Integrated civil engineering design project

CHAPTER 1

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE ROOF ON THE STRUCTURE

Or CONCRETE SLAB

INTRODUCTION

Concrete slab is a flat piece of concrete, supported by the walls, beams or columns of a structure. It serves
as a walking surface. In addition to that it serves as a load bearing member, as in slab homes. It is a very
common and important structural element, is constructed to provide flat, useful surfaces. It is a horizontal
structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so.

In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to provide flat surfaces. The span in the larger direction
is denoted by Ly and that in the shorter direction by Lx. slabs may be supported on two opposite sides
only in which case the structural action of the slab may be in one way i.e. the load carrying by the slab in
the direction normal to the supporting beams and is used when the moment in the long axis is negligible.
Also, when the ratio of Ly/Lx is more than two, it can be defined as one-way slab. Slabs which are
supported on unyielding supports like walls and stiff beams on all four sides and if the ratio of Ly/Lx is
less than or equal to two, then the action of slabs may be in two-way. The boundaries of a two-way slab
can be simply supported or restrained at the edges. Slabs resting on walls are considered as simply
supported slabs, wherein edges are free to rotate. Slab constructed monolithically with beams have some
restrained against rotation. These slabs may be continuous or discontinuous. Slab design is predominantly
done for bending (or flexure) behavior.

HOW TO ANALASIS and DESIGN CONCRETE ROOF

The analysis parts include three main load analysis.

which are namely;

 Wind load analysis

 Dead load analysis and
 Live load analysis
A. WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
Wind: Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should be
resisted by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements like roofs, walls the
action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally or internally.
However, these effects are more magnified for structure with more openings and large surface
areas. And we focus on sensitive part of the building that is flat roof for analysis and design of its
parts.

Wind as a moving air has an effect on building structures. Wind actions fluctuate with time,
hence its effect on different situations and structures should be carefully analyzed.

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Wind acts directly on the external surfaces of enclosed structures, through porosity of the
External surface, internal surface through opening. Wind pressure act on areas of the surfaces
producing forces perpendicular to the surface of the structure or on individual cladding or
covering components.

The effect of wind on structures is significant on light and dynamic structures. It does have
considerable effect on vertically standing walls, columns and beams etc. Therefore; its effect can
be easily studied on roof structures such as truss structures and flat slabs. Therefore, our analysis
on wind load actions and its design will focus on roofs analysis and design and calculation of
wind forces on flat roofs.

Structures deflect or stop the wind pressure converting the winds kinetic energy in to potential
energy of pressure creating load.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

There are two methods for wind load analysis; namely,

1. The quasi-static method

2. Detailed dynamic analysis.

The former analysis is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make them
susceptible to dynamic exaltation.

The latter analysis is applied to structures which are likely to be susceptible to dynamic
exaltation. The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure and of
their dynamic coefficient. The dynamic coefficient depends on the type of structure (concrete,
steel, composite), the height of the structure and its breadth.

The quasi-static method is more preferred for use in structures whose Cd value is less or equal to
1.2 (Section of ECS-145). For our case the building variables are: Height of building =28m and
Width of building is =18.39m. The value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is: Cd
0.9375 that is Cd

There are two types of loads (wind pressure) acting on the roof;

A) External wind pressure (we)

B) Internal wind pressure (wi)

A. External wind pressure (We)

The external We= wind pressure that acts on the roof is obtained using the following formula

we= qref*ce(ze)*Cpe

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Where, We = external wind pressure

qref = reference mean wind pressure

Cpe = external wind pressure coefficient

Information about the building Location

 Location- Adiss Ababa, Ethiopia

 Type B+G+8 multipurpose building
 Altitude of Adiss Ababa – 2355m
 Altitude = altitude of location + height of building
= 2355 + 28
= 2383 m

According to EBCS
Table:
Site altitude 0 500 1000 1500 2000

ρ (Kg/m3) 1.2 1.12 1.06 1 0.94

For the altitude which ≥ 2000m, take ρ= 0.94

Basic wind velocity(vb)

from CES-145 section 4.5 (4.10)

Reference wind pressure (q ref) = ½  vb 2

Where:

ρ= air density in Kg/m3 and is dependent on altitude;

Reference wind velocity, vb = 22m/s

q ref = ½  vb 2

= ½ *0.94*222

=0.227kpa

Exposure coefficient (ce(ze))

Urban areas in which at least 15 % of the surface is covered with buildings and their average
height exceeds 15m

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Height of the building = 28

Terrain category - zone 4 (IV)

Figure: illustrations of exposure factor ce(ze)

From the above graph

(ce(ze)) = 1.919

Height of roof=0m

Height of building=27m

length of building 2nd – roof level =b=23.77m

width of building = d = 18.4m

Reference height=Ze= h + hp =27+1= 28m

e=mi n ( b ,2 h )

e=min ( 23.77 m , 2∗28 m=5 m 6 )=23.77 m

From e we get the dimensions of the areas according to EN 1991-1-4:2005 Figure 7.6

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Table:

Zone Width (m) Depth (m) Area, A(m2) specification

F e/4 = 5.943 e/10 = 2.377 14.127 A>10m2

G b-e/2 = 11.685 e/10 = 2.377 27.775 A>10m2

H b = 23.77 e/2 – e/10 = 9.506 225.958 A>10m2

I b = 23.77 d-e/2 = 9.87m 233.919 A>10m2

wind direction G H I

Now, the external pressure coefficient also depends on the roof type. The following roof types
are included: Sharp eaves, With parapets, Curved eaves and, Mansard eaves

For the roof type of parapet with the parapet height hp

hp=100cm, hp/h=1/28=0.036 it is between 0.025 and 0.05, by interpolation

zone F G H I

Area cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1

hp/h = 0.025 -1.6 -2.2 -1.1 -1.8 -0.7 -1.2 ± 0.2

hp/h = 0.036 -1.52 -1.012 -0.7 ± 0.2

hp/h = 0.05 -1.4 -2 -0.9 -1.6 -0.7 -1.2 ± 0.2

All area of zone is >10m2, so we take A(cpe,10) for all zone.

