GIS for Social Sciences Ravinder Dhiman, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Chairperson Contre for Geo Informatics Jamsefji Tata School of Disaster Stu Tata Institute of Social Scioncos (TISS) [email protected] [email protected] +919253521111 Deo 26, 2022 “The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use it”. ~ Jack DangermondWho? me | le Betas we Break’ the = = oe ! Plan?Ravinder Dhiman PhD (IIT Bombay) Education PhD in Urban Science and Engineering M.Tech. in Energy and Environmental Management B.E. in Biotechnology Engineering Dip.Engg. in Computer Engineering Research Interests Development of Science-Policy Instruments for NRM; Decision Science; Integrated Geospatial Solutions; Exponential Technologies in Disaster Management; Coastal Management Experience Research Associate at IIT Bombay Senior Project Assistant at CSIR-NIO, Goa Teaching Assistant at IIT Bombay Co-Curricular Interests Training, promotion and development of Web~GIS based open-source technologies; Preventing the spread of misinformation and fake news with the help of technology. Dr. Ravinder Dhiman; GIS for Social Sciences [Dee 28, 2022]Topics to be covered... Sr. No. NS era Pe et) ee) ee TS = 8 Topics Introduction to fundamentals of GIS. Spatial Attributes, Data Types and Sources, Data Display for GIS Introduction and applications of Cartography, Toposheets and Paper Maps Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (Satellite Missions and GNSS) Introduction to GIS Software (ArcGIS and QGIS) Concept and Importance of Space and Spatial Analysis in Social Science Geo-referencing and Spatial Modeling (DEM, DTM, DSM, TIN) Attribute tables and query building ( Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis) Mapping (GIS Maps preparation for relevant applications in Social Sciences) Application based potential use of Google Earth Engine and R Studio Concepts of WebGIS in Social Sciences Demonstration of choice-based (from students) applications of GIS in Social Sciences) Hours. NANNNNNANNNGIs What and Why“Maps are like campfires — everyone gathers around them, because they allow people to understand complex issues at a glance, and find agreement about how to help the land.” ~ Sonoma Ecology Center “Knowing where things are, and why, is essential to rational decision making’ ~ Jack Dangermond Soctal Sciences [Dee 28, 2022] Dr, Ravinder Dhiman; GIS66 EVERYTHING IS RELATED TO EVERYTHING ELSE, BUT NEAR THINGS ARE MORE RELATED THAN DISTANT THINGS. 99 Tobler's first law of geographyGIS ? - What Geographical’ * Geographic/geospatial: synonymous ipa | * information about places on the earth’ s surface knowledge about “what is where when’ (Don’ t forget time!) poem Systems: the technology (Input/output) ‘© Science: the concepts and theory + Studies: the societal context A Geographical Information System is a foo/ which can accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and displaythem according to user-defined specifications. DekDefinitions of GIS — (n) + Tomlinson (1972)~ The common ground between information processing and the many fields using spatial analysis techniques. Dueker (1979) - A special case of|information systems|where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities, or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to retrieve data for ad-hoc queries and analyses. Burrough (1986) - A powerful set of tools collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world DoE (1987) -| A_system for capturing, storing, checking, manipulating. analyzing and displaying data whictrare spatially referenced to the Earth. Parker (1988) - Anjinformation technology| which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data. Cowen (1988) — A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment Aronoff (1989) - Any manual or |computer based |set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data * Koshkariov, Tikunov and Trofimov (1989) - | A_system|with advanced geo-modeling capabilities. Reference: Ieguire, D. J. (1991). An lew and definition of GIS. GeegraAlternative names of GIS — (n) Cadastral Information| System Image-based information| system Land resource information|system Planning |information| system Resource information| system Natural resource management information system Spatial data handling system Spatial data management and comprehensive analysis system Geographically referenced information| system Spatial |information |system Environmental information| system Automated GIS Land jinformation| system Automated mapping and facilities management Knowledge based GISEvolution of GIS + Computer based GIS started in 1960s. Their manual predecessors were in use perhaps, 100s of years earlier. Stages of Evolution * Pioneering phase 1960 - 1973. ~ Individual personalities played the role in determining what could be achieved Second phase 1973 - 1980s. — Involvement by national agencies in various parts of the world to put GIS into practice Third phase 1980 - 1990 commercial dominance Current Phase ~ User dominance bringing standardization, interoperability. OGIS (Open Geodata Interoperability Specification) formation etc.Why GIS ? - (n) 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based: plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection. land ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police) A significant portion of state government has a geographical component: + Natural Resource Management. * Highways and Transportation Businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications: + Retail Site Selection & Customer Analysis * Logistics: Vehicle Tracking & Routing + Natural Resource Exploration (petroleum, etc.) * Precision Agriculture Military and Defense: * Battlefield Management * Satellite Imagery Interpretation Scientific research employs GIS: * Geography, Geology, Anthropology, Sociology, Economics, Political ScienceInterdisciplinary nature ea react) cs Brett] [rend Cee) oad Par Cera Pag Dx Ravinder Dhiman; GIS for Social Sclences [Dec 28, 2022}Information ? — DIKW Pyramid Data is raw. It does not have meaning of itself. