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    INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY XXX

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    adrita
    The document discusses representing organic compounds including empirical and molecular formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomerism. It defines key terms like empirical and molecular formulas, general formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomers. Examples are given of representing organic molecules and common functional groups.

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    INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY XXX

    Uploaded by

    adrita
    20 views6 pages
    The document discusses representing organic compounds including empirical and molecular formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomerism. It defines key terms like empirical and molecular formulas, general formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomers. Examples are given of representing organic molecules and common functional groups.

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    CHEMISTRY OLEVEL NOTES

    Original Title

    INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY xxx

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    The document discusses representing organic compounds including empirical and molecular formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomerism. It defines key terms like empirical and molecular formulas, general formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomers. Examples are given of representing organic molecules and common functional groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views6 pages

    INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY XXX

    Uploaded by

    adrita
    The document discusses representing organic compounds including empirical and molecular formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomerism. It defines key terms like empirical and molecular formulas, general formulas, structural formulas, homologous series, functional groups, and isomers. Examples are given of representing organic molecules and common functional groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    ORGANIC

    CHEMISTRY
    Representing Organic Compounds
    Introduction

    • Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and


    reactions of organic compounds. Organic compounds are those which contain
    carbon
    • For conventional reasons metal carbonates, carbon dioxide and carbon
    monoxide are not included in organic compounds

    Definition of a Hydrocarbon
    • A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

    Representing Organic Molecules


    • Organic compounds can be represented in a number of ways:
    o Empirical Formulae
    o Molecular Formulae
    o General Formulae
    o Structural Formulae
    o Condensed Structural Formulae

    • The empirical formula shows the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a
    molecule
    o For example: Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 but the empirical formula is HO
    • The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule
    o For example:

    • The general formula shows a ratio of atoms in a family of compounds in terms of


    'n' where n is a varying whole number
    o For example, the general formula of a molecule that belong to the alkane
    family is CnH2n+2

    • The displayed formula shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a
    molecule
    • This is also known as the graphical formula.

    o For example:

    • In a structural formulae enough information is shown to make the structure clear,


    but most of the actual covalent bonds are omitted
    • Only important bonds are always shown, such as double and triple bonds
    • Identical groups can be bracketed together
    • Side groups are also shown using brackets
    • Straight chain alkanes are shown as follows:
    • Three important terms to know in this topic are homologous series, functional
    group and isomerism

    Homologous Series
    • This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and
    chemical properties due to them having the same functional group
    • All members of a homologous series have:
    o The same general formula
    o Same functional group
    o Similar chemical properties
    o Gradation in their physical properties
    o The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is
    CH2

    Functional Group
    • Functional group: A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that
    influences the properties of the homologous series
    • Some examples are shown here

    Structures and Names of Common Functional Groups


    Isomerism
    • Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but
    different displayed formulae
    o Eg. propene and cyclopropane

    Isomers of C3H6 show the same molecular formula but different structures.

    Isomers can show similar physical and chemical properties or if they have different
    functional groups, the properties can be different.

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