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External Wind Load

Zone external pressure External wind load (KN/m2)

coefficient
We(ze)= qref*ce(ze)*Cpe=0.227*1.919* Cpe

Area F -1.52 -0.662

Area -1.012
-0.441
G

Area -0.7
-0.305
H

Area I ± 0.2 ± 0.0871

B) Internal wind pressure (wi)

internal wind pressure that acts on the roof is obtained using the following formula

Wi(ze)= qref *ce(ze)*Cpi

Wi = internal wind pressure

qref = reference mean wind pressure, Cpi = internal pressure coefficients

Area of Openings

Opening Length, height, m Area, m2 summation µ h/d

m

Wind parallel 1.6 1.2 1.92 4.52 0.497 1.522

side
1.6 0.7 1.12

1.6 0.7 1.12

Right side view
0.6 0.6 0.36

Left side view 1.6 1.2 1.92 7.24

0.6 0.6 0.36

1.6 1.2 1.92

1.6 0.7 1.12

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1.6 1.2 1.92

Wind ward 1.6 2.5 4 19.36

2.84 2 5.68

2.84 2 5.68

1.6 2. 5 4

2.5 1.6 4 7.84

1.2 1.6 1.92

Leeward 1.2 1. 1.92

summation of openingarea where negative Cpe 19.36

µ= = =0.497
summation of all opening area 38.96

Figure: Cpi for uniformity distributed opening

From the chart Cpi = 0.12

wi (ze)= qref *ce(ze)*Cpi

= 0.227*1.9*0.12

=0.052

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Net wind pressure on the Roof (Wnet= We(ze)-Wi (ze))

Zone We(ze), KN/m2 Wi (ze), KN/m2 Wnet, KN/m2

F -0.656 0.052 -0.714

G -0.436 0.052 -0.493

H -0.302 0.052 -0.357

I ± 0.086 0.052 ± 0.0351

The maximum wind load on the roof is -0.708 KN/m2, it implies that the wind load on the roof is suction.

B. DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS on CONCRETE ROOF

Material Data

 C-25, S-400, Class-I work

 Thickness of plastering on two side =30mm
 Unit weight of plastering =23kN/m3
 Unit weight of concrete=25kN/m3

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Figure: roof layout

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Depth determination

According to ES EN 1992 -1-1:2015 page 126, [7.16a] the depth for deflection can calculated by:

Table 7.4N: Basic ratios of 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ for reinforced concrete members without
axial compression (Source: ES EN 1992 Part 1.1:2015 section 7.4.2)

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Thickness of the slabs given in the architectural drawing should be checked weather it is
adequate for deflection. Material used

 C-25
 S-400
Assumption: - Slab is lightly reinforced (𝜌=0.5 %) QO= √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10 − 3 = 5 ∗ 10 − 3
Simply we can calculate depth of slab by the following formula L/d=26….....................
for end span (from ES-EN 1992; 2015 table7.4 page 128) L/d =30…................... for
interior span or all side fixed support L/d=8…....................... for cantilever, C25/30, S400
Concrete cover (ES EN:1990 :2014) D = d + cover+ Ø /2 Where cover is given by:
 cover =Cnom = Cmin+ΔCdev
 Cmin = max of (Cmin, b, Cmin, dur + ΔCdur – ΔCdur, st - ΔCdur, add, 10mm)
 Cmin = max of (10, 10+ 0 – 0-0, 10mm)
 Cmin = 10
 Cnom = 10+10 = 20mm We take Ø=10mm for slab reinforcement and concrete cover of
20mm d’=20+10/2 = 25mm 500/fyk=500/400=1.25
d=Lx/(l/d*500/fyk)
D=d+d’ whereas d’=25mm
l
N.B we used S-400, the value of must multiple by 500/fyk=500/400= 1.25
d

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panels position K Lx(m) Ly(m) Slab type l/d l/d*500/fyk d(mm) D(mm)

