Elementary Calculus I

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University

These slides and vedio may not be distributed in any way

without written permission of Gang Li.

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Outline

1. Definite Integral: Definition and Interpretation

2. Definite Integral: Evaluation

3. Application

Derivatives of Integrals

Area between Curves

4. Exercises

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Objectives

1) Define and interpret geometrically the definite integral as a limit of sum;

2) Evaluate a given definite integral

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Definite Integral

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Definite Integral

b n
∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ci )∆x
a n→∞
i=1

= lim [f (c1 )∆x + f (c2 )∆x + f (c3 )∆x + ⋯f (cn )∆x]

n→∞

Riemann Sum Applet

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Definite Integral (FYI)

Note 1.1. Suppose f (x) is a continuous function on the interval [a, b] and let n be
some positive integer. Do the following:
b−a
1) Subdivide the interval [a, b] into n equal sized pieces, each of length ∆x = n . Let
the endpoints of these intervals be

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ⋯xn−1 < xn = b

2) From the i-th subinterval [xi−1 , xi ] , choose a reference point, call it ci

Then, define the definite integral of f (x) from a to b as

b n
∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ci )∆x = lim [f (c1 )∆x + f (c2 )∆x + f (c3 )∆x + ⋯f (cn )∆x]
a n→∞ n→∞
i=1 6/35
Definite Integral Interpretation

Note 1.2.

1) If f (x) is a rate of change in some quantity for interval from x = a to x = b, then

f (ck )∆x represents (an estimate of) a small contribution to the total accumulation.
b
Summing and taking the limit to get ∫a f (x)dx gives the (exact) total accumulation.

2) If f (x) is a function whose graph we are considering for interval from x = a to x = b,

then f (ck )∆x represents (an estimate of) a small contribution to the total area
b
between the graph and the x-axis. Summing and taking the limit to get ∫a f (x)dx
gives the (exact) total area.

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Definite Integral

Note 1.3.

1) Definite integral is A NUMBER.

◾ The value of the definite integral depends on the function, and on the two end
points of the interval.

2) Definite integral is A LIMIT of a Riemann sum.

b
3) ∫a f (x)dx is THE AREA under the curve f (x) above the x-axis, and between x = a
and x = b, if f (x) is a continuous, positive function defined on the interval [a, b],

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Definite Integral

Note 1.3.

1) Definite integral is A NUMBER.

◾ The value of the definite integral depends on the function, and on the two end
points of the interval.

2) Definite integral is A LIMIT of a Riemann sum.

b
3) ∫a f (x)dx is THE AREA under the curve f (x) above the x-axis, and between x = a
and x = b, if f (x) is a continuous, positive function defined on the interval [a, b],

b
A=∫ f (x)dx
a 8/35
Definite Integral

Note 1.4. In the area interpretation, we need to assign NEGATIVE area to regions
below the horizontal axis and POSITIVE area to regions above the horizontal axis.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.5. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (2 − x)dx
−1

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Definite Integral

Example 1.5. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (2 − x)dx = 4
−1

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Definite Integral

Theorem 1.6. If a function f is continuous on an interval [a, b], then the net
signed area between the graph of f and [a, b] is given by the definite integral:

b
Net Signed Area = ∫ f (x)dx
a

Note 1.7. The net signed area is the area below the graph of f (x) but above the
interval [a, b] minus the area that is below the interval [a, b] but above the graph of
f (x). In other words area below the x-axis is counted negatively.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx
−3
∫

Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫

Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫

Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (−2)dx
1

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Definite Integral

Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫

Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (−2)dx = −4
1

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Definite Integral

Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx
−3
∫

Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫

Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.

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Definite Integral

Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫

Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
2
∣x∣dx
−2
∫

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Definite Integral

Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫

Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
2
∣x∣dx = 4
−2
∫

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Definite Integral Terminology

Note 1.12. In the notation

b
∫ f (x)dx (1.1)
a

We call

◾ (1.1) the definite integral of f (x) from a to b.

◾ The symbol ∫ integral sign. (It is a elongated S and was chosen because an
integral is a limit of sums. )

◾ f (x) the integrand.

◾ a and b the limits of integration: a the lower limit and b the upper limit.

◾ The procedure of finding the limit is called integration.

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◾ The sum is called a Riemann sum.
Integrable Functions

Theorem 1.13. If f is

1) a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b];

2) or, if f has at most finitely many jump discontinuities there,

then the definite integral of f exists on this interval or f is integrable over [a, b].

