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Non flow processes gases closed system

Thermodynamics III (Mangosuthu University of Technology)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS III
SUBJECT CODE -TERM201

COURSE DISCIPLINE -DIPLOMA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SAPSE CODE -81913103

CREDITS -12
PRE-REQUISITES -THERMODYNAMICS II

LECTURE JEAN GAD MUKUNA

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NON-FLOW PROCESSES – GASES

CLOSED SYSTEMS
Non-flow processes take place in closed systems

THE NON-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

The NFEE shown below applies to all non-flow processes.
Q - W = (U2 - U1) or q - w = (u2 - u1) per kg
Q is the heat transfer into the system W is the work transfer out of the system
(U2 - U1) is the change in internal energy of the system
U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1) or u2 - u1 = cv(T2 - T1) / kg for all gas processes
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WORK DONE W
All the work done expressions for non-flow processes involve the product (pV) in some
form.
Thus for gases, (pV) can be replaced by (mRT) from the equation of state, pV = mRT

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CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS FOR A GAS

ISOMETRIC PROCESS
Process law: p/T = constant from pV/T = constant with V = constant
Or p1/T1 = p2/T2 from p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2 as V1 = V2
Q = mcv(T2 – T1) by definition of cv.
W=0
U2 – U1 = mcv(T2 – T1)
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CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS FOR A GAS
ISOBARIC PROCESS
Process law: V/T = constant from pV/T = constant with p = constant
Or V1/T1 = V2/T2 from p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2 as p1 = p2
Q = mcp(T2 - T1) by definition of cp
W = p(V2 - V1) or W = mR(T2 - T1)
U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1)
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CONSTANT TEMPERATURE PROCESS FOR A GAS
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
A constant temperature process is known as an isothermal process.
Process law: pV = constant from pV = mRT with T = constant
Or p1V1 = p2V2 from p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2 as T1 = T2
Also (V2/V1) = (p1/p2)
W = p1V1ln(V2/V1) or W = p1V1ln(p1/p2) ln means “log to base e”
Or W = mRTln(V2/V1) or W = mRTln(p1/p2) as pV = mRT
U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1) = Zero as T1 = T2
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POLYTROPIC PROCESS FOR A GAS

This is a general type of process.
Process law: pVn = constant i.e. p1V1
n= p2V2
n
"n" is known as the Polytropic index and has a value which is normally between 1 and 1.5.
Thus two equations apply to a polytropic process when the working fluid is a gas:
The polytropic law p1V1
n= p2V2
n which gives p2/p1 = (V1/V2)n ----------------(1)
The gas law p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2 which gives T2/T1 = (p2/p1)(V2/V1) --------(2)
From (1) & (2) T2/T1 = (V1/V2)n(V2/V1) = (V1/V2)n(V1/V2)-1 = (V1/V2)n-1
i.e. T2/T1 = (V1/V2)n-1 ---------------------------------------------------------(3)
From (1) V1/V2 = (p2/p1)1/n
Substitute in (3) T2/T1 = [(p2/p1)1/n]n-1 or T2/T1 = (p2/p1)(n-1)/n --------(4)
Combine (3) & (4)
T2/T1 = (p2/p1)(n-1)/n = (V1/V2)n-1
Also W = (p1V1 - p2V2)/(n-1) or W = mR(T1 - T2)/(n-1)
And U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1)
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ADIABATIC PROCESS FOR A GAS

An adiabatic process is a special type of polytropic process in which there is zero heat
transfer,
i.e. Q = 0
A reversible adiabatic process is also known as an isentropic process, i.e. a process in which
the
property entropy remains constant.
Adiabatic conditions can be achieved if either:
(a) The temperature difference between the system and the surroundings is zero
(b) The system is perfectly insulated
Thus for a gas undergoing an adiabatic process
Q=0
U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1)
W = (p1V1 - p2V2)/(n-1) = mR(T1 - T2)/(n-1)
But Q - W = U2 - U1 ( NFEE)
 0 - mR(T1 - T2)/(n-1) = mcv(T2 -T1)
 R(T2 - T1)/(n-1) = cv(T2 - T1) R/(n-1) = cv R/cv = n-1
But R = cp - cv for a gas (cp - cv)/cv = n-1 cp/cv - 1 = n-1
 n = cp/cv
Thus an adiabatic process for a gas is a special case of a polytropic process in which the
index of
the process "n" is equal to the ratio of the specific heats of the gas.
The ratio of the specific heats of the gas is written as γ (gamma), ie. γ = cp/cv
Hence the process law for a gas undergoing an adiabatic process is
pVγ = constant
i.e. p1V1
γ = p2V2
γ where γ = cp/cv
Also W = (p1V1 - p2V2)/(γ - 1) or W = mR(T1 - T2)/(γ-1)
And T2/T1 = (p2/p1)(γ-1)/γ = (V1/V2)(γ-1)
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AIR AS THE WORKING FLUID

Many thermodynamic systems use air as the working fluid. When this is the case, values of
R,
the specific heats, etc. may be obtained from page 26 of the tables of Thermodynamic and
Transport Properties of Fluids by Rogers and Mayhew, and these are given below:

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EXERCISE - REVERSIBLE NON-FLOW PROCESSES – GASES

1. A rigid container holds 1kg of air initially at 4.8bar and 150oC. The air is heated until its
temperature is 200oC. Determine
(a) the final air pressure
(b) the work done
(c) the change in internal energy
(d) the heat supplied.
For air, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK
[Ans. 5.37bar; 0; 35.9kJ; 35.9kJ]

