguishing Maximum and Minimum Points Using 2
dx
Y dy
=0
dy dx
0 dy
dx 0 Q(p,q)
dx
dy dy
A 0 0
dy
=0
C dx P Q dx
dx

B(a,b)
X

dy dy
dx dx

d2 y
d2 y 0
0 dx 2
dx 2
C P
X X
B Q
A R

d2 y d2 y
At (a, b) , > 0. At (p, q) , < 0.
dx 2 dx 2
(a,b) is a minimum point. (p, q) is a maximum point.

27
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

dy
►Distinguishing Maximum and Minimum Points Using
dx

d2 y
At (a, b) , = 0 . (Test fails).
dx 2

x<a x=a x>a

dy
sign of
dx

direction of tangent

shape of curve

+ 0 – – 0 +

maximum point minimum point

+ 0 + – 0 –

point of inflexion point of inflexion

28
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Approximations
y = f(x)

dy y
= lim
dx x →0 x

Hence, δx and δy are small increments in x and y respectively.

y dy
Hence, if δx is very small, is a good approximation for
x dx

y dy

x dx
y
The percentage change in y = 100%
y
x
The percentage change in x = 100%
x

►Rate of change

If two variables x and y both vary with another variable, say t, the rates of change with
dy dx dy dy dx
respect to t, and are related to =  .
dt dt dt dx dt
For example, if the area, A, and the radius, r, of a circle both vary with time t, then the rate
of change of A with respect to t, i.e. , dA and the rate of change of r with respect to t, i.e. dr
dA dA dr dt dt
are related by =  .
dt dr dt
dA dA dr
To find the rate of change of area, = 
dt dr dt
dr dr dA
To find the rate of change of radius, = 
dt dA dt

29
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

10 Integration

►Integration as the reverse of differentiation

The function, y = f(x)

dy
Differentiate with respected to x, = f ' ( x)
dx
 dy 
Integrate with respected to x,
  dx  dx =  f ' ( x) dx = F ( x) + C

► Integration Formula

x n +1
1.  x dx =
n
+ C , ((nn−11)) where C is an arbitary constant.
(n + 1)
2.  k dx = kx + C (k = constant)
1 ax
 e dx = e +C
ax
3.
a
1
4.  sin x dx = − cos x + C , sin ax dx = −
a
cos ax + C

1
5.  cos x dx = sin x + C ,  cos ax dx = sin ax + C
a

30
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Addition formula

(ax + b) n +1
6.  (ax + b) dx =
n
+ C , n  −1 and a  0
(n + 1)(a)
1 ax +b
 e dx =
ax + b
7. e +C
a
1
8.  sin (ax + b) dx = − cos (ax + b) + C
a
1
9.  cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + C
a

►Kinematics

ds
1. v =
dt
dv d 2s
2. a = (or ) a = 2
dt dt
3. s =  v dt

4. v =  a dt

31
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Area under curve by Integration

From the investigation, we can conclude that the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = f(x), the lines x = a and x = b, and the x-axis is given by the definite integral.
b

 f ( x) dx , where f(x) ≥ 0 and a ≤ x ≤ b.

a
In general, the area enclosed by the curve y = f(x),
the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b (a < b) is given by

The area enclosed by the curve x = f(y),

the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b (a < b) is given by

32
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Area bounded by a line and a curve

►Area bounded by the graphs of two functions

If the two function f(x) and g(x) intersect at x = a

and x = b, then the area, A, enclosed between the

two curves is given by the formula:

33
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Solid Volume of revolution

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the x-axis between x = a and
b

x = b is given by : Volume, V = π  y 2 dx
a

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the y-axis between y = c and
d
y = d is given by : Volume, V = π  x 2 dy
c

34
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Solid Volume of revolution (between two curves (or) line and curve )

If the two function f(x) and g(x) intersect at x = a and x = b

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the x-axis between two curves
(or) line and curve is

(  f ( x) − g ( x) ) dx
b
V =
2 2

If the two function f(y) and g(y intersect at x = c and x = d

The volume of revolution of a solid rotated 2π radians around the y-axis between two curves
(or) line and curve is

(  f ( y) − g ( y) ) dy
d
V =
2 2

35
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

Chapter

11 Trigonometry

►The Relation between Degree and Radian Measure

B
The circumference of a circle = 2πr
r
r Number of arcs = 2π ≈ 6.28 arcs
1 radian A One full rotation = 2π radians
O r One full rotation = 360˚
2π radians = 360˚
π radians = 180˚
360
1 radian = ≈ 57˚ 19ʹ
2

1˚ = = 0.01746 radian
180

►Arc length and Area of sector of a circle

The length of arc is proportional to the angle θ.
ℓ Length of arc AB Angle substebded by arc AB
A B =
Length of circumference Angle substended by circumference
r r  θ
θ =
O
2ππ 2

