THE

DIFFERENTIATION
SUBJECT: BASIC CALCULUS
SUBJECT TEACHER: MELPA P. LEOPARDAS,LPT
 THE DIFFERENTIATION

- The process of finding the derivative.

Given: 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙
Find the derivative: 𝒚′ = 𝒇′ (𝒙)
-Using the Three Step Rule and Rules of
Differentiation
 THE THREE STEP RULE
Example:
1. Find
1. Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 using
∆𝒇 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) the three-step rule.

Solution:
∆𝒇
2. Simplify Step 1: ∆𝒇 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒉 = 3 𝑥 + ℎ + 2 − (3𝑥 + 2)
∆𝒇 = 3𝑥 + 3ℎ + 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒉=𝟎 𝒉 = 3ℎ
 THE THREE-STEP RULE
Solution: 2. Simplify
∆𝒇
=
𝟑𝒉
=𝟑
𝒉 𝒉
Step 1:
∆𝒇
3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = lim 𝟑 = 𝟑
∆𝒇 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒉=𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎

= 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒉 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
= 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒉 + 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 Therefore: 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑
= 𝟑𝒉
 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
THEOREM 1: If 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐 THEOREM 3: If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒇 𝒙 ,
where 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹, then 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒇′ 𝒙
where 𝑐 is a constant, then
′
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎.
THEOREM 4: If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 ,
THEOREM 2: If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 ,
then 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒇′ 𝒙 + 𝒈′ 𝒙 .
then 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Examples: THEOREM 5: If 𝒖(𝒙) and 𝐯(𝒙) are
functions with derivatives 𝒖′(𝒙) and
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐯 ′ 𝒙 , respectively
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒖(𝒙) ∙ 𝒗(𝒙) , then
𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒖 𝒙 ∙ 𝒗′ 𝒙 + 𝒗(𝒙) ∙ 𝒖′(𝒙)
3. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒅𝒇 = 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖
 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
Examples: 1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑(𝟏)𝒙𝟏−𝟏 +𝟎
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑) = 𝟑𝒙𝟎 + 𝟎
=𝟑 𝟏 +𝟎=𝟑
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟓 ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟏
= 𝟓 ∙ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙
 𝟐
3. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟏 − 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝒙𝟏−𝟏 + 𝟎
= 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏 ∙ 𝟏
= 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐
 𝒇 𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑)

𝒖 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)

𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑
THEOREM 5: If 𝒖(𝒙) and 𝐯(𝒙) are functions with derivatives 𝒖′(𝒙) and 𝐯 ′ 𝒙 , respectively
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒖(𝒙) ∙ 𝒗(𝒙) , then
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒖 𝒙 ∙ 𝒗′ 𝒙 + 𝒗(𝒙) ∙ 𝒖′(𝒙)

𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖

 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
THEOREM 6: Example:
-if 𝒖 𝒙 and 𝒗(𝒙) are functions with derivatives 𝟐𝒙𝟑 −𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
1. 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒖′ 𝒙 and 𝒗′ 𝒙 , respectively and 𝟒𝒙𝟐

𝒖(𝒙) Solution:
𝐟 𝐱 = then,
𝒗 𝒙 ,
𝒖 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
′ 𝒙 − 𝒖 𝒙 𝒗′(𝒙)
𝒗 𝒙 ∙ 𝒖 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝒗(𝒙) 𝟐
𝒖′ 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙
′
𝒍𝒅𝒉 − 𝒉𝒅𝒍
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒗′ 𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙
𝑳𝟐
 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
𝒍𝒅𝒉 − 𝒉𝒅𝒍 Continuation:
𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝑳𝟐 𝟖𝒙 𝟒
− 𝟖𝒙
′
(𝟒𝒙𝟐
)(𝟔𝒙𝟐
− 𝟏𝟎𝒙) − 𝟐𝒙 𝟑
− 𝟓𝒙𝟐
+ 𝟏 (𝟖𝒙 ) 𝒇 𝒙 =
′
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟏)
𝟖𝒙(𝒙
(𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑 ) − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒
𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 𝟑 − 𝟏)
(𝒙
′
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟒
− 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑
− 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝟒
+ 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑
− 𝟖𝒙 𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟑
 THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
THEOREM 7: THE CHAIN RULE Example:
- Suppose that 𝒇, 𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖 are functions, 1. 𝒇 𝒙 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙)𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒖(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈′ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖′ 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕. 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙
𝟑−𝟏
∙ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒)
Then 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒈′ 𝒖 𝒙 ∙ 𝒖′(𝒙) 𝟐
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 ∙ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒)
- Corollary: if 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒖(𝒙) 𝒏, where n is
an integer then,
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒏 𝒖(𝒙) 𝒏−𝟏 ∙ 𝒖′(𝒙)
 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES OF
FUNCTIONS
• Let 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). The derivative 𝒚′ , 𝒇′(𝒙) is Solution:
called the first derivative of f with respect 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
to x. The derivative of the first derivative is
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
called the second derivative of f with
𝒇′′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
respect to x.
EXAMPLE: 𝒇′′′ 𝒙
= 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐

1. Find the 4th derivative of the function, 𝒇𝟒 (𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟕𝟐

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES OF
FUNCTIONS
2. Find the 3rd derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥. 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙) 𝟐
Solution: 𝟏
𝟏+𝟐
𝒚=𝒙 𝒙 𝒚= 𝒙
𝟏 𝟑
𝒙 = (𝒙) 𝟐 𝒚= 𝒙 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑
𝟐−𝟏
𝟏
𝟑 𝒚′ = 𝒙
𝒙 = (𝒙) 𝟑 𝟐

𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 = (𝒙) 𝟑 𝒚′ = 𝒙 𝟐
𝟐
 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES OF
FUNCTIONS
𝟑 𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟑
𝟐 𝒚′′′ =− 𝒙
𝟖
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚′′ = ( ) 𝒙 𝟐−𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝒚′′′ =− ( )
𝟖 𝒙 𝟑
𝟑 𝟏
−𝟐
𝒚′′ = 𝒙 𝟑
𝟒 𝒚′′′ =−
𝟑 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟖 𝒙𝟑
𝒚′′′ = 𝒙
𝟒
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
− −𝟏
𝒚′′′ = (− ) 𝒙 𝟐
𝟒 𝟐