Two-Port Networks

Instructor: Chia-Ming Tsai

Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung University
Hsinchu, Taiwan
 Contents
• Introduction
• Impedance (z) Parameters
• Admittance (y) Parameters
• Hybrid (h) Parameters
• Transmission (T) Parameters
• Interconnection of Networks
• Application
• Scattering (S) Parameters
 Introduction
• One-Port Networks
– Two-terminal circuits
– Resistors, capacitors,
inductors

Without
• Two-Port Networks independent
sources.
– Three (or four)-terminal
circuits
– Op amps, transistors,
transformers
 Impedance (z) Parameters

V  z11I1  z12I 2
By superposition :  1
V2  z 21I1  z 22I 2
 V  z z I  I  Open-
  1    11 12   1   z  1  circuit
V2  z 21 z 22  I 2  I 2 
V1 V1
z11  , z12 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

input impedance transfer impedance

Open-
V V
z 21  2 , z 22  2 circuit
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

transfer impedance output impedance

 z Parameters

 1
 1
V  V2
 n
I1  nI 2
 The ideal transformer has no z parameter.
 Open Circuit Parameters
• These parameters are as follows:
• z11 Open circuit input impedance
• z12 Open circuit transfer impedance from port
1 to port 2
• z21 Open circuit transfer impedance from port
2 to port 1
• z22 Open circuit output impedance
• When z11=z22, the network is said to be
symmetrical.
 z Parameters
• When the network is linear and has no
dependent sources, the transfer impedances are
equal (z12=z21), the network is said to be
reciprocal.
• This means that if the input and output are
switched, the transfer impedances remain the
same.
• Any two-port network that is composed
entirely of resistors, capacitors, and inductors
must be reciprocal.
 Example 1

Find the z parameters.

V1 V2
z11   20  40  60  z22   30  40  70 
I1 I2
V2 V1
z21   40  z21   40 
I1 I2
 Example 2
Find I1 and I 2 .

 V1   40 j 20  I1 
V    j 30 50  I 
 2   2 
V1  1000 , V2  10I 2
 I1  20 A, I 2  1  90 A
 Admittance (y) Parameters

I1  y11V1  y12V2
I 2  y 21V1  y 22V2
 I1   y11 y12   V1   V1  Short-
I    y     y   circuit
 2   21 y 22  V2  V2 

I1 I1
y11  , y12 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0 Short-
I2 I2 circuit
y 21  , y 22 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0
  V1   z11 z12   I1 
V   z  
 2   21 z 22  I 2 

z12  z 21

 I1   y11 y12   V1 
I   y  
 2   21 y 22  V2 
y12  y21
 Example 3
Find the y parameters.

I1 1 1 I2 1 1
y11     0.75 S y22     0.625 S
V1 4 2 V2 8 2
I2 1 I1 1
y21    0.5 S y12    0.5 S
V1 2 V2 2
 Hybrid (h) Parameters

V1  h11I1  h12V2 I1  g11V1  g12I 2

I 2  h 21I1  h 22V2 V2  g 21V1  g 22I 2
V1  h11 h12   I1   I1 
 I   h  h   I1   g11 g12  V1  V1 
  
 2   21 h 22  V2  V2  
 V  g I   g I 
 2   21 g 22   2   2
V1 V1
h11  , h12  I1 I1
I1 V2 g11  , g12 
V2  0 I1  0 V1 I2
I 2 0 V1  0
input impedance reverse voltage gain
V2 V2
I2 I2 g 21  , g 22 
h 21  , h 22  V1 I 2 0
I2 V1  0
I1 V2  0
V2 I1  0
( Inverse hybrid parameters )
forward current gain output admittance
 h Parameters

V1  h11 h12   I1 

 I   h  V 
 2   21 h 22   2 

 I1   g11 g12  V1 

V   g I 
 2   21 g 22   2 
 Example 4
Find the h parameters.

V1 I2 1 1
h11   2  (3 || 6)  4  h22    S
I1 V2 3  6 9
I2 2 2 V1 6 2
h21    h12   
I1 1 2 3 V2 3  6 3
 Example 5
Find the Thevenin' s equivalent .

