4/4/24, 9:13 Importing Drilling Data

Importing Drilling Data

Leapfrog Geo can import drilling data from the following sources:

Files stored on your computer or a network location

From a Central project’s Data Room
From any database that runs an ODBC interface
From an acQuire database

For each of these options, once the data source is selected, the process of importing drilling
data is the same. See Importing Data Tables and Mapping Data Columns in the Working With
Data Tables topic for an overview of how to map data columns in files to the format Leapfrog
Geo expects.

The rest of this topic discusses the data format required for importing drilling data, how to
connect to different data sources, how to add more tables to a drilling data set and the
drillhole desurveying options available in Leapfrog Geo. It is divided into:

Expected Drilling Data Tables and Columns

AGS Format Drilling Data
Importing Drilling Data From the Central Data Room
Connecting to an ODBC Data Source
Connecting to an acQuire Database
Setting Elevation for Collar Points
Adding More Tables to a Drilling Data Set
Desurveying Options

Expected Drilling Data Tables and Columns

Required table types for importing drilling data are:

A collar table
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A survey table
At least one interval table

Downhole points tables can also be imported, but are optional.

A screens table can be imported, if you have the Hydrogeology extension.

The following formats are supported:

AGS Files (*.ags)

ASCII Text Files (*.asc)
CSV Text Files (*.csv)
Data Files (*.dat)
Plain Text Files (*.txt)
TSV Text Files (*.tsv)

For data imported in CSV, ASCII, TXT, DAT and TSV formats, separate files are required for
each type of table. For data imported in AGS format, a single file is imported that contains
each type of table and a summary of the relevant data is presented at each stage of the
importation process so you can select from the available groups of data. AGS format is
described in AGS Format Drilling Data below.

The Collar Table

The collar table should contain five columns:

A drillhole identifier
The location of the drillhole in X, Y and Z coordinates
The maximum depth of the drillhole

A collar table can also contain a trench column, and collars marked as trenches will be
desurveyed in a manner different from other drillholes. See Desurveying Options for more
information.

Leapfrog Geo expects a 0 for a normal hole and a 1 for a trench. If there is no trench
column in the collar table, Leapfrog Geo will create one.

The drillhole ID is used to associate data in different tables with a single drillhole. The ID for
a drillhole must be identical in all tables in order for data to be associated with that drillhole.
Inconsistencies in the way drillholes are identified are common sources of errors.

The maximum depth column is optional. If it is present, is used to validate the data imported
for the interval tables. The maximum depth specified is often a planned quantity, whereas the
interval table records actual measurements. For this reason, Leapfrog Geo has an option for
fixing the maximum depth value in the collar table to match the data in an interval table.

If maximum depth information is not included in a collar file, Leapfrog Geo will determine it
from the maximum depth sampled as indicated by data in the interval tables.

The Survey Table

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For the survey table, Leapfrog Geo expects a minimum of four columns:

A drillhole identifier
Depth, dip and azimuth values

By default, Leapfrog Geo assumes that negative dip values point up. If this is not the case,
tick the Negative survey dip points down option.

See Desurveying Options for more information on the drillhole desurveying algorithms used
in Leapfrog Geo.

The Screens Table

A screens table can only be imported if you have the Hydrogeology extension.

For the screens table, Leapfrog Geo expects a minimum of four columns:

A drillhole identifier
Start/from and end/to depths
A value column

Interval Tables
For interval tables, Leapfrog Geo expects, at minimum, four columns:

A drillhole identifier
Start/from and end/to depths
A column of measurements

If a drillhole ID in an interval table does not correspond to one in the collar table, the table
can still be imported but the interval table will contain errors.

Supported column types are:

Lithology columns containing lithologic data, which can be used for geological
modelling.
Numeric columns containing numeric values, which can be used for interpolating
data.
Category columns, which is text representing categories such as company, geologist,
or mineralisation.
Text columns containing text data that is not categorical, such as comments. Text
columns are not validated when imported.
Date columns containing date data. Custom date and timestamps formats are
supported.
URL columns. Use the prefix file:/// to link to local files.
Hex colour columns containing RGB triplets.