P-1 end span 1.3 1.05 2.5 One -way 24.05 30.06 34.93 59.93

P-2 end span 1.3 2.5 3.78 two -way 24.05 30.06 83.167 108.17

P-3 end span 1.3 2.5 4.08 two -way 24.05 30.06 83.167 108.17

P-4 end span 1.3 2.5 4.1 two -way 24.05 30.06 83.167 108.17

P-5 end span 1.3 2.5 5 two -way 24.05 30.06 83.167 108.17

P-6 end span 1.3 1.05 5.22 One-way 24.05 30.06 34.93 59.93

P-7 Interior span 1.5 3.78 5.22 two -way 27.75 35 108 133

P-8 Interior span 1.5 4.08 5.22 two -way 27.75 35 116.57 141.57

P-9 Interior span 1.5 4.1 5.22 two -way 27.75 35 117.14 142.14

P-10 end span 1.3 5 5.22 two -way 24.05 30.06 166.33 191.33

P-11 end span 1.3 3.78 3.79 two -way 24.05 30.06 125.75 150.75

P-12 Interior span 1.5 3.79 4.08 two -way 27.75 35 108.29 133.29

P-13 Interior span 1.5 3.78 4.1 two -way 27.75 35 108 133

P-14 end span 1.3 3.79 4.1 two -way 24.05 30.06 126.08 151.08

P-15 end span 1.3 3.22 3.78 two -way 24.05 30.06 107.12 132.12

P-16 Interior slab 1.5 3.22 4.08 two -way 27.75 35 92 117

P-17 interior 1.5 3.22 4.1 two -way 27.75 35 92 117

P-18 end span 1.3 2.09 3.85 two -way 24.05 30.06 69.528 94.528

P-19 end span 1.3 3.78 5.71 two -way 24.05 30.06 125.75 150.75

P-20 interior 1.5 4.08 5.71 two -way 27.75 35 116.57 141.57

P-21 end span 1.3 4.1 5.71 two -way 24.05 30.06 136.39 161.39

P-22 end span 1.3 2.62 3.78 two -way 24.05 30.06 87.159 112.16

P-23 end span 1.3 2.62 4.08 two -way 24.05 30.06 87.159 112.16

P-24 cantilever 0.4 1.4 3.79 One -way 7.4 9.25 151.35 176.35

P-25 cantilever 0.4 0.74 2.2 One -way 7.4 9.25 80 105

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From the table above, the governed depth is 191.33 for end span slab.

but we take that safer construction the depth of slab is 200mm.

Dead load Calculation

DL
Self-weight D(t)m Y(KN/m ) 3
(KN/m2) Factored Load (Pd)
floor slab 0.20 25 5 6.75
PVC Tile 0.005 16 0.008 0.108
mortar screed 0.02 23 0.46 0.621
ceiling screed 0.01 16 0.16 0.216
Total load 7.695
Parapet Wall Load on Slab
For Cantilevers:
Height of wall=1m
Thickness of wall=0.2m
Unit weight Y=14 KN/m3
Pd, par =14*0.2*1 = 1.35*2.8 =3.78KN
So, the loads which applied on the slabs are:
 Live load =1 KN/m2,
 Dead load =5.62 KN/m2
 Wind load = -0.708 KN/m2
LOAD COMBINATION
Load combinations refer to the various combinations of different types of loads that a structure
may be subjected to during its design lifetime. These combinations are essential for assessing the
safety and stability of a structure under the varying conditions it might encounter, such as dead
loads, live loads, wind loads, or seismic loads.
function of load combinations
 To ensure that a structure can safely support and resist a combination of different loads
that it may encounter during its design life.
 Safety and Reliability: Load combinations are designed to account for the worst-case
scenarios in structural loading.
 prevent the structure from being compromised or failing under unpredictable or extreme
loading events.
In our slab we have different load combination which contain live load, dead load and wind load.
1. 1.35DL + 1.5LL =1.35*5.7 + 1.5*1 = 9.195 KN/m2
2. 1.35DL+1.5LL+0.9WL =1.35*5.7+1.5*1+0.9*(-0.708) = 8.558 KN/m2
3. 1.35DL+1.05LL+1.5WL=1.35*5.7+1.05*1+1.05*(-0.708)
=8.002 KN/m2
Then, we select the governed load which are first combination.
The design factored load is Pd=9.195

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KN/m2
For this design of structure Solid slab is used this type of slab is supported with beams and columns, with
the load transferred to those elements.

A Solid slab is classified as either:

One-way: Supported by beams on two opposite sides, carrying the load along one direction.

Two-way: Supported by beams on all four sides, carrying the load along both directions.

When a slab is supported other than on two opposite sides only, the precise amount and distribution of the
load taken by each support, and consequently the magnitude of the bending moments on the slab, are not
easily calculated if assumptions resembling practical conditions are made. Therefore, approximate
analyses are generally used. The method applicable in any particular case depends on the shape of the
panel of slab, the condition of restraint at supports, and the type of load.

Some basic methods for the analysis of two-way slabs are

1. Coefficient method of analysis

2. Yield line method of analysis
3. Strip method of analysis.

Among them Coefficient method of analysis is used in determination of moments which is used in the
design of slab.

 Moment Analysis of Two-way Solid slab by Using Coefficient Method

Analysis two-way slab system consist of a number of rectangular slab panels are made based on analysis
of individual slab panels simultaneously loaded by the maximum design load of slab by treating edges of
slab panels as either simply supported or fully fixed or unsupported edge.
In slabs where the corners are prevented from lifting and provision for torsion is made the maximum
design moments per unit width are given by the following equations.
 𝑀𝑥𝑠 = α𝑥𝑠Pd *𝑙𝑥 2, 𝑀𝑦𝑠 = α𝑦𝑠Pd * 𝑙𝑥 2, 𝑀𝑥𝑓 = α𝑥𝑓Pd * 𝑙𝑥 2, 𝑀𝑦𝑓 = α𝑦𝑓Pd *𝑙𝑥 2
 α𝒙𝒔 Moment coefficient in the shorter direction over supports
 α𝑥𝑓 Moment coefficient in the shorter direction at spans
 α𝑦𝑠 Moment coefficient in the longer direction over supports
 α𝑦𝑓 Moment coefficient in the longer direction at spans
 Pd Factored uniform design load
 𝑀𝑥𝑠 Maximum design ultimate moments in the shorter direction
over supports on strips of unit width
 𝑀𝑥𝑓 Maximum design ultimate moments in the shorter direction at mid-span on strips of unit width
 𝑀𝑦𝑠 Maximum design ultimate moments in the longer direction over supports on strips of unit width
 𝑀𝑦𝑓 Maximum design ultimate moments in the longer direction at mid-span on strips of unit width

