All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s Polytechnic

Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune-

411001 YEAR 2023-24

A
MICRO PROJECT ON
“INFORMATION
ABOUT
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT”
IN
FMM (22445)

BY
SR Name of Student Roll
NO. N0.
1 GAIKWAD MAYURESH MACHINDRANATH 1013
2 GAVALI AARYA VISHAL 1014
3 HINGANE ROHIT RAMCHANDRA 1015

1
 All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s
Polytechnic, Kennedy Road near RTO, Pune-411 001

=======================================
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this micro project report titled “Information adout
hydroelectric power plant” is the bonafide work of Ms. /Mr. Mayuresh
Gaikawd (1013), Aarya Gavali (1014), Rohit Hingne (1015), Roll no. 1013
to 1015 of Second year diploma in Mechanical Engineering for the course
‘Fluid Mechanics and Machinery’ Course code: 22445 during the academic
year 2023-2024, who carried out the micro project work under my supervision.

Mr. D.V.Thakur
(Name & signature of project
Guide)

2
 INDEX

Sr. No Content Page No.

1. Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project 4

2. Course Outcome achieved 4

3 Proposed Methodology 5

4 Resources Required 6

5 Rationale 8

6 Course Outcome achieved 8

7 Literature Review 10

8 Actual Methodology Followed 10

9 Output of the Micro Projects 10

10 Applications of the Micro Project 11

3
 ANNEXURE I

Micro Project Proposal

Report on

“INFORMATION
ABOUT
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT”

Aims/Benefit of the Micro Project:

The aims and benefits of the micro project on Hydroelectric power plant are:
 Understanding of Fluid Mechanics Principles: Hydroelectric power plants are based
on the principles of fluid mechanics. By engaging in a micro project on this topic,
students can gain a deeper understanding of how fluid mechanics concepts such as
flow rate, pressure, and turbine design are applied in real-world applications..
 Exploration of Renewable Energy Sources: Hydroelectric power is a renewable
energy source that relies on the gravitational force of flowing or falling water..
 Regional and Global Comparison: Focusing on hydroelectric power plants in
Maharashtra allows for a localized study while also comparing them to plants around
the world.
 Technological Advancements: Investigating hydroelectric power plants provides an
opportunity to explore technological advancements in turbine design, control
systems, and dam construction.

4
Course Outcomes Addressed:

 Understanding of Hydroelectric Power Generation: Students will gain a

comprehensive understanding of the principles behind hydroelectric power
generation, including the conversion of water flow energy into electrical
energy through turbines and generators.

 Familiarity with Hydroelectric Power Plant Components: Students will become

familiar with the components and systems of hydroelectric power plants, including
dams,
penstocks, turbines, generators, and electrical systems, and their functions in
the generation process.

3.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure that will be followed to do the micro

project- in about 100-200 words)

Sr. Detail of Activity Planned Planned Name of

Responsible
No. Start date Finish Team
Date Members
1 Discussion about the topic 05/01/2024 06/01/2024 10012-1013

2 Search Data required 05/01/2024 06/03/2024 1014 and 1030

3 Collection of data from 06/01/2024 07/01/2024 1012-1014

teacher

4 Collection of data from 08/01/2024 09/01/2024 1013-1030

magazine

5 Collection of data from 10/01/2024 11/01/2024 1012-1030

textbook

5
6 Collection of data from 20/01/2024 23/01/2024 1014 and 1013
internet

7 Research on the Data collected 25/01/2024 27/01/2024 1012-1014

8 Study of various 06/02/2024 08/02/2024 1013-1030

component required with
their specifications

9 Collection of 08/02/2024 09/02/2024 1014

material/components
required

10 Checking the component 19/02/2024 20/02/2024 1012

as
requirement/specification

11 Search of assembly of 19/02/2024 20/02/2024 1012-1014

the model on internet

12 Assembling the 28/02/2024 28/02/2024 1013-1030

components as per
reference

13 Checking the circuits and 03/03/2024 06/03/2024 1014-1012

testing the model

6
5.0 Resource Required

Sir No. Name of Specification Qty Remark

Resource/Material
1 Research Papers Start by gathering research 1 -
and Journals papers and articles on
noise & light pollution
2 Online Databases These databases are 1 -
valuable sources of
information for
literature review and
background
research