V1  103  2   I1  V1  103  2   I1 


I   4    I    4   
 2  10 2  10  V2   2  10 2  10  2 
V
V2  1 , V1  40I1 I 2  0 , V1  60  40I1
1  VTh  V2  29.69 
 ZTh   51.46 
I2
Ideal Transformer

 1
 1
V  V2
 n
I1  nI 2
 1
V1   I1   0 n   I1 
    h      
I2  V2   1 0  V2 
 n 
 Transmission (T) Parameters

V1   A B   V2   V2  V2  a b   V1   V1 
 I   C D  I   T I   I   c d   I   t  I 
 1   2   2  2   1  1
V V V2 V2
A 1 , B 1 a , b
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0
V1 I1  0
I1 V1  0

I1 I1 I2 I2
C , D c , d
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0
V1 I1  0
I1 V1  0

(Transmission parameters) ( Inverse transmission parameters )

 Example 6
Find the T parameters.

V1  (10  20)I 1  30I 1 V1  Va Va

  I 2  0 (KCL@node a )
10 20
V2  20I 1  3I 1  17I 1 Va  3I 1 , I 1  (V1  Va ) 10
V1 30 17
A   1.765  V1  13I 1 , I 2   I1
V2 17 20
V1  13I 1
I 1 B   15.29 
C 1   0.0588 I 2  (17 20)I 1
V2 17 I 1 20
D   1.176
I 2 17
 Example 7
Find RL for maximum T
 4 20
 
power transfer. 0.1 2 

V1   4 20  V2  V1   4 20  V2  RL  ZTh  8 

 I   0.1 2   I   I   0.1 2   I 
 1   2 
2
 1   2  V 
P  I 2 RL   Th  RL
V1   10I1 , V2  1 V1  50  10I1 , I 2  0  2 RL 
1  VTh  10 V  3.125 W
 ZTh  8
I2
 Interconnection of Networks
• Series Connection
– [z] parameters preferred
• Parallel Connection
– [y] parameters preferred
• Cascade Connection
– [T] parameters preferred
 Series Connection
 V1a  z11a I1a  z12a I 2 a

V2 a  z 21a I1a  z 22a I 2 a
 V1b  z11b I1b  z12b I 2b

V2b  z 21b I1b  z 22b I 2b
 I1  I1a  I1b

I 2  I 2 a  I 2b
V1  V1a  V1b
 (z11a  z11b )I1  (z12a  z12b )I 2
V2  V2 a  V2b
 (z 21a  z 21b )I1  (z 22a  z 22b )I 2
 z11 z12   z11a  z11b z12a  z12b 
  For n series - connected networks,

z 21 z 22  z 21a  z 21b z 22a  z 22b 
z  z1   z 2       z n 
or z   z a   z b 
 Parallel Connection
 I1a  y11a V1a  y12a V2 a

I 2 a  y 21a V1a  y 22a V2 a
 I1b  y11b V1b  y12b V2b

I 2b  y 21b V1b  y 22b V2b
 V1  V1a  V1b

V2  V2 a  V2b
I1  I1a  I1b
 (y11a  y11b )V1  (y12a  y12b )V2
I 2  I 2 a  I 2b
 (y 21a  y 21b )V1  (y 22a  y 22b )V2
 y11 y12   y11a  y11b y12a  y12b 
 

y 21 y 22  y 21a  y 21b y 22a  y 22b  For n parallel - connected networks,
or y   y a   y b  y   y1   y 2       y n 
 Cascade Connection

The transmission parameters gives A B  A a B a  Ab Bb 

   C
V1   A a B a  Va   C D 
  aC D a  b Db 
 I   C D   I 
 1  a a  a  or T  Ta Tb 
Va   A b B b   V2 
 I    C D   I 
 a  b b  2 For n cascade - connected networks,
V1   A a B a   A b B b   V2  T  T1 T2    Tn 
    C D   I 
 1  a
I C D a  b b  2
Scattering (S) Parameters
Application
Vb   h ie h re   I b 
 I   h h oe  Vc 
 c   fe