Types of panel moments Short Span Coefficients, α𝑥s, α𝑥f αys,

considered αyf
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

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Interior panels negative

α𝑥s, 0.031 .037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
α𝑥f 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
One short edge
discontinuous α𝑥s, 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
α𝑥f 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
One long edge
discontinuous negative 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.063 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
α𝑥s,
α𝑥f
0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
Two adjacent edges
discontinuous α𝑥s, 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
α𝑥f 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.034
Two short edges
discontinuous, α𝑥s, 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 -
α𝑥f 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
Two long edges
discontinuous, α𝑥s, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0.045
α𝑥f 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
Three edges discontinuous
(long edge continuous) 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 _
α𝑥s,
α𝑥f 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
Three edges discontinuous
(short edge continuous) 0.058
α𝑥s
α𝑥f 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
Four edges discontinuous 0.043 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
Positive moment mid span

Lx P-7, P-8, P-9,

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P-12, P-13,

P-16, P-17, P-20

ly

Interior panels

P-2, P-3

P-4, P-19
l
x P-21

ly

One long edge discontinuous panel

P-10, P-11

P-14, P-15
lx
P-18, P-22

ly

One short edge discontinuous panel

P-5, P-18

P-22, P-23
lx

ly

Two adjacent edges discontinuous

α𝑥𝑓Pd *
α𝑦𝑠Pd *

α𝑦𝑓Pd
𝑀𝑦𝑓 =
𝑀𝑥𝑓 =
α𝑥𝑠Pd

𝑀𝑦𝑠 =
𝑀𝑥𝑠 =
panel

α𝑥𝑓

*𝑙𝑥 2

*𝑙𝑥 2
ly/lx

α𝑦𝑓
α𝑦𝑠
α𝑥𝑠

𝑙𝑥 2

𝑙𝑥 2
pd

ly
lx

0.055
9.195 2.5 3.78 1.51 4.218 2.126 3.178 1.609
P-2 0.0734 0.037 3 0.028
P-3 9.195 2.5 4.08 1.63 0.0780 0.037 0.059 0.028 4.483 2.126 3.391 1.609
P-4 9.195 2.5 4.1 1.64 0.0780 0.037 0.059 0.028 4.483 2.126 3.391 1.609

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P-5 9.195 2.5 5 2 0.093 0.045 0.07 0.034 5.345 2.586 4.023 1.954
P-7 9.195 3.78 5.22 1.38 0.049 0.032 0.037 0.024 6.438 4.204 4.861 3.153
P-8 9.195 4.08 5.22 1.28 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 6.888 4.898 5.204 3.674
P-9 9.195 4.1 5.22 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 6.956 4.946 5.255 3.71
P-10 9.195 5 5.22 1.04 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.028 9.885 8.505 7.356 6.437
P-11 9.195 3.78 3.79 1 0.039 0.037 0.03 0.028 5.124 4.861 3.941 3.679
P-12 9.195 3.79 4.08 1.08 0.0302 0.032 0.027 0.024 3.989 4.226 3.566 3.17
P-13 9.195 3.78 4.1 1.08 0.0302 0.032 0.027 0.024 3.968 4.204 3.547 3.153
P-14 9.195 3.79 4.1 1.08 0.0113 0.037 0.032 0.028 1.492 4.887 4.226 3.698
P-15 9.195 3.22 3.78 1.17 0.047 0.037 0.035 0.028 4.481 3.527 3.337 2.669
P-16 9.195 3.22 4.08 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 4.29 3.051 3.241 2.288
P-17 9.195 3.22 4.1 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 4.29 3.051 3.241 2.288
P-18 9.195 2.09 3.85 1.84 0.089 0.045 0.067 0.034 3.575 1.807 2.691 1.366
0.055
9.195 3.78 5.71 1.51 9.643 4.861 7.265 3.679
P-19 0.0734 0.037 3 0.028
P-20 9.195 4.08 5.71 1.4 0.050 0.032 0.037 0.024 7.653 4.898 5.663 3.674
0.050
9.195 4.1 5.71 1.39 10.43 5.719 7.821 4.328
P-21 0.0675 0.037 6 0.028
P-22 9.195 2.62 3.78 1.44 0.076 0.045 0.057 0.034 4.797 2.84 3.598 2.146
P-23 9.195 2.62 4.08 1.56 0.08 0.045 0.06 0.034 5.049 2.84 3.787 2.146

P-24 1.4 3.79 2.707 4.843

P-25 0.74 2.2 3.143 14.303

3.78KN
For Cantilever slab P-24 Taking 1𝑚 strip 9.195KN/m
𝑀par = 9.195𝑥 1.42 /2 +3.78*1.4
=14.303𝑘𝑁𝑚/m
1.4m

3.78KN
9.195KN/m
For Cantilever slab P-25 Taking 1𝑚 strip
𝑀par =9.195𝑥 0.72 /2 +3.78*0.7
0.7m
= 4.843 𝑘𝑁𝑚/m