6.0 Name of Team Members with Roll No:

SR Name of Student Roll

NO. N0.
1 GAIKWAD MAYURESH MACHINDRANATH 1013
2 GAVALI AARYA VISHAL 1014
3 HINGANE ROHIT RAMCHANDRA 1015

Mr. D.V.Thakur
(Name & signature of project
Guide)

7
 ANNEXURE - II
A
MICRO PROJECT REPORT

“INFORMATION
ABOUT
HYDROELECRIC
POWER PLANT”

1.0 Rationale:
Hydroelectric power plants are crucial contributors to global energy production,
harnessing the power of flowing water to generate electricity. Maharashtra, a state in
India, is rich in hydroelectric potential due to its numerous rivers and water bodies.
Understanding the intricacies of hydroelectric power plants, their operational
mechanisms, environmental impact, and global significance is essential for engineering
students, especially those studying fluid mechanics and machinery. This rationale outlines
the reasons behind conducting a micro project on hydroelectric power plants in
Maharashtra and worldwide.

Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project:

The aims and benefits of the micro project on Hydroelectric power plant are:
 Understanding of Fluid Mechanics Principles: Hydroelectric power plants are based
on the principles of fluid mechanics. By engaging in a micro project on this topic,
students can gain a deeper understanding of how fluid mechanics concepts such as
flow rate, pressure, and turbine design are applied in real-world applications..
 Exploration of Renewable Energy Sources: Hydroelectric power is a renewable
energy source that relies on the gravitational force of flowing or falling water..
 Regional and Global Comparison: Focusing on hydroelectric power plants in
Maharashtra allows for a localized study while also comparing them to plants around
the world.
 Technological Advancements: Investigating hydroelectric power plants provides an
opportunity to explore technological advancements in turbine design, control
systems, and dam construction.
8
 Course Outcomes Addressed:

 Understanding of Hydroelectric Power Generation: Students will gain a

comprehensive understanding of the principles behind hydroelectric power
generation, including the conversion of water flow energy into electrical
energy
through turbines and generators.
 Familiarity with Hydroelectric Power Plant Components: Students will become
familiar with the components and systems of hydroelectric power plants, including
dams, penstocks, turbines, generators, and electrical systems, and their functions in
the
generation process.

1. INTRODUCTION

 Brief overview of hydroelectric power generation.

 Importance of fluid mechanics and machinery in harnessing hydropower.

 Significance of studying hydroelectric power plants in Maharashtra

and globally.

2. FLUID MECHANICS PRINCIPLES IN HYDROELECTRIC

POWER PLANT
Fluid mechanics principles play a crucial role in the design, operation, and
efficiency of hydroelectric power plants. These principles govern the behavior
of fluids (such as water) in motion and are essential for understanding how
turbines, the primary machinery in hydroelectric plants, convert water's kinetic
energy into mechanical energy. Here are some key fluid mechanics principles
relevant to hydroelectric power plants:

9
1. Bernoulli's Principle: Bernoulli's principle states that in a steady flow of
an incompressible fluid, the sum of the pressure energy, kinetic energy,
and potential energy per unit volume remains constant along any
streamline. In hydroelectric power plants, Bernoulli's principle is
applied to analyze the flow of water through turbines. As the water
flows through the turbine blades, its pressure energy is converted into
kinetic energy, driving the turbine's rotation.

