Engineering

Data
Analysis
ES 209
Statistics - the science that
deals with the collection,
organization, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation
of data in order be able to
draw judgments or
conclusions that help in the
decision-making process.
 Two(2) Main Divisions

INFERENTIAL
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
STATISTICS

deals with making a judgment or

referred to in the first part of
a conclusion about a population
the definition, deals with the
based on the findings from a
procedures that organize,
sample that is taken from the
summarize and describe
population
quantitative data.
What is DATA?

are values of qualitative or

quantitative variables,
belonging to a set of items
 QUALITATIVE
SET OF ITEMS
sometimes called the •A categorical variable.
population: the set of objects •Avariable that is not
you are interested in. numerical. It describes data
EXAMPLE 3
that fits into categories.
QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES •measurement variable or
numerical variables
a measurement or
•Example:
characteristics of an item.
•counts, percent, or numbers.
The general rule of
thumb:

if you can add it, it is

quantitative, if you cannot add
something, then it is qualitative.
 WHAT DO DATA LOOK LIKE ?

NEWS

IMAGE

EXCEL FILE
NEWS
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes.

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

data which are collected fresh data which have been collected
and for the first time and thus by someone else and which
happen to be original in have already been passed
character and known through the statistical process.
 Primary Data
•method under which data from the
field.
•is collected with the help of
observation by the observer or by
OBSERVATION personally going to the field.
Types of Observation

A. STRUCTURED
B. UNSTRUCTURED
C. PARTICIPANT
D. NON-PARTICIPATE
E. CONTROLLED
F. UNCONTROLLED
 Primary Data
•method of collecting data involves
presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and replies
in terms of oral-verbal responses.
INTERVIEW •The interview method is an oral verbal
Types of Interview communication where the interviewer asks
questions (which are aimed to get information
required for study) to respondent.
A. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
B. STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
C. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
D. FOCUSED INTERVIEWS
E. CLINICAL INTERVIEWS
F. GROUP INTERVIEWS
G. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INTERVIEWS
H. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS
I. SELECTION INTERVIEWS
J. DEPTH INTERVIEWS
K. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS
 Primary Data

QUESTIONNAIRE

•This method of data collection is quite popular,

particularly in the case of big enquiries.
•Is mailed to respondents who are expected to
read and understand the questions and write
down the reply in the space meant for the
purpose of the questionnaire itself.
•The respondents have to answer the questions
on their own.
 Primary Data

CASE STUDY

•Essentially an intensive
investigation of the particular unit
under consideration.
 Primary Data

SURVEY

one of the common methods of

diagnosing and solving social
problems is by undertaking
surveys.
Secondary Data FACTORS TO CONSIDERED
BEFORE USING SECONDARY
DATA

- RELIABILITY OF DATA
SOURCES OF DATA - SUITABILITY OF DATA
- ADEQUACY OF DATA
•Publications of Central, state,
and local government
•Technical and trade journals
•Books, Magazines, Newspaper
•Reports & publications of
industry, bank, stock exchange
•Reports by research scholars,
Universities, economist
•Public Records
Factors to consider
when choosing a Nature, scope and object of
inquiry
Data collection -constitutes the most
important factor affecting the
methods choice of a particular method.
The method selected should
be such that it suits the type of
enquiry that is to be
conducted by the researcher.
This factor is also important in
deciding whether the data
already available (secondary
data) are to be used or the
data not yet available (primary
data) are to be collected
Factors to consider
when choosing a Availability of funds

Data collection -The availability of funds for

methods the research project
determines to a large extent
the method to be used for the
collection of data. When funds
at the disposal of the
researcher are very limited, he
will have to select a
comparatively cheaper method
which may not be as efficient
and effective as some other
costly method.
Factors to consider
when choosing a
Data collection Time factor

methods -Availability of time has also to

be taken into account in
deciding a particular method
of data collection. Some
methods take relatively more
time, whereas with others the
data can be collected in a
comparatively shorter
duration.
Factors to consider
when choosing a
Data collection Precision required

methods
Precision required is yet
another important factor to be
considered at the time of
selecting the method of
collection of data.
 1.Determine the goal of your survey: What
question do you want to answer?
2. Identify the sample population: Whom will you

Designing interview?
3. Choose an interviewing method: face-to-face
interview, phone interview, self-administered
a Survey paper survey, or internet survey.
4. Decide what questions you will ask in what
order, and how to phrase them.
5. Conduct the interview and collect the
information.
6. Analyze the results by making graphs and
drawing conclusions.
Introduction to Design of
Experiments (DOE)

What is the Scientific Method?

 Use experimentations for the
Engineering ff purposes:
•reduce time to

Experiments design/develop new products

& processes
•improve performance of
existing processes
•improve reliability and
performance of products
•achieve product & process
robustness
•perform an evaluation of
materials, design alternatives,
setting component & system
tolerances, etc.
The Basic Principles of DOE
1. Randomization

- essential component of any experiment that is

going to have validity.
-refers to a random assignment of participants to
the treatment in an experiment
The Basic Principles of DOE
2. Replication

- the repetition of an experimental condition so that

the variability associated with the phenomenon can
be estimated.
- It is the square root of the estimate of the variance
of the sample mean, i.e.√(s^2/n)
The Basic Principles of DOE
3. Blocking

- is a technique to include other factors in our

experiment which contribute to undesirable
variation.
- is the arranging of experimental units in groups
that are similar to one another.
The Basic Principles of DOE
4. Multi-factor Designs
The point of all of these multi-factor designs is contrary to the
scientific method where everything is held constant except one
factor which is varied. The one factor at a time method is a very
inefficient way of making scientific advances. It is much better
to design an experiment that simultaneously includes
combinations of multiple factors that may affect the outcome.
Then you learn not only about the primary factors of interest
but also about these other factors. These may be blocking
factors which deal with nuisance parameters or they may just
help you understand the interactions or the relationships
between the factors that influence the response.
The Basic Principles of DOE
5. Confounding

cause surprise or confusion in (someone),

especially by acting against their expectations.
"the inflation figure confounded economic
analysts"
 Steps for 1.Recognition and statement of the
Planning, problem
2.Choice of factors, levels, and ranges
Conducting 3.Selection of the response variable(s)
4.Choice of design
and 5.Conducting the experiment
6.Statistical analysis
Analyzing an 7.Drawing conclusions, and making
recommendations
Experiment
Factors (Treatment Factors)
are the factors of primary interest to you

CLASSIFICATION FACTORS
EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS
These can't be changed or
These are factors that you can assigned, these come as labels on
specify (and set the levels) and the experimental units. The age
then assign at random as the and sex of the participants are
treatment to the experimental classification factors which can't
units. Examples would be be changed or randomly assigned.
temperature, level of an But you can select individuals from
additive fertilizer amount per these groups randomly.
acre, etc.
 Factors (Treatment Factors)
are the factors of primary interest to you. Sometimes these are called blocking factors,
mainly because we will try to block these factors to prevent them from influencing the
results

QUALITATIVE FACTORS
QUANTITATIVE FACTORS
These factors have categories
You can assign any specified which are different types.
level of a quantitative factor. Examples might be species of a
Examples: percent or pH level plant or animal, a brand in the
of a chemical. marketing field, gender, - these are
not ordered or continuous but are
arranged perhaps in sets.
Thank You
End of Module 1
"Yey"