2 A mass of gas is heated at a constant pressure of 1.5bar in a closed system from an initial
volume of 0.25m3 to a final volume of 0.75m3. The initial temperature is 15oC.
Determine
(a) the mass of air
(b) the final temperature
(c) the work done
(d) the internal energy change
(e) the heat transfer.
Take R = 0.3kJ/kgK and cv = 0.73kJ/kg.
[Ans 0.435kg; 864K; 75kJ; 183kJ; 258kJ]

3 A quantity of gas is compressed isothermally from an initial pressure of 1bar and an initial
volume of 1m3 through a volume ratio of 8. Determine
(a) the work done
(b) the change in internal energy
(c) the heat transfer.
[Ans -208kJ, zero, -208kJ]

4 1m3 of air at 10bar and 150oC expands polytropically in a closed system to a final volume
of 6m3 according to the law PV1.2 = C. Determine
(a) the mass of air
(b) the final pressure
(c) the final temperature
(d) the work done
(e) the internal energy change
(f) the heat transfer.
Take R = 0.287kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.718kJ/kg.
[Ans 8.25 kg, 1.162 bar, 295 K, 1500 kJ, -758 kJ, 742 kJ]

5 1kg of gas expands adiabatically in a closed system from 227C and 7bar to a final
pressure of 1.5bar. Determine
(a) the final temperature
(b) the initial volume
(c) the final volume

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(d) the work done

(e) the heat transfer
(f) the change in internal energy.
Take Cp = 0.994kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.72kJ/kgK.
[Ans 327 K, 0.1956 m3, 0.597 m3, 124.8 kJ, zero, -124.8 kJ]

6 A quantity of air, initially occupying a volume of 0.04m3 at a pressure of 15bar and a

temperature of 500oC, is contained in a closed cylinder fitted with a piston.
The air is allowed to expand polytropically, displacing the piston, until its final
volume is 0.32m3, the law of the expansion process being pV1.25 = constant.
Assuming the process to be reversible and treating the air as a perfect gas, calculate
for the air
(a) the mass;
(b) the final pressure;
(c) the final temperature;
(d) the change in internal energy;
(e) the work done;
(f) the heat transfer.
For air: R = 287J/kgK and cv = 718J/kgK.
[Ans 0.2705 kg, 1.115 bar, 459.6oK, -60.86 kJ, 97.28 kJ, 36.42 kJ]

7 A quantity of air is compressed polytropically in a closed piston-in-cylinder type

reciprocating compressor, the law of the process being pV1.3 = constant.
At the beginning of the process, the air has a volume of 0.02m3, a pressure of 1.2 bar and
a temperature of 10oC. At the end of the process, the volume of air is 0.002m3.
Assuming the process to be reversible, and treating the air as a perfect gas, calculate for
the air in the cylinder:
(a) the mass
(b) the final temperature
(c) the final pressure
(d) the work done
(e) the change in internal energy
(f) the heat transfer
For air, R =287 J/kgK and cv = 718 J/kgK
[Ans: 0.02955 kg, 564.7 K, 23.94 bar, -7964 J, 5977 J, -1987 J]

8 Two points were chosen on the compression curve of an indicator diagram taken from a
reciprocating air compressor. At the first point it was found that the pressure was
110kN/m2 and the volume was 0.027m3, whilst at the second point the pressure was
350kN/m2 and the volume was 0.01m3. The mass of air under compression was 0.027kg.
Given that the compression process was polytropic and followed the law PVn = constant,
determine for the process between the two chosen points
(a) the polytropic index n
(b) the initial and final temperatures
(c) the work done on the air.
Take R = 0.287kJ/kgK.
[Ans 1.165, 383.3K, 451.7K, -3.21kJ]

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9 0.4kg of gas is compressed adiabatically in a closed system from 20C and 1bar to a final
pressure of 6bar. Determine
(a) the ratio of the specific heats 
(b) the gas constant R
(c) the final temperature
(d) the initial volume
(e) the final volume
(f) the work done
(g) the heat transfer
(h) the change in internal energy.
Take cp = 1.008 kJ/kgK and cv = 0.72 kJ/kgK.
[Ans 1.4, 0.288 kJ/kgK, 488.9 K, 0.3375 m3, 0.09387 m3, -56.42 kJ, zero, 56.42 kJ]

10 A quantity of gas expands isothermally from an initial pressure of 5 bar and an initial
volume of 0.2m3 to a final volume of 0.9m3. Determine
(a) the final pressure
(b) the work done
(c) the change in internal energy
(d) the heat transfer.
[Ans 1.111 bar, 150.41 kJ, zero, -150.41 kJ]

11 The cylinder of a reciprocating compressor, initially of volume 0.1 m3, contains 0.25 kg
of nitrogen at a pressure of 2.5 bar.
The gas is subjected to a reversible adiabatic compression process to a final volume of
0.04 m3.
Assuming the nitrogen to be a perfect gas, calculate:-
(a) Its initial temperature
(b) The ratio of its specific heats ()
(c) Its final pressure at the end of the compression stroke
(d) Its final temperature
(e) The work done in compressing the nitrogen
(f) The change in internal energy of the nitrogen
For nitrogen: R = 297 J/kgK and cv = 745 J/kgK.
[Ans 336.7 K, 1.4, 9.02 bar, 485.8 K, -27.7 kJ, 27.7 kJ]

12 Two points were chosen on the expansion curve of an indicator diagram taken from a
piston engine. At the first point it was found that the pressure was 24 bar and the volume
was 0.002 m3, whilst at the second point the pressure was 1.2 bar and the volume was 0.02
m3. The mass of gas in the cylinder was 0.03 kg. Given that the expansion procerss was
polytropic and followed the law PVn = constant, determine for the process between the
two chosen points
(a) the polytropic index n
(b) the initial and final temperatures
(c) the work done by the expanding gases.
Take R = 0.287kJ/kgK.
[Ans 1.301, 557.5K, 278.7K, 7975J]

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