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Lecture Notes 2.7.0

The document discusses wind power systems and wind turbines. It covers the basics of how wind energy is generated and converted to electricity using wind turbines. It describes the key components and types of wind turbines as well as providing examples of calculating power from wind.

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96 views

Lecture Notes 2.7.0

The document discusses wind power systems and wind turbines. It covers the basics of how wind energy is generated and converted to electricity using wind turbines. It describes the key components and types of wind turbines as well as providing examples of calculating power from wind.

Uploaded by

krsdz1500
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2.7.

0
Wind Power Systems

Courtesy of Engr. Gerard Ang


Wind Energy Systems
• Winds – are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's
surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are
modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when
"harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to
generate electricity.
• Wind power – it is the conversion of wind energy into a
useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to
make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind
pumps for pumping water or drainage, or sails to propel
ships.
Wind Turbines

Two Types of Wind Turbines:


1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) – have the main
rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower,
and must be pointed into the wind.
2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) – have the main
rotor shaft arranged vertically. Vertical-axis wind
machines make up just five percent of the wind machines
used today. The typical vertical wind machine stands 100
feet tall and 50 feet wide.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

Horizontal-Axis
Wind Turbines
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Darrieus Vertical-Axis Giromills Savonius Vertical-Axis


Wind Turbines Wind Turbines
Wind Turbine Components
Wind Turbine Components

Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into


three components:
• The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the
wind turbine cost, includes the blades for converting wind
energy to low speed rotational energy.
• The generator component, which is approximately 34% of
the wind turbine cost, includes the electrical generator, the
control electronics, and most likely a gearbox, for
converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed
rotation suitable for generating electricity.
• The structural support component, which is approximately
15% of the wind turbine cost, includes the tower and rotor
yaw mechanism.
Total Power of the Windstream

The total power of the windstream is given by:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝑻 = 𝒎𝒗 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗𝟑
𝟐 𝒎 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗
𝟐 𝟐

Where:
PT = total power of the windstream, W
m = mass flow rate, kg/s
v = incoming velocity, m/s
ρ = density of air, kg/m^3
Coefficient of Performance
Coefficient of Performance – is defined as the ratio of the
power delivered by the rotor P to the maximum power
available PT.
𝑷 𝑷
𝑪𝒑 = =
𝑷𝑻 𝟏 𝝆𝑨𝒗𝟑
𝟐

Betz’s Law
According to Betz's law, no turbine can capture more than
16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27
(0.593) is known as Betz's coefficient. This was published by
Albert Betz.
Tip Speed Ratio – is the ratio of the speed of the tip of the
rotor to the wind speed v.
Sample Problems
1. The undisturbed wind speed at a location is Vi = 30 mph, the
speed of turbine is 60% of this value and the speed at exit is
40% of Vi. The rotor diameter is 9 m, ρ = 1.293 kg/m^3.
Calculate (a) the power available in undisturbed wind at the
turbine rotor, (b) the power in the wind at outlet, (c) the
power developed by the turbine and (d) the coefficient of
performance.
Solution:
Vi = 30 mi/hr x (1609.34 m/1 mile) x (1 hr/3600 sec)
Vi = 13.42 m/s

A = (π/4)(9)^2 = 63.62 sq. m

(a) Pwind = (1/2)(1.293)(63.62)(0.6)(13.42)^3 = 59,644.58 W

(b) Poutlet = (1/2)(1.293)(63.62)(0.4)(13.42)^3 = 39,763.05 W

(c) Pturbine = 59,644.58 – 39,763.05 = 19,881.63 W

(d) Cp = (19,881.63/59,644.58) x 100% = 33.33%


Sample Problems
2. A 27 mph wind at 14.7 psia and a temperature of 70 deg F
enters a two bladed wind turbine with a diameter of 36 ft.
Calculate (a) the power of the incoming wind (b) the theoretical
maximum power that could be extracted.

Solution:
V = 27 mi/hr x (1,609.34 m/1 mile) x (1 hr/3600 sec) = 12.07 m/s
Pressure = 14.7 psia = 101,325 Pascal
T = 5/9(70 + 460) = 294.44 K

For air, R = 287.058 J/kg-K


ρ = P/(RT) = 101,325/(287.058 x 294.44) = 1.20 kg/m^3
A = (π/4)(36 ft x 0.3048 m/1 ft)^2 = 94.56 sq. m
(a) Pwind = (1/2)(1.20)(94.56)(12.07)^3 = 99.77 kW
(b) Pmax = (16/27) x 99.77 = 59.12 kW
Sample Problems
3. A wind turbine is designed to produce power when the
speed of the generator is at least 905 rpm, which correlates
to a wind speed of 5 m/s. The turbine has a fixed tip speed
ratio of 70% and a sweep diameter of 10 m. Compute the
gear ratio.

Solution:
TSR = rotor speed / wind speed
0.7 = rotor speed / 5
Rotor speed = 3.5 m/s

rotor speed = (3.5 m/s x 60)/(2 x π x 5) = 6.68 rpm


Gear ratio = generator speed / rotor speed
Gear ratio = 905/6.68 = 135.47:1
Power Density of the Windstream

The power density of the windstream is given by:

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑𝟓𝟑
𝜹 = 𝝆𝒗 𝝆= 𝒆−𝒉/[𝟐𝟗.𝟑 𝑻+𝟐𝟕𝟑 }
𝟐 𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑

Where:
δ = power density of the wind, W/m^2
ρ = density of air, kg/m^3
v = incoming velocity, m/s
h = elevation of the wind above sea level, m
T = air temperature, deg C
Sample Problems
4. The Tehachapi is a desert city in California with an elevation
of about 350 m, and is known for its extensive wind farms.
Compute the power density of the wind when the air
temperature is 30 deg C and the speed of the wind is 12 m/s.

Solution:

353
ρ= e−h/[29.3 T+273 }
T + 273

T + 273 = 30 + 273 = 303 K


ρ = (353/303) x exp[-350/(29.3 x 303)] = 1.12 kg/m^3

Power density = (1/2)(1.12)(12)^3 = 967.68 W/m^2


Typical Rating of Wind Energy
Conversion Systems
Rated Output Few watts to 2.5 MW
Wind Speed 15 to 35 mph (6.7 to 15 m/s)
Number of Blades 2 to 6
Speed of Rotor at 17.5 rpm to 35 rpm for 2 MW
rated output range 40 rpm to 60 rpm for 40 to 200 kW
3.65 m for 1.5 kW
4.88 to 11.58 m for 6 to 40 kW
Blade Diameters
48.8 to 61 m for 200 kW
91.4 m for 2500 kW 2-blade unit
Wood for up 10 kW
Rotor Blade Material Aluminum and its alloys for up to 2000 kW
Steel for largest sizes required
Sample Problems
3. A hydroelectric station has to operate with a mean head of
50 m. It makes use of water collected over a catchment
area of 200 km^2 over which the annual rainfall is 420 cm
with 30% loss due to evaporation. Assuming the turbine
efficiency as 85% and the alternator efficiency as 80%,
calculate the average power that can be generated.
Solution:
V = catchment area x average annual rainfall x (1 – loss due
to evaporation)
V = (200 x 10^6)(4.2)(1 – 0.3) = 588 x 10^6 cu. m

E = 9.81 x V x h x η kW-sec
E = 9.81(588 x 10^6)(50)(0.85)(0.80) = 1.96 x 10^11 kW-sec
E = 1.91 x 10^11 kW-sec x 1 hr/3600 sec = 54.44 x 10^6 kWh

P = 54.44 x 10^6 kWh/(24 hrs/1 day)(365 days/year)


P = 6.21 MW

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