P-25

4.843

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P23 5.049 P22 4.797

2.84 2.146 2.84 2.84 2.146 2.84

P24
3.787 3.598
14.303
5.049 4.797

P21 5.719 P20 4.898 P19 4.861

10.43 7.821 10.43 7.653 5.663 7.653 9.643 7.265 9.643

4.328 3.674 3.679

5.719 4.898 4.861

P18 3.575 P17 4.29 P16 4.29 P15 4.481

1.366 1.807 3.051 2.288 3.051 3.051 2.288 3.051 3.527 2.669 3.527

2.691 3.241 3.241 3.337

3.575 4.29 4.29 4.481

P14 5.679 P13 3.968 P12 3.989 P11 4.861

3.698 4.887 4.204 3.153 4.204 4.226 3.17 4.226 5.124 3.941 5.124

4.226 3.547 3.566 3.679

5.679 3.968 3.989 4.861

P10 8.505 P9 4.946 P8 4.898 P7 4.204 P6

9.885 7.356 9.885 6.956 5.255 6.956 6.888 5.204 6.888 6.438 4.861 6.438 6.336

6.437 3.71 3.674 3.153 0.713

4.204
8.505 4.946 4.898

P5 5.345 P4 4.483 P3 4.483 P2 4.218 P1

2.586 1.954 2.586 2.126 1.609 2.126 2.126 1.609 2.126 2.126 1.609 2.126 6.336

4.023 3.391 3.391 3.178 0.713

Adjusted moment

Page | 18
 Integrated civil engineering design project

𝑀𝑥𝑓 = α𝑥𝑓Pd * 𝑙𝑥 2
𝑀𝑦𝑠 = α𝑦𝑠Pd * 𝑙𝑥 2

𝑀𝑦𝑓 = α𝑦𝑓Pd *𝑙𝑥 2

𝑀𝑥𝑠 = α𝑥𝑠Pd *𝑙𝑥 2
panel

α𝑥𝑓
ly/lx

α𝑦𝑓
α𝑦𝑠
α𝑥𝑠
pd

ly
lx
3.04 4.009
P-1 Left
9.195 2.5 3.78 1.51 2.126 1.609
P-2 left 0.0734 0.037 0.0553 0.028
right 3.04

Upper 4.211 3.185

9.195 2.5 4.08 1.63 0.028 2.126 1.609
P-3 Left 0.0780 0.037 0.059
Right 2.126

upper 4.691 1.401

9.195 2.5 4.1 1.64 0.028 2.379 1.356
P-4 left 0.0780 0.037 0.059
Right 2.126 1.609

Upper 4.715 3.159

P-5 Right 2.379 2.161

Upper 7.481 1.887

P-6 left 6.387 0.662

P-7 Left 9.195 3.78 5.22 1.38 0.049 0.032 0.037 0.024 6.663

Right 6.387 4.912

Upper 4.481

lower 4.211 3.146

P-8 left 9.195 4.08 5.22 1.28 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 6.922 5.429

6.663
Right
4.515
Upper
4.691 4.057
Lower
P-9 Upper 4.534 5.667

Lower 4.715
Left 9.195 4.1 5.22 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 8.564 5.289
Right 6.922
P-10 Upper 7.315 7.627
Lower 7.481

Page | 19
 Integrated civil engineering design project

Right 8.564 8.677

P-11 Left 9.195 3.78 3.79 1 0.039 0.037 0.03 0.028 4.658 4.523

Upper 4.671

Lower 4.481 4.059

P-12 Left 9.195 3.79 4.08 1.08 0.0302 0.032 0.027 0.024 4.215 3.181

Right 4.658

Upper 4.14 3.415

Lower 4.515

P-13 Upper 4.129 3.407

Lower 4.534

Left 9.195 3.78 4.1 1.08 0.0302 0.032 0.027 0.024 4.546 3.142

Right 4.215

P-14 Upper 4.713 5.522

Right 9.195 3.79 4.1 1.08 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.028 4.546 4.039

Lower 7.315

P-15 Left 9.195 3.22 3.78 1.17 0.047 0.037 0.035 0.028 3.280 2.916

Upper 4.671

Lower 4.671 3.147

P-16 Left 9.195 3.22 4.08 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 3.051 2.288

Right 3.280

Upper 4.679

Lower 4.14 3.391

P-17 Left 9.195 3.22 4.1 1.27 0.045 0.032 0.034 0.024 2.631 2.708

Right 3.051

upper 5.203

Lower 4.129 3.402

P-18 Lower 4.713 1.553

Right 9.195 2.09 3.85 1.84 0.089 0.045 0.067 0.034 2.631 0.542

P-19 Lef 9.195 3.78 5.71 1.51 0.0734 0.037 0.0553 0.028 8.610 8.298

Upper 4.829

Lower 4.671 3.711

P-20 Left 9.195 4.08 5.71 1.4 0.050 0.032 0.037 0.024 9.044 4.706

Right 8.610

Upper 4.946

Lower 4.679 3.893

P-21 Right 9.044 9.207

Upper 5.719

Page | 20
 Integrated civil engineering design project

Lower 5.203 4.844

P-22 Left 9.195 2.62 3.78 1.44 0.076 0.045 0.057 0.034 2.84 2.146

Lower 4.829 3.598

P-23 Right 9.195 2.62 4.08 1.56 0.08 0.045 0.06 0.034 2.84 2.146

Upper 5.049

Lower 4.946 3.89

P-24 1.4 3.79 2.707 4.843

P-25 0.74 2.2 3.143 14.303

Determine design constants

Material: Concrete 𝐶25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎

0.85∗fck 0.85∗25
fcd = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
γc 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Steel: 𝑆 − 400, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎

fyk 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
γ s 1.15

Check thickness of the slab required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

