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Lecture 3 Binary Arithmetic

The document discusses binary arithmetic including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers different representations of negative numbers including sign and magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. It provides examples and explanations of how each method represents positive and negative numbers.

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凌芷婕 LING ZHI JIE C44101175
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41 views13 pages

Lecture 3 Binary Arithmetic

The document discusses binary arithmetic including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers different representations of negative numbers including sign and magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. It provides examples and explanations of how each method represents positive and negative numbers.

Uploaded by

凌芷婕 LING ZHI JIE C44101175
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binary Arithmetic & Negative Numbers

Lecture Outline

• Binary Arithmetic
 Addition and subtraction
 Multiplication and Division
• Representation of Negative Numbers
 1’s compliment, 2’s complement, and sign & magnitude
Number Systems & Conversions
Binary Arithmetic

• Binary Addition
0+0=0

0+1=1+0=1

1 + 1 = 0 and carry 1

• An Example of Binary Addition


1 1 1 1 ← Carries
1101 = 1310
+1011 = 1110
110 00 = 2410
Number Systems & Conversions
Binary Arithmetic

• Binary Subtraction
0-0=0

0 - 1 = 1 and borrow 1
1-0=1
1-1=0

• An Example of Binary Subtraction


0 1 ← Borrows
1 1 1 0 1 = 2910
−10011 = 1910
01010 = 1010
Number Systems & Conversions
Binary Arithmetic

• Binary Multiplication
0X0=0

0X1=1X0=0

1X1=1

• An Example 1101
X1011
= 1310 1101
+1101
= 1110
100111 1st Partial sum
1101 +0000
1101 100111 2nd Partial sum
0000 +1101
1101 Final prod
10001111 = 14310
Number Systems & Conversions
Binary Arithmetic

• Binary Division 1 0 1 1 = 1310

1 101 = 1110
1011 10010001 = 14510
1011
01110
1011
001101
1011
1 0 ← Remainder = 210
Representation of Negative Numbers

• Unsigned Number
bn −1 bn − 2 … b1 b0

Magnitude
MSB LSB

• Signed Number
bn −1 bn − 2 … b1 b0

Magnitude
Sign MSB LSB

Sign bit = 0 ⇒ Number

Sign bit = 1 ⇒ Number


Representation of Negative Numbers

• Three Representations of signed numbers


 Sign & Mag, 1’s Complement, and 2’s Complement
• All represent positive numbers in the same way
• How to generate a negative number:
 Sign & Mag
Easy for us to read
o Simply change the sign bit
 1’s Complement
o Simply flip all of the bits
 2’s Complement
o Simply flip all of the bits and add 1
Representation of Negative Numbers

• Three Representations
 Sign & Mag, 1’s Complement, and 2’s Complement
Positive Integers Negative Integers
+N All three the -N Sign & 1’s 2’s
Same Magnitude Complement Complement
+0 0000 -0 1000 1111
+1 0001 -1 1001
+2 0010 -2 1010 1101
+3 0011 -3 1011 1100
+4 0100 -4 1100 1100
+5 0101 -5 1010 1011
+6 0110 -6 1110 1001
+7 0111 -7 1111 1000 1001
-8
Representation of Negative Numbers

• Addition and Subtraction


 Sign and Magnitude
o Simple if both numbers have the same sign
o More complex if the signs differ
o Two different representations of “0” is problematic
 1’s Complement
o Addition and subtraction not so simple
o Two different representations of “0” is problematic
 2’s Complement
o Both addition and subtraction are
• Graphical Representation of 2’s Complement Numbers
 Largest positive number is +( )
 Largest negative number is -( )

− ( 2n−1 ) =
− ( 23 ) =
−8 + ( 2n−1 − 1) =+ ( 23 − 1) =+7
Representation of Negative Numbers

• 2’s Complement Subtraction


 Just don’t do it!!
 To subtract B from A add A and (-B)
 A – B = A + (-B)
Next Lecture

• Extending Numeric Precision


• Binary Codes

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