 (in radians) =
r


= (or )  = r ( in radian)
r

36
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

ℓ
A B The area of sector is proportional to the angle θ.
area of sector AOB θ
r θ
r =
Area of circle 2
O A θ
=
πr 2
2

1 2 1
A= r  = r ( in radian)
2 2

►Six Trigonometric Ratios

O = Opposite side
O H A = Adjacent side
 H = Hypotenuse

Sine Cosine Tangent Cotangent Secant Cosecant

(sin θ) (cos θ) (tan θ) (cot θ) (sec θ) (cosec θ)

O A O A H H
H H A O A O

1 1
Note : : sin  = ⇔ cos ec  =
cos ec  sin 
1 1
cos  = ⇔ sec  =
sec  cos 
1 1
tan  = ⇔ cot  =
cot  tan 

sin  cos 
tan  = ⇔ cot  =
cos  sin 

37
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Basic Identities

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

►ASTC diagram

II I
sin (+)
cosec (+) All (+)
Other (-)

III IV
tan (+) cos (+)
cot (+) sec (+)
other (-) other (-)

►Compound angle formula

sin (α+β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin (α–β) = sin α cos β – cos α sin β

cos (α+β) = cos α cos β – sin α sin β cos (α–β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

tan  + tan  tan  − tan 

tan (α+β) = tan (α–β) =
1 − tan  tan  1 + tan  tan 

►Double angle formula

sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α

cos 2α = cos2 α – sin2 α = 2cos2 –1= 1 – 2sin2 α

2 tan 
tan 2α =
1 − tan 2 
When θ is acute angle.

1. ASTC diagram ►►►+ or ‒ Sign

2. X axis ( + ‒ ) sin → sin, cos → cos, tan → tan (180˚±θ, 360˚±θ, … )
3. Y axis ( + ‒ ) sin → cos, cos → sin, tan → cot (90˚±θ, 270˚±θ, … )

38
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

sin (90˚–θ) = cos θ sin (90˚+θ) = cos θ

cos (90˚–θ) = sin θ cos (90˚+θ) = –sin θ
tan (90˚–θ) = cot θ tan (90˚+θ) = –cot θ
sin (180˚–θ) = sin θ sin (180˚+θ) = –sin θ
cos (180˚–θ) = –cos θ cos (180˚+θ) = –cos θ
tan (180˚–θ) = –tan θ tan (180˚+θ) = tan θ
sin (270˚–θ) = –cos θ sin (270˚+θ) = –cos θ
cos (270˚–θ) = –sin θ cos (270˚+θ) = sin θ
tan (270˚–θ) = cot θ tan (270˚+θ) = –cot θ

sin (360˚–θ) = –sin θ sin (360˚+θ) = sin θ

cos (360˚–θ) = cos θ cos (360˚+θ) = cos θ
tan (360˚–θ) = –tan θ tan (360˚+θ) = tan θ

sin (–θ) = –sin θ

cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = –tan θ

C
γ
1
Area of ∆ ABC = ab sin C
b a 2
1
= ac sin B
2
A α β 1
B = bc sin A
c 2

►Sine Law
a b c sin  sin  sin 
= = and = =
sin  sin  sin  a b c

►Cosine Law
b2 + c2 − a 2
a = b + c – 2bc cosα
2 2 2
and cos α =
2bc
a 2 + c2 − b2
b = a + c – 2ac cos β
2 2 2
and cos β =
2ac
a + b2 − c2
2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos γ and cos γ =
2ab

39
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►The graph of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x

1 y = sin x

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

‒1

y
y = cos x
1

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

‒1

y = tan x

0 x
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

1st Solution
Equation 2nd Solution 3rd Solution 4th Solution
(Calculator)

sin x = k x = sin‒1 k 180˚ ‒ x

cos x = k x = cos‒1 k 360˚ ‒ x 1st solutions ± 360˚ 2nd solutions ± 360

tan x = k x = tan‒1 k 180˚ + x

40
►Further Pure Mathematics(4PM1) ◄ ► U Hein Htet (B.E-Mech, DPM UK) ◄ .

►Trigonometry in three dimensions

►Solid Geometry Shape

►The angle between a line and a plane

The size of the angle between the line AB and the shaded

plane, drop a perpendicular from B. It meets the shaded plane at C.

Then join AC.

The angle between the lines AB and AC

represents the angle between the line AB and the shaded plane.

The line AC is the projection of the line AB on the shaded plane.

n1
►The angle between the two planes

The angle between the two planes is equal to the n2

α θ
angle between lines in each plane that are perpendicular

to the line formed by the intersection. α θ

There are two possibilities for angle between the two planes.

They are acute angle θ and obtuse angle α.

41