Md
<𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 , 𝑀𝑑 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14.303𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑏 = 1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
fcdbd 2

dmin ≥
√ Md =
√
14.303∗1000000 = 58.501 mm
0.295∗fcd∗b 0.295∗14.167∗1000

Page | 21
 Integrated civil engineering design project

The overall thickness D of the slab = d + d’ = 58.501 + 25 = 83.501𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

83.501𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 200𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

𝑑1 = 200 − 25 − 10/2 = 170 𝑚𝑚 𝑑2 = 200 − 25 − 10 − 10/2 = 160 𝑚𝑚

Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.2.1.1)

{
0.26 fctmbt d
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. f yk
0.0013 bt d

= 𝑀𝑎𝑥.¿

=𝑀𝑎𝑥.¿ =283.429 mm2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑏𝑡 =Width of tension zone = Take 1𝑚 width 𝐴𝑐= area of concrete = b*D

bas
Spacing of reinforcement 𝒔 =
As

Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 8.2)

{
ϕbar=12 mm
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. ϕagg .+5 mm
20 m m

𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛= 20mm

Page | 22
 Integrated civil engineering design project

Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (refer ES EN 1992: 2015 clause 9.3.1)

 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing rules apply:

𝑚𝑚
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛.
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑚𝑚
 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛.
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

Where h is the depth of the slab

b∗as 1000∗78.54
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 277.106 mm
As , min 283.429
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 277.106 mm < 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎

Area of reinforcement needed for the corresponding design moment is calculated using the following
equation.
Md
As =
fyd∗z
Where:
𝑀d = Design moment
𝑓yd= Design yield capacity of reinforcement = 347.83 MPa
Z = Moment arm
Where:
Z =0.5d (1+√ 1−2 k ) ≤ 0.95d

Md
K= b∗d∗d∗fcd ≤ 0.295

Page | 23
 Integrated civil engineering design project

Depth(mm)

Provided(m
S, provided
No of Bars
calculated
Moment
Location

Effective

Spacing
As, min

S, max
(KNm)

(mm2)

(mm2)

S, req

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)

(mm)
Panel

Strip

As,

m)
Kz

k
z
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/n P1&P2
3.04 170 0.95 161.5 54.11704 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
P1
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
4.009 170 0.95 161.5 71.36684 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270

Page | 24
 Integrated civil engineering design project

ɸ10 c/c
Support B/n P2&P1
3.04 170 0.95 161.5 54.11704 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP2&P3
2.126 170 0.95 161.5 37.84632 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 5E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
P2 Support B/n P2&P7
4.211 160 0.95 152 79.64795 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
2.185 160 0.95 152 41.32766 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
1.609 170 0.95 161.5 28.64287 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 4E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP3&P2
2.126 170 0.95 161.5 37.84632 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 5E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP3&P4
2.126 170 0.95 161.5 37.84632 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 5E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
P3 Support B/n P3&P8
4.691 160 0.95 152 88.7268 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
1.401 160 0.95 152 26.49888 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 4E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
1.609 170 0.95 161.5 28.64287 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 4E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/n P4&P3
2.126 170 0.95 161.5 37.84632 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 5E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/n P4&P5
2.379 170 0.95 161.5 42.35014 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
P4 Support B/n P4&P9
4.715 160 0.95 152 89.18074 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.159 160 0.95 152 59.75015 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
1.609 170 0.95 161.5 28.64287 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 4E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP5 & P4
2.379 160 0.95 152 44.99703 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
B/n P5 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P10 7.481 170 0.95 161.5 133.1742 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
P5
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
1.887 170 0.95 161.5 33.59173 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 5E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.161 160 0.95 152 40.87372 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP6 & P7
P6 6.387 170 0.95 161.5 113.6992 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
Span Shorter(x) ɸ10 c/c
0.662 170 0.95 161.5 11.7847 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-09

Page | 25
 Integrated civil engineering design project

270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP7 & P11
4.481 160 0.95 152 84.7548 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP7 & P8
6.663 170 0.95 161.5 118.6124 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP7 & P6
6.387 170 0.95 161.5 113.6992 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
P7
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP7 & P2
4.211 160 0.95 152 79.64795 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
4.912 170 0.95 161.5 87.44174 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
3.146 160 0.95 152 59.50426 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP8 & P7
6.663 160 0.95 152 126.0257 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP8 & P9
6.922 170 0.95 161.5 123.2231 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP8 & P3
4.691 170 0.95 161.5 83.50757 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P8
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP8 & P12
4.515 160 0.95 152 85.39789 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
5.429 170 0.95 161.5 96.6452 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
4.057 160 0.95 152 76.73516 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP9 & P8
6.922 160 0.95 152 130.9245 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP9 & P10
8.564 170 0.95 161.5 152.4534 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP9 & P4
4.715 170 0.95 161.5 83.93481 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P9
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP9 & P13
4.534 160 0.95 152 85.75726 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
5.289 170 0.95 161.5 94.15297 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
5.667 160 0.95 152 107.1871 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
P10 ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP10 & P9
8.564 170 0.95 161.5 152.4534 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
Support B/nP10 & P5 7.481 160 0.95 152 141.4976 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 ɸ10 c/c
270