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Definite Integral Rules
Theorem 1.14. If f and g are integrable over the interval [a, b], then the definite
integral satisfies the following rules
b a
1) ∫a f (x)dx = − ∫b f (x)dx.
a
2) ∫a f (x)dx = 0.
b b
3) ∫a [kf (x)]dx = k ∫a f (x)dx for k ∈ R.
b
4) ∫a kdx = k(b − a) for k ∈ R.
b b b
5) ∫a [f (x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫a f (x)dx ± ∫a g(x)dx.
c b b
6) ∫a f (x)dx + ∫c f (x)dx = ∫a f (x)dx for any c ∈ [a, b].
b b
7) If f (x) ≥ g(x), x ∈ [a, b] then ∫a f (x)dx ≥ ∫a g(x)dx.
b
8) If f (x) ≥ 0, x ∈ [a, b] then ∫a f (x)dx ≥ 0.
b 16/35
9) If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M, x ∈ [a, b] then m(b − a) ≤ ∫a f (x)dx ≤ M(b − a).
Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1
a) ∫ f (x)dx,
4

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx,
−1
∫ ∫
4

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4
−1
d) ∫ g(x)dx,
1

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4
−1 1
d) ∫ g(x)dx, e) ∫ f (x)dx,
1 1

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4
−1 1 1
d) g(x)dx, e) f (x)dx, f) ∫ [−2f (x) + g(x)]dx
−1
∫ ∫
1 1

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4
−1 1 1
d) g(x)dx, e) f (x)dx, f) ∫ [−2f (x) + g(x)]dx
−1
∫ ∫
1 1

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Definite Integral Rules

Example 1.15. Suppose

1 4 1
f (x)dx = 5, ∫ f (x)dx = −2, ∫ g(x)dx = 7,
−1 −1
∫
1

Find the following integrals, if possible

1 4 1
a) f (x)dx, b) f (x)dx, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)]dx
−1 −1
∫ ∫
4
−1 1 1
d) g(x)dx, e) f (x)dx, f) ∫ [−2f (x) + g(x)]dx
−1
∫ ∫
1 1

SOLUTION 1 4 1
a) ∫ f (x)dx = 2, b) ∫ f (x)dx = 3, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)] = −11
4 −1 −1
−1 1 1
d) g(x)dx = −7, e) ∫ f (x)dx = 0, f ) ∫ [−2f (x) + g(x)] = −3
−1
∫ 17/35
1 1
Integrable Functions

Definition 1.16. If f is integrable over the interval [a, b], then its average value
on [a, b], or mean on [a, b], is

1 b
av(f ) = ∫ f (x)dx
b−a a

Theorem 1.17. If f is continuous over the interval [a, b], then at some point
c ∈ [a, b],
1 b
f (c) = av(f ) = ∫ f (x)dx
b−a a

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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem 2.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a
x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a

Theorem 2.2. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part II)Let f be a

continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then the definite integral of f exists
on this interval, and
b
∫ f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
a

where F is any function such that F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in [a, b].
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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1
a) 6x2 dx,
−2
∫

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx,
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0
2
d) x3 dx,
−1
∫

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0
2 16 1
d) x3 dx, e) √ dx,
−1
∫ ∫ 4
0 x

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0
2 16 1 2
d) x3 dx, e) √ dx, f) 3 2
∫ (x − 3x )dx
−1
∫ ∫ 4
0 x 1

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0
2 16 1 2
d) x3 dx, e) √ dx, f) 3 2
∫ (x − 3x )dx
−1
∫ ∫ 4
0 x 1

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Definite Integral

Example 2.3. Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1 1 3
a) 6x2 dx, b) √ dx, c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 0
2 16 1 2
d) x3 dx, e) √ dx, f) 3 2
∫ (x − 3x )dx
−1
∫ ∫ 4
0 x 1

SOLUTION
1 1 1 9 3
a) 6x2 dx = 18, b) √ dx = − , c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx = 18
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 2 0
2 15 16 1 32 2 13
3 3 2
d) ∫ x dx = , e) √ dx = , f ) ∫ (x − 3x )dx = −
−1
∫ 4
4 0 x 3 1 4

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e 1 − 8x
a) ∫ dx,
1 x2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e 1 − 8x 1
a) ∫ dx, b) ∫ 3ex dx
1 x2 0

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e1 − 8x 1
a) ∫ dx, b) ∫ 3ex dx
1 x2 0
e 2x + 3
c) ∫ dx,
1 x2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e1 − 8x 1
a) ∫ dx, b) ∫ 3ex dx
1 x2 0
e 2x + 3 1 ex
c) ∫ dx, d) ∫ dx
1 x2 0 2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e1 − 8x 1
a) ∫ dx, b) ∫ 3ex dx
1 x2 0
e 2x + 3 1 ex
c) ∫ dx, d) ∫ dx
1 x2 0 2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.4. Evaluate the following integrals:

e1 − 8x 1
a) ∫ dx, b) ∫ 3ex dx
1 x2 0
e 2x + 3 1 ex
c) ∫ dx, d) ∫ dx
1 x2 0 2

SOLUTION
e 1
dx = −e−1 − 7,
1 − 8x
a) ∫ 2
b) ∫ 3ex dx = 3e − 3
1 x 0
e 2x + 3 1 ex
dx = 5 − 3e−1 ,
e−1
c) ∫ d) ∫ dx =
1 x2 0 2 2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx,
0 2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx,
π/8

