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Dte microproject-converted

Computer engineering (Government Polytechnic Mumbai)

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JINTUR

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Academic year: 2021-22

TITLE OF PROJECT

Build a Light detector using IC 7400 [ NAND GATE ]

DEPARTMENT : Computer Engineering ( III semester )

SUBJECT : Digital Techniques.
CODE : 22320
SUBMITTED BY :
1. WADHAV NILESH MANOHAR (CO213)
2. KOUNDINYE JITEN DHANANJAY (CO214)
3. JADHAV ABHAY PANDURANG (CO215)

SUBMITTED TO:
Government polytechnic jintur,
for academic year 2021-2022

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Shree Ranganath Girhe,
( Lecturer in Digital Techniques )

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. WADHAV NILESH MANOHAR (CO213)

KOUNDINYE JITEN DHANANJAY(CO214)
JADHAV ABHAY PANDURANG (CO215)
of THIRD Semester of Diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of Institute,
Govt. Polytechnic Jintur (9419) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
Subject –DIGITAL TECHNIQUES for the academic year 2021-22 as prescribed in
the curriculum.

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution

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INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 PROJECT ABSTRACT 4

2 INTRODUCTION 5

3 THEORY 5

4 COMPONANTS 7

5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 11

6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 11

7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 11
OF NAND GATE.

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PROJECT ABSTRACT

In this project, we will build a light detector circuit using a NAND gate chip. A light
detector circuit is a circuit that can detect light. When a bright light shines on the circuit,
such as from a flashlight we will make it so that a LED tumis on.

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CONTENT

❖ INTRODUCTION:-

Logic gates are the electronic circuits that explain the logical relationship between
input and outputs. Now the question arises what are the logic operations. We know
that all types of digital equipment such as mobiles, computers, etc., understand the
data in terms of binary bits i.e., either in terms of 0’s or 1’s, and also all types of
digital equipment store the data in terms 0’s and 1’s. The mathematical operations
with 0’s and 1’s are commonly known as logic operations.
There are three basic gates according to logic operations, we have OR gate for
addition, AND gate for multiplication, and NOT gate for inversion. The OR, AND,
NOT are known as the basic gates. By making combinations of these basic gates we
have two universal gates NAND and NOR. Here, we are focusing on understanding
a NAND gate.

❖ THEORY:-
The NAND gate is a combination of an AND gate and NOT gate. They are
connected in cascade form. It is also called Negated And gate. The NAND gate
provides the false or low output only when their outputs is high or true. The NAND
gate is essential because different types of a boolean function are implemented by
using it.
The NAND gate has the property of functional completeness. The function
completeness means any types of gates can be implemented by using the NAND
gate. It performs the function of OR, NOR and AND gate.

The logic symbol for the gate is shown below:

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The logic circuit of the NAND gate is shown below:

From the logic circuit, the output can be expressed as:

The equation is read as <Z equals NOT A AND B=. Since the logic circuit involves
an AND gate followed by an inverter. The output can only be low when both the
inputs are high.

A B

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

From the truth table of the gate, it is clear that all the inputs must be high to get a
low output and if any of the input is low, the output obtained will be high. If any
one of the input is also high the output will be high that is 1.

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❖ COMPONANTS

1. power supply:- A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric

power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to
convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and
frequency to power the load.

2. wires:- A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.

Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications
signals.

3. NANDGate7400IC:-The IC 7400 is a 14-pin chip and it includes four 2-input

NAND gates. Every gate utilizes 2-input pins & 1-output pin, by the remaining
2-pins being power & ground. This chip was made with different packages like
surface mount and through-hole which includes ceramic (or) plastic dual-in-line
and flat pack.

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4. 330ΩResistor:-The resister is 1/4 Watt, +/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors.

Commonly used in breadboards and perf boards, these 330Ohm resistors make
excellent LED current limiters and are great for general use.

5. 6.8kΩResistor:-This resistor is 6.8K Ohm 0.25W High Quality Carbon Film

Resistor (CFR) with ±5% Tolerance and Tin Plated Copper Leads. 6.8K Ohm
Resistor Color Code: Blue, Gray, Red, Golden. Resistance: 6.8K Ohm, Power
Rating: 0.25 Watt, Approximate Maximum Current: 6.06mA .

6. LED (Light-emitting diode):-A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the
semiconductor recombine. with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of
photon. When a bright light shines on the circult, such we will make it so that a
LED turns on.

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7. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):-

An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the
light intensity that falls upon it. This allows them to be usatt in light sensing
circuits. A typical LDR. LDR Circuit Symbol

8. 0 PCB board :-
Zero PCB is basically a general-purpose printed circuit board (PCB), also
known as perfboard or DOT PCB. It is a thin rigid copper sheet with holes pre-
drilled at standard intervals across a grid with 2.54mm (0.1-inch) spacing
between holes.

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❖ PROCEDURE :-
1) Place a wire into the voltage terminal and ground terminal.
2) Connect the power supply with the digital multimeter to set the power supply
to 9 volts.
3) Connect the breadboard with ground and the 9 volts.
4) Place the 7400 IC onto the breadboard.
5) Connect pin 14 to the voltage and pin 7 to the ground of the 7400 IC.
6) The cathode part of the LDR is connect with pin 1 of the 7400 IC and the
anode part is connect to the ground.
7) The 6.8k resistor it connected to the voltage source and with pin 2 of the
7400 IC.
8) The 330 resistor is connected with pin 3 and the anode pin of the LED.
9) The cathode pin of the LED is connected to the ground

❖ Total cost of project

• NAND gate IC = 50 /- RS. (1)
• LDR=50/-RS (1)
• RESISTOR 330 ohm = 5/- RS. (1)
• RESISTER 6.8kohm=5/-RS (1)
• LED = 10/- RS. (1)
• Battery 9v = 20/-RS.
• 0PCB=10/-RS
-------------------------------------------------------
Total = 150/- RS.

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❖ BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

❖ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

❖ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NAND GATE.

Cost: NAND is cost-effective per byte and has a high storage capacity for its
physical size.

Endurance: NAND cells eventually wear out as their transistors degrade. A NAND
chip lasts until it reaches its write-cycle limit, after which it will no longer be able to
store new data. A NAND chip can withstand anywhere from 1,000 to 100,000
erasures, depending on the brand, model, and design. NAND chips are physically
sturdy and more durable than magnetic forms of storage.

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Replaceability: When NAND flash memory wears out, you can replace the chip
with a compatible component.
NAND shortage: A combination of high demand and a trend toward manufacturing
denser 3D NAND technology (also known as vertical NAND) resulted in a NAND
shortage that began in 2016. Two-dimensional, or planar, NAND is still the more
cost-effective type as of 2018.
NAND memory is especially useful in devices that need to be able to store and
frequently erase and replace large files, such as tablets, USB drives, and digital
cameras.

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❖ FINAL LOOK OF PROJECT:-

• When light off the out put is

• When light on the output is

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CONCLUSION
Light Detectors are used to simply detect light. Within this circuit, whenever you turn the
room light off and apply light onto the circuit, the LDR will detect light which will allow
the LED to become lite.

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REFERENCES AND SOURCES USED

1. Book of digital technique.

2. Google.

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