Page | 26
 Integrated civil engineering design project

B/nP10 & ɸ10 c/c

Support
P14 7.315 160 0.95 152 138.3578 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
8.677 170 0.95 161.5 154.465 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
7.627 160 0.95 152 144.2591 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP11 & P7
4.481 160 0.95 152 84.7548 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/n P11 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P12 4.658 170 0.95 161.5 82.92012 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP11 & ɸ10 c/c
P11 Support
P15 4.671 160 0.95 152 88.34851 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
4.523 170 0.95 161.5 80.5169 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
4.059 160 0.95 152 76.77298 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP12 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P11 4.658 160 0.95 152 88.10263 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP12 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P13 4.215 160 0.95 152 79.72361 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP12 & P8
4.515 170 0.95 161.5 80.37448 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P12
B/nP12 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P16 4.14 170 0.95 161.5 73.69886 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.415 170 0.95 161.5 60.79266 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
3.181 160 0.95 152 60.16626 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
B/nP13 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P12 4.215 160 0.95 152 79.72361 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP13 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P14 4.546 160 0.95 152 85.98423 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Support B/nP13 & P9
4.534 170 0.95 161.5 80.71271 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P13
B/nP13 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P17 4.129 170 0.95 161.5 73.50304 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.407 170 0.95 161.5 60.65025 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y) 3.142
160 0.95 152 59.42861 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
P14 Support B/n P14 & P13 ɸ10 c/c
4.546 160 0.95 152 85.98423 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08

Page | 27
 Integrated civil engineering design project

270
B/nP14 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P10 7.315 170 0.95 161.5 130.2191 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
B/nP14 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P18 4.713 170 0.95 161.5 83.89921 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
5.522 160 0.95 152 104.4445 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
4.039 170 0.95 161.5 71.90089 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP15& ɸ10 c/c
Support
P16 3.28 160 0.95 152 62.03878 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
B/nP15 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P11 4.671 170 0.95 161.5 83.15154 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP15 & ɸ10 c/c
P15 Support
P19 4.671 170 0.95 161.5 83.15154 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.147 170 0.95 161.5 56.02182 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.916 160 0.95 152 55.15398 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
B/nP16 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P15 3.28 160 0.95 152 62.03878 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
B/nP16 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P17 3.051 160 0.95 152 57.70741 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
B/nP16 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P12 4.14 170 0.95 161.5 73.69886 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P16
B/nP16 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P20 4.679 170 0.95 161.5 83.29395 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.391 170 0.95 161.5 60.36542 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.288 160 0.95 152 43.27583 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
P17 B/nP17 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P16 3.051 160 0.95 152 57.70741 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
B/nP17 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P18 2.631 160 0.95 152 49.76342 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
B/nP17 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P13 4.129 170 0.95 161.5 73.50304 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP17 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P21 5.203 170 0.95 161.5 92.62202 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
Span Shorter(x) 3.402 170 0.95 161.5 60.56124 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 ɸ10 c/c
270

Page | 28
 Integrated civil engineering design project

ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.708 160 0.95 152 51.21982 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
B/nP18 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P17 2.631 160 0.95 152 49.76342 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 7E-09 270
B/nP18 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P14 4.713 170 0.95 161.5 83.89921 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P18
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
1.553 170 0.95 161.5 27.64597 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 4E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
0.542 160 0.95 152 10.25153 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-09 270
B/nP19 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P20 8.61 170 0.95 161.5 153.2723 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
B/nP19& ɸ10 c/c
Support
P15 4.671 160 0.95 152 88.34851 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/n P19 & ɸ10 c/c
P19 Support
P22 4.829 160 0.95 152 91.33697 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
8.298 170 0.95 161.5 147.7182 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
3.711 160 0.95 152 70.19082 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/nP20 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P19 8.61 170 0.95 161.5 153.2723 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
B/nP20 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P21 9.044 170 0.95 161.5 160.9982 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
B/nP20& ɸ10 c/c
Support
P16 4.679 160 0.95 152 88.49983 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P20
B/n P20& ɸ10 c/c
Support
P23 4.946 160 0.95 152 93.54993 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
4.706 170 0.95 161.5 83.7746 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
3.893 160 0.95 152 73.63322 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/n P21 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P20 9.044 170 0.95 161.5 160.9982 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
B/n P21& ɸ10 c/c
Support
P17 5.203 160 0.95 152 98.4109 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P21 Support B/nP21& ɸ10 c/c
P24 5.719 160 0.95 152 108.1707 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
9.207 170 0.95 161.5 163.8999 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 2E-08 270
Span Longer(y) ɸ10 c/c
4.844 160 0.95 152 91.62068 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08

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 Integrated civil engineering design project

270
B/nP22 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P23 2.84 160 0.95 152 53.7165 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
B/nP22 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P19 4.829 170 0.95 161.5 85.9642 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
P22
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.598 170 0.95 161.5 64.05036 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 9E-09 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.146 160 0.95 152 40.59 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
B/nP23 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P20 4.946 170 0.95 161.5 88.047 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
B/n P23 & ɸ10 c/c
Support
P22 2.84 160 0.95 152 53.7165 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 8E-09 270
B/n P23 & ɸ10 c/c
P23 Support
P25 5.049 170 0.95 161.5 89.88057 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Shorter(x)
3.89 170 0.95 161.5 69.24845 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270
ɸ10 c/c
Span Longer(y)
2.146 160 0.95 152 40.59 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 6E-09 270
B/n P24 & ɸ10 c/c
P24 Support
P21 14.3 170 0.95 161.5 254.6171 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 3E-08 270
B/n P25 & ɸ10 c/c
P25 Support
P23 4.843 170 0.95 161.5 86.21343 283.429 4 277.106 400 270 1E-08 270

