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Linux Notes

The document discusses various Linux commands and system administration tasks. It covers commands for input/output redirection, file manipulation, scheduling jobs, log monitoring, system maintenance, hostname configuration and system architecture. Specific commands mentioned include truncate, cat, split, sed, systemctl, at, hostnamectl, shutdown, reboot and arch.

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20bca1355
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16 views

Linux Notes

The document discusses various Linux commands and system administration tasks. It covers commands for input/output redirection, file manipulation, scheduling jobs, log monitoring, system maintenance, hostname configuration and system architecture. Specific commands mentioned include truncate, cat, split, sed, systemctl, at, hostnamectl, shutdown, reboot and arch.

Uploaded by

20bca1355
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

linyux Redirects-------------

There are 3 redirects:

basicallt, when we run a command in terminal, below three filescreated.

standard input(stdin) and it has file descriptor number as 0

standard output(stdout) and it has file decriptor number as 1

standard error(stderr) adn it has file decriptor number as 2

Output(stdout -1)---

-output of a command is shown in terminal

- to route output in file using >


ex- hostname > file_name

- to append output in existing file using >>


ex- pwd>>file_name

Error(stderr-2)

if any command gives you error then it is constidered as stderr -2

-we coan redirect the error to a file:


ex- cd/root/2 > eoor_file

- To redirect both standard outpput adn error to file:


ex: cd/root/ > error_file 2>&1

Input(stdin-0)

Input is used when feeding file contents to a file

Ex:

cat < file_name


cat << EOF

2. Truncate command-----------------

The linux trauncate command if often used to shrink of extend the size of a file to
the specified size.

command truncate -s 10 filename

3. Combining and Splitting Files----------------

- Multiple files can be combined into one and


- One file ccan be split into multiple files

cat file1 fiel2 file3 > file4

split file4

4. sed command------------

it can perform lots of functions on file like searching, find and replace,
insertion or deletion

- Replace a string in file with a newstring


- find and delete a line
- Remove empty lines
- temove the first or n lines in file
-To replace tabs with spaces
-show defined lines from a file
- Substitute within vi editor
- and much more

sed -i 's/Sarna/sarna/g' filename // replace Sarna to sarna

sed -i 's/Sarna//g' filename // replace Sarna

sed '/^$/d' filename // remove empty line

5. systemctl command--------------------

-its a new tool to control system services.

6.at command-------------

-at command is like corntab which allows you to schedule jobs but only once
-when the command is run it will enter interactive mode and you can get out by
pressing Ctrl D
usage:

- at hh:mm pm = schedule a job


- atq = list the at entries
- atrm # = remove entry
- atd = at daemon/service that manages scheduling
- systemctl status atd = To manage atd service

Create at entry scheduling a task:

at 4:45pm -> enter


echo "this is my first at entry" > at-entry
Crtl D

7. log monitoring-------------------

log directory= /var/log

commands-

boot
chronyd = NTP
cron
maillog
xecure
messages
gttpd

8. System maintenance commands--------

shutdown
init
reboot
halt

9. changing system hostname-----------

commands

hostnamectl - set-hostname newhostname

file that keep the hostname information is cat/etc/hostname

10. System architecture---------------------

Difference between a 32 bit and 64 bit CPPY

- A big difference between 32 bit processors and 64 bit processors is the number of
claculations per second they can perform, which affects the speed at which they can
cpmplete tasks.

to check the bit of linux mechine use commmand - arch

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