HEAT TRANSFER

MODULE-III
(Radiation)

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Module : III
❑ Emission characteristics of surface & associated laws
1) Heat Exchange by Radiation between two black surface elements
2) Heat Exchange by Radiation Between Two Finite Black Surfaces
❑ Concept of Shape Factor
3) Radiant Heat Exchange in an Enclosure Having Black Surfaces
4) Heat Exchange by Radiation between Two Infinite Parallel Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
5) Heat Exchange by Radiation in the Annular Space Between Two Infinitely Long Concentric Tubes
❑ Radiation shields (b/w very large , opaque plates ║ to each other
Self Study :
❖ Electrical network analogy for thermal radiation system (Radiosity-Irradiation approach )
1) Radiation b/w two infinite surfaces-1 &2
2) Two concentric infinitely long Cylinders
3) Radiation shield of emissivity (e3 ) b/w two parallel infinite planes of emissivity (e1 & e2 )
4) Cylindrical radiation shield (thermal system)

Course Outcome (CO4) :

At the end of the course student can understand
❑ heat transfer by thermal radiation.
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Flux determination by black body @ temp (T) over the wavelength interval
0→λ
∞
𝑒𝑏 0−𝜆 = න 𝑒𝑏𝜆 𝑑𝜆
0

𝜆𝑇
2𝜋𝐶1
𝐷0−𝜆 = න 5 𝑐2 Τ𝜆𝑇
𝑑 𝜆𝑇
0 𝜎 𝜆𝑇 𝑒 −1

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Black-body radiation

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Radiation Incident on a Surface
absorbed radiation Gab
α= = 0≤α≤1
Incident radiation G

reflected radiation Gref

ρ= = 0≤ρ≤1
Incident radiation G

transmitted radiation Gtr

τ= = 0≤τ≤1
Incident radiation G

α + ρ + 𝜏 = 1.0

(or)

αλ + ρλ + 𝜏λ = 1.0

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Total intensity of radiation (i , W/m2 sr)

𝑑𝑒
𝑖=
𝑑𝜔

𝑒 = න𝑖 𝑑𝜔

𝜋
2𝜋 2

𝑒 = න න 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜓 𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝜙
0 0

𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓

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Monochromatic intensity of radiation (𝑖𝜆 )

𝑑𝑒𝜆
𝑖𝜆 =
𝑑𝜔

𝑒𝜆 = න𝑖𝜆 𝑑𝜔

𝑖𝜆 = 𝑖𝑛𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓

𝑒𝜆 = 𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝑥

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Note : 1

∞
∞
𝑒 = න 𝑒𝜆 𝑑𝜆 = න න 𝑖𝜆 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜆
0
0 ℎ

𝑒 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝜔 = න න 𝑖𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜔
ℎ ℎ 0

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Note : 2

𝐻 = න𝑖 𝑑𝜔

𝐻𝜆 = න𝑖𝜆 𝑑𝜔

𝐻 = 𝜋𝑖𝑛

𝐻𝜆 = 𝜋𝑖𝑛 𝜆

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NOTE

𝑖 𝐹12 𝐴1 = 𝐹21 𝐴2

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Shape factor between two aligned parallel rectangles of equal size

F1-2= f(L1/D,L2/D)

L1 & L2 :Sides of rectangles

D : Distance b/w rectangle

Calculate parameters

0.1 < L1/D < ∞

0.1 < L2/D < 20

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View factor between two perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

F1-2= f(L1/W,L2/W)

L1 & L2 :Sides of rectangles

W : width b/w rectangle

Calculate parameters

0.1 < L1/W < 20

0.1 < L2/W < 20

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View factor between two coaxial parallel disks

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View factors for two concentric cylinders of finite length: (a) outer cylinder
to inner cylinder; (b) outer cylinder to itself

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𝐹1−1 + 𝐹1−2 + 𝐹1−3 +. . . . +𝐹1−𝑛 = 1

𝐹2−1 + 𝐹2−2 + 𝐹2−3 +. . . . +𝐹2−𝑛 = 1

𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 + 𝐹𝑛−3 +. . . . +𝐹𝑛−𝑛 = 1

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Additive relation

𝐹1−2 = 𝐹1−3 + 𝐹1−4

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Shape factors for three common configurations
X= L1/D, Y= L2/D

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝐹1−2 = න න 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴1 𝜋𝐿2
𝐴1 𝐴2

1 Τ2
2 1+ 𝑋2 ൫1 +𝑌2 𝑌 𝑋
𝐹1−2 = 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑌 1 + 𝑋 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑋 1 + 𝑌 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑌𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑌 − 𝑋𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑋
πXY 1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 1 + 𝑋2 1 + 𝑌2

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X= L1/W, Y= L2/W

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝐹1−2 = න න 2
𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴1 𝜋𝐿
𝐴 1 𝐴2

𝐹1−2

1 1 1 1 1
−1 −1
= ቎𝑋𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑌𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑋 + 𝑌 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2 2
1
𝜋𝑋 𝑋 𝑌
𝑋2 2
+𝑌 2
𝑋2 𝑌2
1 (1 + 𝑋 2 )(1 + 𝑌2) 𝑋 2 (1 + 𝑋2 2
+𝑌 ) 𝑌 2 (1
+ 𝑋2
+ 𝑌2)
+ 𝑙𝑛 ቏
4 1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 (1 + 𝑋 2 )(1 + 𝑌 2 ) (1 + 𝑌 2 )(𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 )

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 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
𝐹1−2 = න න 2
𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴1 𝜋𝐿
𝐴1 𝐴2

X= R1/L, Y= R2/L

1 2 1Τ2
𝐹1−2 = 1+ 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 − 1+ 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 − 4𝑋 2 𝑌 2
2𝑋 2

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Remarks
❑ Radiant heat exchange in a two-surface system forming an enclosure.
𝐹1−2 = 1

𝐹2−1 = 𝐴1 /𝐴2

Special case
❖ A1 << A2 (or) 𝐴1 /𝐴2 → 0

𝑞1 = −𝑞2 = 𝑞12 = 𝜎𝜖1 A1 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

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Radiation heat transfer coefficient (hr)

𝑞12 𝜎 ∈1 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

ℎ𝑟 = =
𝐴1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2

= 𝜎 ∈1 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 𝑇1 2 + 𝑇2 2

ℎ𝑡 = ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟

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Radiation shields (b/w very large , opaque plates ║ to each other )

𝑞 𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇34
=
𝐴 13 1 1
∈1 ∈3 − 1
+

𝑞 𝑞
/ = 1/2
𝐴 12 𝐴 13

𝑞 1 𝑞 𝑞
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 1 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 2 (value of without a shield)
𝐴 12 𝐴 13 𝐴 12

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