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx, e) ∫ sec2 xdx,
π/8 0

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx, e) ∫ sec2 xdx,
π/8 0
1/3 1
c) ∫ dx,
0 2(1 + (3x)2 )

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx, e) ∫ sec2 xdx,
π/8 0
1/3 1 1 3
c) ∫ dx, f) ∫ dx
0 2(1 + (3x)2 ) 0 1 + x2

22/35
Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx, e) ∫ sec2 xdx,
π/8 0
1/3 1 1 3
c) ∫ dx, f) ∫ dx
0 2(1 + (3x)2 ) 0 1 + x2

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Definite Integral

Example 2.5. Evaluate the following integrals:

π x 2π
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx, d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx
0 2 0
π/4 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx, e) ∫ sec2 xdx,
π/8 0
1/3 1 1 3
c) ∫ dx, f) ∫ dx
0 2(1 + (3x)2 ) 0 1 + x2
SOLUTION 2π
π x 4
a) ∫ [cos( ) − 5sin(3x)]dx = − , d) ∫ [cos(2x) − 5sin(x)]dx = 0
0 2 3 0
π/4 1 π/4
b) ∫ csc2 (2x)dx = , e) ∫ sec2 xdx = 1,
π/8 2 0
1/3 1 π 1 3 3π
c) ∫ 2
dx = , f) ∫ 2
=
0 2(1 + (3x) ) 24 0 1+x 4 22/35
Derivatives of Integrals

Theorem 3.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a

x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a

23/35
Derivatives of Integrals

Theorem 3.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a

x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a

Example 3.2. Find the dy

[ x 2
dx ∫1 (t − 3t + 5)dt].

23/35
Derivatives of Integrals

Theorem 3.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a

x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a

Example 3.2. Find the dy

[ x 2
dx ∫1 (t − 3t + 5)dt].

23/35
Derivatives of Integrals

Theorem 3.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a

x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a

Example 3.2. Find the dy

[ x 2
dx ∫1 (t − 3t + 5)dt].

SOLUTION
dy x
[∫ (t2 − 3t + 5)dt] = x2 − 3x + 5
dx 1

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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .

x2
a) y=∫ costdt,
1

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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1

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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2
b) y=∫ dt,
x3 2 + t2

24/35
Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e

24/35
Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex
c) y=∫ e2t dt,
2−x

24/35
Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x

24/35
Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x

24/35
Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x

SOLUTION
dy dy 1
a) = 2x cos(x2 ), d) = 3x ∗ √
dx dx 2 x
dy −6x2 dy
b) = , e) = −ex (e2x + 1)5
dx 2 + x6 dx
dy 2xex x dy
c) = e (e + xex ) + e2(2−x) , f ) = (sin2 x + 4)cosx − 3(9x2 + 4)
dx dx 24/35
Definite Integral Application: Area

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :

SOLUTION First , solve x = x2 . We have x1 = 0, x2 = 1. So the area is

1 1
2
∫ (x − x )dx =
0 6
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:

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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:

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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:

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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:

SOLUTION First , solve x2 − 4x + 3 = −x2 + 2x + 3. We have x1 = 0, x2 = 3. So the area

is
3
2 2
∫ [(−x + 2x + 3) − (x − 4x + 3)]dx = 9
0
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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:

SOLUTION First , solve x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x + 5. We have x1 = −2, x2 = 2. So the area is

2 32
2
∫ [(2x + 5) − (x + 2x + 1)]dx =
−2 3
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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:

SOLUTION First , solve 3(x3 − x) = 0. We have x1 = −1, x2 = 1, x3 = 0. The area is

0 1 3
3 3
∫ [3(x − x)]dx − ∫ [3(x − x)]dx =
−1 0 2
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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:

SOLUTION First , solve 3(x3 − x) = 0. We have x1 = −1, x2 = 1, x3 = 0. The area is

0 1 1
3 3 3
∫ [3(x − x)]dx + ∫ [3(x − x)]dx = ∫ [3(x − x)]dx = 0
−1 0 −1
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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)

−2

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)

−2

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)

−2

SOLUTION
2.5 25
∫ [x2 − 2x]dx = − . 31/35
0 24
Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)

−2

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)

−2

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y

(0, 0) (2, 0)

+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)

−2

SOLUTION
2 2.5 4 7 39
− ∫ [x2 − 2x]dx + ∫ [x2 − 2x]dx = + = . 32/35
0 2 3 24 24
Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2

−4

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2

−4

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2

−4

SOLUTION
3 3
2
∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx = . 33/35
0 2
Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2

−4

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2

−4

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Definite Integral Application: Area

Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4

(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2

−4

SOLUTION
2 3 16 7 23
2 2 34/35
∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx − ∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx = + = .
0 2 6 6 6
Exercises 5.3(P.315) & Exercises 5.4(P.325) & Exercises 5.6(P.343)

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Thank you!

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