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data. Information is derived from the interpretation of data, which are symbolic representation _of features, (valuable asset) Knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. Wisdom calls upon all the previous levels of consciousness, and specifically upon _ special types of human programming (moral, ethical codes, etc.). Its knowledge with wise attitude or course of action. Actoff, RL,(1989)."F Technology Equivalent Understanding Human Equivalent “Conversion ——— Information "ee Automated vs, Manual>>~ Conversion (Raw) Data sms Analysis, Volume 16,System ? * An integration of five basic components End User Consumer Teshnician People Raster Veotor GIS Software Attributes: OS Sofware Network Software Databas= Software Analysis Standards Procedures: Specifications Computer Networks Graphic Devices Dr. Ravinder Dhiman; GIS for Social Sciences [Dee 28, 2022]Information Systems — Types Information Systems are broadly of two types > Transaction processing systems * Emphasis on recording, updating and retrieving as per the occurrence of operations * Operate in on-line or batch mode and follows well defined procedures Example : Banking and Airline Reservation Systems > Decision Support System + Emphasis on manipulation, analysis and particularly modelling to support decision makers. + Used in market analysis, resources planning, defence etc. GIS belongs to the second type!Geo Information — Characteristics & © Multidimensional Voluminous projection to flat surface Unique methods Data integration Fast retrieval Dr. Ravinder DhimaAbility of GIS - Examples * Predict drought conditions. * Monitor water resources. * Visualize remote-sensing data. * Model data from many sources. * Evaluate economic and environmental impact. * Data sharingSpatial Queries — Examples . How many gas stations (points) are located within the flood zone? How many miles of roads (line) pass through areas of national forest (polygon)? How much of the area within 100 feet of the river is agricultural land? Show the parcels that are over 100 acres, away from residential areas, not near protected forest or lakes, and zoned industrial Retrieve population data for the census blocks within the polling zone.Advanced Spatial Queries + How many houses can be built here under each of the zoning options we are considering? + What fire company is closest to this house that just called 112, and what's the fastest (not shortest) route to get there? + Draw acorridor from A to B that crosses the least amount possible of mangroves, steep slopes, industrial areas. Avoid certain areas altogether.Layers Layeris a collection of similar featuresGIS and Other Information Systems Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems * Help to design and draft new objects + Graphic based and use symbols to represent features + Rudimentary Links to Data Bases + Use simple topological relationships + Handle small quantities of data + Do not have analytical capabilities to carry out user defined criteria analysis Computer Cartography Systems + Use simple data structures and no topology + Emphasize display rather than retrieval * Can be linked to data bases and simple retrievals are supported * Good facilities for map output and generation of high quality product Data Base Management Systems Well developed for storage and retrieval of attribute data Supports limited graphical display Carries out simple analytical functions Do not support spatial analytical operationsCapabilities of GIS GIS can answer the following questions: 1. Location - What is at a given location? 2. Condition - Where does it occur? 3. Routing - What is the best way? 4. Trend - What has changed? 5. Pattern - What is the pattern? 6. Modeling - What happens if ?Applications » Resources Management » Landuse Planning « Agriculture « Forestry » Water Resources Management »« Rural/Urban Planning « Environmental Management « Risk Management » Business /Marketing » Real Estate « Facility Mapping « Transportations Management = Telecommunication * Mining = Government Agencies » Defence » Emergency Operations « Crime Management » Epidemiology » Archaeology Dr. Re 05 if is 5 ‘=3 lage 7 a a itribt nt TeSea! fees hi il utors. lity available researc! ejaaionn nal age map Gey ferent area, aa il i cas resultsaiff Project Len cocoons Goce network USING, =e eenooneW pee woe dst sues at Pp ance Sines pacGIS Applications Access teak [Fe] CollectionDiscussion | Thark You Dr, Ravinder Dhiman; GIS for Social Sciences [Dee 28, 2022]