2. Flow Patterns: Understanding the flow patterns of water within

turbines is essential for optimizing their efficiency. Different turbine
designs (such as Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton turbines) utilize distinct
flow patterns to harness water's energy efficiently. For example,
Francis turbines are designed to work best with moderate head and
flow rates, while Pelton turbines are ideal for high head and low flow
rates

3. Turbine Efficiency: Turbine efficiency is influenced by various fluid

mechanics factors, including the design of the turbine blades, the
velocity of the water entering the turbine, and the overall flow
conditions. Turbines are designed to maximize the conversion

10
 4. Hydraulic Head: Hydraulic head refers to the potential energy of water
stored in reservoirs or obtained from elevation differences in rivers or
streams. The height difference, or head, determines the pressure and
flow rate of water entering the turbine, directly impacting the power
generation capacity of the hydroelectric plant. Fluid mechanics
principles are used to calculate and optimize hydraulic head for efficient
energy conversion.

Machinery Components of Hydroelectric Power Plants:

The machinery components of hydroelectric power plants work in tandem to

convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Each
component plays a crucial role in the generation process, ensuring efficiency,
reliability, and safety. Here are the main machinery components of
hydroelectric power plants:

a) Turbines: Turbines are the primary machinery components responsible

for converting the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy.
Different types of turbines are used depending on factors such as head

11
Common types of turbines include:
 Francis Turbines: Ideal for medium head and medium flow applications.
 Kaplan Turbines: Suitable for low head and high flow conditions.
 Pelton Turbines: Designed for high head and low flow situations.

b) Generators:

Generators are electromechanical devices that convert the mechanical

energy produced by turbines into electrical energy. They operate on the
principle of electromagnetic induction, where a conductor moving through
a magnetic field generates an electric current. Generators in hydroelectric
power plants typically consist of a rotor (rotating part) and a stator
(stationary part), with the rotor connected to the turbine shaft.

12
c) Transformers:

Transformers are used to step up the voltage of the electricity

generated by the generator before it is transmitted over long
distances through power lines. Higher voltages reduce energy losses
during transmission. At the receiving end, transformers step down
the voltage to levels suitable for distribution to consumers.

13
 d) Penstocks: Penstocks are large pipes or channels that convey water
from the reservoir or intake to the turbines. They control the flow of
water and maintain the required pressure to drive the turbines
efficiently. Penstocks are usually made of steel or reinforced concrete
and may include valves or gates for flow regulation.

3. Comparative Analysis with Global Hydroelectric Installations

A comparative analysis of hydroelectric installations globally provides valuable

insights into the technological advancements, operational practices, and
environmental considerations across different regions. Here's how such an
analysis can be structured:

Installed Capacity and Generation:

 Compare the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants in

Maharashtra with that of other regions or countries.
 Analyze the electricity generation from hydroelectric sources in
Maharashtra compared to global leaders.
 Explore trends in capacity additions and generation levels over the past decade.

14
 Technological Diversity:

 Compare the distribution of different types of hydroelectric turbines (Francis,

Kaplan, Pelton) in Maharashtra with global trends.
 Analyze the adoption of innovative turbine designs, such as reversible turbines
or adjustable blade angles, in leading hydroelectric installations worldwide.

Efficiency and Performance:

 Compare the efficiency and performance metrics (such as capacity factor, load
factor, and energy conversion efficiency) of hydroelectric plants in Maharashtra
with those of similar-sized plants in other regions.
 Investigate factors contributing to differences in efficiency, including turbine
design, operational practices, and maintenance standards.

Environmental Impact:

 Assess the environmental impact of hydroelectric installations in

Maharashtra compared to global benchmarks.
 Consider factors such as habitat disruption, fish migration patterns, water quality,
and greenhouse gas emissions.
 Analyze mitigation measures implemented in different regions to minimize
environmental impacts, such as fish ladders, sediment management systems,
and reservoir management strategies.

Social and Economic Implications:

 Evaluate the socio-economic benefits of hydroelectric power generation

in Maharashtra relative to other regions.
 Examine the role of hydroelectric projects in providing electricity access,
stimulating economic development, and creating employment opportunities.
 Compare stakeholder engagement practices, community involvement, and
indigenous rights considerations in hydroelectric projects across different regions.

