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Complex Analysis Spring 2023 HW 9

The document contains proofs of several complex analysis exercises involving properties of holomorphic functions, power series representations, and applications of the argument principle. It addresses questions about simply connected regions, Laurent series expansions, derivatives of holomorphic functions, and counting roots inside an annulus.

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asampath
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48 views3 pages

Complex Analysis Spring 2023 HW 9

The document contains proofs of several complex analysis exercises involving properties of holomorphic functions, power series representations, and applications of the argument principle. It addresses questions about simply connected regions, Laurent series expansions, derivatives of holomorphic functions, and counting roots inside an annulus.

Uploaded by

asampath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 9

ATHARV SAMPATH

Exercise 19
a.

Proof. Suppose 𝑢 attains its maximum at some point 𝑧0 ∈ Ω. Then 𝑢 (𝑧0 ) is also the
maximum of 𝑢 in some disc 𝐷 (𝑧0 , 𝑟) contained in Ω. There is an analytic function 𝑓
whose real part is 𝑢. Let us apply Maximum Modulus Principle to 𝑒 𝑓 . Since ||𝑒 𝑓 || = 𝑒 𝑢 it
follows that ||𝑒 𝑓 || attains maximum at 𝑧0 . This implies that 𝑒 𝑓 and hence 𝑓 is a constant
and so is 𝑢. Let 𝑀 = 𝑢 (𝑧0 ). Using what we just proved, {𝑧 ∈ Ω ∶ 𝑢(𝑧) = 𝑀} is open
and closed. Since Ω is connected it follows that 𝑢 has the constant value 𝑀 throughout
Ω. ■

b.

Proof. The continuous function |𝑢| attains its maximum at some point 𝑧1 in Ω̄ and this
must be on the boundary. (It is the maximum of 𝑢 or −𝑢 ). Hence 𝑢(𝑧) ≤ sup𝜕Ω |𝑢| for all
𝑧 ∈ Ω. We can also apply this to −𝑢 so we get |𝑢(𝑧)| ≤ sup𝜕Ω |𝑢| for all 𝑧. ■

Exercise 21
a.

Proof. It is clear that Ω is path-connected: a path connecting 𝑥 and 𝑦 in Ω is given by


the straight line segment connecting 𝑥 and 𝑦, which is contained in Ω by convexity. Let
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ Ω, and let 𝛾1 (𝑡) and 𝛾2 (𝑡) be two curves in Ω with 𝛾1 (0) = 𝛾2 (0) = 𝑥 and 𝛾1 (1) =
𝛾2 (1) = 𝑦. Then we can define the homotopy
Γ(𝑠, 𝑡) = 𝑠𝛾2 (𝑡) + (1 − 𝑠)𝛾1 (𝑡).
This is a continuous function of 𝑠 and 𝑡, and each point Γ(𝑠, 𝑡) lies on the line segment
connecting 𝛾1 (𝑡) and 𝛾2 (𝑡), and is therefore in Ω by convexity. Clearly Γ(𝑠, 0) = 𝑥 and
Γ(𝑠, 1) = 𝑦 for all 𝑠. Thus Γ is a fixed-endpoint homotopy between the curves 𝛾1 and 𝛾2 ,
and Ω is simply connected. ■

Date: April 2023.


1
2 ATHARV SAMPATH

b.
Proof. As in part a, it is clear that Ω is path-connected: if 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ Ω, then the concatenation
of the straight line segment connecting 𝑥 to 𝑧0 and the straight line segment connecting
𝑧0 to 𝑦 is contained in Ω. Let 𝑥 ∈ Ω and let 𝛾 be a closed curve with 𝛾(0) = 𝛾(1) = 𝑥. We
need to show that 𝛾 can be contracted to a point in Ω. Defining
Γ(𝑠, 𝑡) = 𝑠𝑧0 + (1 − 𝑠)𝛾(𝑡)
we have that Γ(𝑠, 0) = Γ(𝑠, 1) for all 𝑠, and so the curve Γ(𝑠, 𝑡) remains closed for all 𝑠. Γ is
clearly continuous, and Γ(𝑠, 𝑡) ∈ Ω for all 𝑠 and 𝑡 by the star-shape of Ω. Therefore, Ω is
an example of a simply connected open region. ■
c.
Proof. A U-shaped region is simply connected. ■

Problem 3
a.
Proof. The Laurent series expansion in this region is
∞
3
− 4 ∑ 𝑧𝑛 .
𝑧 𝑛=0
■
b.
Proof. The Laurent series expansion in this region is
∞
4
+ 3 ∑(−1)𝑛 (𝑧 − 1)𝑛 .
𝑧−1 𝑛=0
■

Problem 4
a.
Proof. Note that for any simply connected open region, every non-vanishing function
1
admits a holomorphic logarithm. Therefore, 𝑔(𝑧) is this holomorphic logarithm of 1−𝑧 on
𝔻. Consider the power series
∞
𝑧𝑛
𝑔(𝑧) = ∑ .
𝑛=0
𝑛
Note that
∞
𝜕 𝑔(𝑧) ′ 𝑔(𝑧) 1 𝜕 1
𝑒 = 𝑔 (𝑧)𝑒 = ∑ 𝑧𝑛 = .
𝜕𝑧 ( 1 − 𝑧 ) ( 𝑛=0 ) 𝜕𝑧 ( 1 − 𝑧 )
COMPLEX ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 9 3

Therefore, the power series satisfies the given condition. ■


b.
𝑧
Proof. Once again, since 𝑧−1 is nonvanishing in this simply connected open region, it
admits a holomorphic logarithm. The Laurent series expansion for ℎ(𝑧) is
∞
1
ℎ(𝑧) = ∑ .
𝑛=1
𝑛𝑧 𝑛
■
Problem 5
Proof. Note that polynomials are holomorphic everywhere and contain no poles. Then,
by the Argument Principle, we have that the number of roots in the region 1 < |𝑧| < 2 is
1 𝑧 2 (27𝑧 6 + 54𝑧 3 + 5𝑧 2 + 6) 𝑧 2 (27𝑧 6 + 54𝑧 3 + 5𝑧 2 + 6)
d𝑧 − d𝑧 = 3.
2𝜋𝑖 (∫|𝑧|=2 3𝑧 9 + 9𝑧 6 + 𝑧 5 + 2𝑧 3 + 1 ∫ 9 6 5
|𝑧|=1 3𝑧 + 9𝑧 + 𝑧 + 2𝑧 + 1
3 )
■

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