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    Note 1 Nervous Co

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    Note 1 Nervous Co

    Uploaded by

    malshi
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    8 views8 pages

    Note 1 Nervous Co

    Uploaded by

    malshi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    Unit 5

    Topic 8 Note 1

    Nervous Co-ordination in Mammals

    Nervous system is organized to


    1. Detect changes in both the external and internal environment
    2. Evaluate these information
    3. Make appropriate responses

    Nervous system

    Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system

    Brain Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent)

    Somatic Nervous system Autonomic Nervous system

    Impulses to skeletal muscles impulses to smooth


    muscles, heart & glands

    Structure and functions of neurons

    Neurone is a cell.

    Neurone consists of a cell body, containing the nucleus and most of the
    cell’s organelles within the cytoplasm.

    Dendrites a fibre that conduct impulses towards the cell body

    Axon that conducts impulses away from the cell body

    There are 3 types of neurons. The main difference between the structures of sensory, motor
    and relay neurone is the relative position of the cell body.
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1
    Motor neurones (effector neurones)
    • The cell body s always situated within the central nervous system, axons extend
    out.
    • Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
    • The axons of some neurones are extremely long.
    Sensory neurones -
    • These carry impulses from the sensory cells (Receptors) to the CNS.

    Relay neurones (connector neurones/ interneurones)


    These are found mostly within the CNS. They can have a large number of connections
    with other nerve cells.

    Neurones are able to carry waves of electrical activity called action potentials (nerve
    impulses) over a long distance because the axons can be very long and the membranes
    are polarized. (different charges on the inside and outside of the membrane)
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1
    Myelin sheath
    • Most vertebrate neurones have a fatty insulating layer called the mylein sheath
    wrapped around the axon and/or dendron.
    • This increases the speed of conduction of a nerve impulse.
    • Schwann cells wrap around the neuron, to nourish and protect it and produce
    the myelin sheath.
    • However, there are small gaps left uncovered called nodes of Ranvier.
    • Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing the
    speed of conduction. Saltatory conduction.
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1

    Reflex arc
    • Nerve impulses follow routes/pathways through the nervous system.
    • Simple nerve pathways - reflexes. Some nerve pathways involve just 2 neurones
    (knee jerk reflex – a sensory neurone communicating directly with a motor
    neurone). They are involuntary and rapid (which is important for protection and
    survival).
    • However, most nerve pathways involve numerous neurones within the CNS. A
    sensory neurone connects to a range of neurones within the CNS and passes
    impulses to the brain to produce a coordinated response.
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1

    June 2014 GCE


    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1
    Unit 5
    Topic 8 Note 1

    Oct 2020 Old

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