15
4. Case Studies

 Case Study 1: Three Gorges Dam, China

Overview: The Three Gorges Dam is one of the largest hydroelectric power
stations in the world, located on the Yangtze River in Hubei province, China.
Construction began in 1994, and the dam became fully operational in 2012. It
serves multiple purposes, including flood control, navigation improvement,
and electricity generation.
Key Features:

 Installed Capacity: The dam has an installed capacity of 22,500 MW, making it
the world's largest power station by installed capacity.
 Turbine Types: The project employs both Francis and Kaplan turbines, with a
total of 32 generating units.
 Reservoir Capacity: The reservoir created by the dam has a storage capacity of 39.3
billion cubic meters.
 Environmental Impact: The dam has faced criticism for its environmental impact,
including habitat disruption, sedimentation issues, and displacement of people.

Significance:

 The Three Gorges Dam represents a significant engineering feat and demonstrates
China's commitment to renewable energy development.

 It provides clean electricity to support China's growing energy

16
 needs and reduces reliance on fossil fuels.

 The dam's flood control capabilities have helped mitigate the impact of severe
flooding events on downstream communities.
Challenges:

 Environmental concerns, including habitat loss, water quality degradation, and

erosion in the reservoir area.
 Social challenges related to the displacement of over a million people due to
reservoir inundation and the loss of cultural heritage sites.

Lessons Learned:

 The importance of comprehensive environmental impact assessments and

mitigation measures in large-scale hydroelectric projects.
 The need for effective resettlement and compensation programs to address
the social impacts of dam construction.

 Case Study 2: Bhakra Nangal Dam, India

Overview: The Bhakra Nangal Dam is a multipurpose dam located on the Sutlej River
in the northern Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Completed in 1963, it
is one of the largest and oldest gravity dams in India and serves irrigation,
hydroelectric power generation, and flood control purposes.
Key Features:

 Installed Capacity: The Bhakra Nangal Dam has an installed capacity of 1,325 MW,
with 10 generating units.

17
 Irrigation Benefits: It provides water for irrigation to a vast agricultural area in
Punjab, contributing significantly to food security.
 Flood Control: The dam helps regulate the flow of the Sutlej River, reducing
the risk of downstream flooding during monsoon seasons. Significance:
 The Bhakra Nangal Dam plays a crucial role in India's agricultural economy by
providing reliable irrigation water to the fertile plains of Punjab.
 It contributes to the country's energy security by generating clean hydroelectric
power and reducing dependence on thermal power plants.
 The dam has become a symbol of India's post-independence development efforts
and engineering prowess.
Challenges:

 Sedimentation: The reservoir behind the dam has experienced significant

sedimentation over the years, reducing its storage capacity and affecting
hydropower generation and irrigation efficiency.
 Environmental Concerns: The dam has altered the flow regime of the Sutlej
River, impacting downstream ecosystems and biodiversity.

Lessons Learned:

 The importance of long-term sediment management strategies to maintain reservoir

capacity and sustain hydropower generation and irrigation benefits.
 The need for adaptive management approaches to address evolving
environmental and socio-economic challenges associated with dam
construction and operation.

18
 5. Conclusion:

 Summary of findings regarding fluid mechanics and machinery in

hydroelectric power plants.

 Insights gained from comparing Maharashtra's installations with global

counterparts.

 Recommendations for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and

performance in hydroelectric power generation.

4.0 Literature Review:

https://www.studocu.com/in/document/government-polytechnic-pune/
enterpreneourship- development/control-system-microproject/15570209

https://www.msbtemicroproject.tech/2022/10/Control-System-and-PLC-22531-Micro-
Project.html

engineering/operating-system-micro-project/39991026

https://www.plcacademy.com/plc-timers/

19
Outputs of the Micro project

 Understanding of Hydroelectric Power Generation: Students will gain a

comprehensive understanding of the principles behind hydroelectric power
generation, including the conversion of water flow energy into electrical
energy
through turbines and generators.