Top Reinforcement
NB: At the end supports there is a monolithic connection between the slab and the beam, therefore top
steel should be provided to resist any negative moment.
As per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015(CES 149-1:2015) section 9.3.1.2(2), where partial fixity occurs along an
edge of a slab but is not taken into account in the analysis, the top reinforcement should be capable of
resisting at least 25% of the maximum moment in the adjacent span. This reinforcement should extend at
least 0.2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 the length of the adjacent span measured from the face of the support. If it is continuous
across internal supports and anchored at end supports, at an end support the moment to be resisted may be
reduced to 15% of the maximum moment in the adjacent span.
Pane Span Moment d (top Spacing
As, min
l Strip Location (Msd 0.25Msd depth) Provided
p1 Span Shorter(x) 4.009 1.0022 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270

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5
0.5462 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 2.185 25
p2 5 283.429
0.4022 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 1.609 35
5 283.429
0.3502 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 1.401 25
p3 5 283.429
0.4022 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 1.609 35
5 283.429
0.7897 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 3.159 25
p4 5 283.429
0.4022 35 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 1.609
5 283.429
0.4717 35 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 1.887
p5 5 283.429
0.5402 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 2.161 25
5 283.429
p6 Span Shorter(x) 0.662 0.1655 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p7 Span Shorter(x) 4.912 1.228 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 3.146 0.7865 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
1.3572 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 5.429 35
p8 5 283.429
1.0142 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 4.057 25
5 283.429
1.3222 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 5.289 35
p9 5 283.429
1.4167 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 5.667 25
5 283.429
2.1692 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 8.677 35
p10 5 283.429
1.9067 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 7.627 25
5 283.429
1.1307 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 4.523 35
p11 5 283.429
1.0147 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 4.059 25
5 283.429
0.8537 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 3.415 35
p12 5 283.429
0.7952 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 3.181 25
5 283.429
0.8517 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 3.407 35
p13 5 283.429
Span Longer(y) 3.142 0.7855 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p14 Span Shorter(x) 5.522 1.3805 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
1.0097 35 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 4.039
5 283.429

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 Integrated civil engineering design project

0.7867 35 ɸ10 c/c 270

Span Shorter(x) 3.147
p15 5 283.429
Span Longer(y) 2.916 0.729 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
0.8477 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 3.391 35
p16 5 283.429
Span Longer(y) 2.288 0.572 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p17 Span Shorter(x) 3.402 0.8505 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 2.708 0.677 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
0.3882 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 1.553 35
p18 5 283.429
Span Longer(y) 0.542 0.1355 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p19 Span Shorter(x) 8.298 2.0745 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
0.9277 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 3.711 25
5 283.429
p20 Span Shorter(x) 4.706 1.1765 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
0.9732 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 3.893 25
5 283.429
2.3017 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Shorter(x) 9.207 35
p21 5 283.429
Span Longer(y) 4.844 1.211 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p22 Span Shorter(x) 3.598 0.8995 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 2.146 0.5365 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
p23 Span Shorter(x) 3.89 0.9725 35 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270
Span Longer(y) 2.146 0.5365 25 283.429 ɸ10 c/c 270

Check the adequacy of the slab thickness for shear

Thickness of the slab is adequate for shear if the design shear force 𝑽𝑬𝒅 developed in slab at critical
section (𝒅 from the face of support) is less than or equal to the design shear strength (𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄) provided by
the slab.

design shear force (𝑉𝐸𝑑)

Calculate design shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at 𝑑 distance from the face support.
We take one meter strip 𝑏 = 1000 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑑 = 200 𝑚m and the longest span from all slab which have
ly=5.71m
Assuming the beam width to be 200𝑚𝑚.
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 𝑃𝑑 (0.5𝑙𝑛 − 𝑑) *𝑏w
𝑃𝑑 = 9.195 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑙𝑛 = 5.71 − 0.2 = 5.51 𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 9.195 (0.5(5.51) − 0.2) *1 = 23.493 𝑘𝑁
Design shear resistance of concrete (𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄):
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 *𝑘(100𝜌1𝑓𝑐𝑘) 1 3 + 𝑘1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤𝑑

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 Integrated civil engineering design project

0.18 0.18
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0.12𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
γc 1.5

𝑘=1+
√ d √
200 = 1 + 200 = = 2 ≤ 2
200

Taking minimum reinforcement 𝜙10𝑚𝑚 @ 270𝑚𝑚 𝐶/𝐶 :

As 283.429
𝜌1 = = = 0.0014 < 0.02, 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 0 → 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
bwd 1000∗200
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/2 = 0.035(2) 3/2 (25) 1/2 = 0.495𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑘(100𝜌1𝑓𝑐𝑘) 1 3 + 𝑘1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤𝑑
= [0.12 𝑥 2.0(100 𝑥 0.0014 𝑥 25) 1/3] 1000𝑥200= 72.878𝑘𝑁
(𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤𝑑 = 0.495 𝑥 1000 𝑥 200 = 99𝑘𝑁 > 72.878𝑘𝑁
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 99 𝑘𝑁 Since 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 99 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 72.878𝑘𝑁, no shear reinforcement is required.

Deflection check

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