 Familiarity with Hydroelectric Power Plant Components: Students will become

familiar with the components and systems of hydroelectric power plants, including
dams,
penstocks, turbines, generators, and electrical systems, and their functions in
the generation process.

6.0 Application of the project

Hydroelectric power plants are crucial assets in the energy sector, providing clean and
renewable energy globally. This micro project delves into the intricacies of hydroelectric
power plants, focusing on Maharashtra as a regional case study while also exploring global
trends and innovations. The project encompasses the design, analysis, and operational
aspects of hydroelectric power plants, highlighting their significance in sustainable energy
generation. By examining various hydroelectric projects in Maharashtra and worldwide, this
study aims to shed light on the engineering principles, environmental impacts, and socio-
economic benefits associated with hydroelectric power generation.

Mr. D.V.Thakur
(Name & signature of project Guide)

20
 ANNEXURE - III

Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

S. Characteristics to be Poor Average Good Excellent
No assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
1. Relevance to the Related to very Related to some Los Addressed at-least Addressed more
Course few Los one CO than one CO
2. Literature Not more than two At-least 5 relevant At-least 7 relevant About 10 relevant
Review/information sources (Primary sources, at least 2 sources, latest sources, latest
collection and Secondary), latest
very old reference
3. Completion of Target Completed less Completed 50 to 60% Completed 60 to Completed more
as per Project than 50% 80% than 80%
proposal
4. Analysis of Data and Sample Size all, Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
representation data neither appropriate sample, appropriate collected by
organized nor enough data generated sample, enough sufficient and
presented well but not organized and data generated appropriate sample
not well presented which is size. Proper
well. No or poor organized and inferences drawn
inferences drawn presented well. by organizing and
But poor presenting data
inferences drawn through tables,
charts and graphs
5. Quality of Incomplete Just assembled/ Well, a Just Well, a Just
prototype/Model fabrication/ fabricated and parts assembled/ assembled/
assembly are not functioning fabricated with fabricated with
well. Not in proper proper functioning proper functioning
shape, dimensions parts.in proper parts.in proper
beyond tolerance shape, within shape, within
limit. Appearance/ tolerance tolerance
finish is shabby. dimensions and dimensions and
good finish. But good finish/
no creativity in appearance.
design and use of Creativity in design
material and use of material.
6. Report Preparation Very short, Nearly sufficient and Detailed, correct Very detailed,
poorquality correct details about and clear correct, clear
sketches, Details methods, materials, description of description of
about methods, precautions and methods, methods, materials,
materials, conclusion. But materials, precautions and
Precautions and clarity is not there in precautions and conclusion.
Conclusions presentation. But not conclusion. Enough tables,
omitted, some enough graphic Sufficient graphic charts and
details are wrong. description description sketches

7. Presentation of the Major information Includes major Includes major Well organized,
Micro-Project is not included, information but not information but includes major
information is not well organized not not well organized information,
well organized. presented well. not presented presented well.
well.
8. Could not reply to Replied to Replied properly Replied most of the
considerable considerable number considerable questions properly
number of of questions nut not number of
questions very properly questions.

21
 ANNEXURE – IV
Name of the student: Aarya Gavali, Mayuresh Gaikwad, Rohit Hingane, Ragini
Jogdand
Program/Semester /Master: FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY (ME-41)
Course/Course code: 22048
Title of the Micro project: Unformation about hydroelectric power plant

Rubric Marks Obtained out of

Characteristics to be assessed
No. 10

1 Relevance to course
2 Literature review/information collection
3 Completion of target as per project proposal
4 Analysis of data and representation
5 Quality of prototype/model
6 Report Preparation
Total Out of (60)
Process and Product Assessment (A): Total Out of
(06)

(B)Individual
(A) Process and
Presentation/viva Marks out of 10
product Assessment
(4marks)
(6marks)

Mr. D.V.Thakur
(Name & signature of project
Guide)

22