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When an interval table is displayed in the scene and an interval is selected, clicking on a link
in the URL column will open the link. This is a useful way of linking to, for example, data files
or core photo images from within Leapfrog Geo:

Points Tables
For downhole points tables, Leapfrog Geo expects the following columns:

A drillhole identifier
Depth

AGS Format Drilling Data

Leapfrog Geo supports the importation of drilling data using the Association of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS) format. AGS versions 3.1 and 4 are supported. The
process for importing boreholes in AGS format is the same as that for importing data
described in the rest of this topic, except that a single file is selected for import.

To import drilling data in AGS format, right-click on the Drillhole Data folder and select
where you wish to import the data from. In the Import Drillholes window, click the button
for Collar to locate the file you wish to use.

For each type of table, a summary of the relevant data in the file is presented, allowing you
to select groups of data.

The Collar Table

For the collar data group, the HOLE group (v 3.1)/LOCA group (v 4.0) will automatically be
selected. Click OK to accept the selection, then check how the selected data has been
mapped.

The Survey Table

For the survey table data group, the HOLE group (v 3.1)/HORN group (v 4.0) will
automatically be selected. Click OK to accept the selection.

If there is no survey information in the file, click OK, then click the Skip button in the
Import Drillholes window to move on to the interval table data.

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Interval Tables
All remaining groups that contain suitable interval data are displayed, although you can
display all groups in the file by disabling the Only show groups suitable for interval data
option.

Only one group can be selected, and typically the GEOL table contains the lithology data.
However, if you need to import more groups, there are two options:

Import the other groups as additional interval tables (see Importing Additional
Interval Tables). Select Import From File and then select whether you wish to
import intervals or points, then select the AGS file again.
Append the data set, as described in Adding New Rows to Existing Data Tables in the
Working With Data Tables topic.

Depth Points Tables

All remaining groups that contain points data are displayed, although you can display all
groups in the file by disabling the Only show groups suitable for depth points data
option.

Importing Drilling Data From the Central Data Room

Drilling data can only be imported from a project’s data room. Although drilling data can
be published to Central, that is for the purpose of visualising the data in the Central
Portal. Published drilling data cannot be imported into other Leapfrog Geo projects.

See the Storing and Accessing Data in the Project Data Room topic in the Central help for
information on how to work with a Central project’s data room.

To import drilling data from Central, first make sure you are connected to a Central server.
Next, click on the Drillhole Data folder and select Import Drillholes via Central. In the
window that appears, select the project you wish to import data from. The Import
Drillholes from Central window will be displayed. Click the button for Collar to navigate
the project’s data room to locate the collar file you wish to use.

Select the file and click Import. Work through the files as described in Importing Data Tables
and Mapping Data Columns.

Connecting to an ODBC Data Source

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Leapfrog Geo supports database files in Access Database (*.mdb, *.accdb) formats.

To import drilling data directly from any database that uses an ODBC interface, right-click on
the Drillhole Data folder and select Import Drillhole Data via ODBC. The Select ODBC
Data Source window will appear:

Enter the information supplied by your database administrator and click OK.

If you are importing from a local database file, click the Database file option and then
browse to locate the file.

Selecting Tables
In the Select Tables To Import window, select the tables you wish to import.

To add an interval or points table, click the Add button ( ); the list of tables in the database
will be displayed. To remove a table from either list, click on it and click the Remove button
( ).

Click OK to begin the process of importing the data. Work through the files as described in
Importing Data Tables and Mapping Data Columns.

Connecting to an acQuire Database

There are two options for connecting to an acQuire database:

Create a new connection. To do this, right-click on the Drillhole Data folder and
select Import Drillhole Data via acQuire > New Selection. Select the server and
click Connect. Next, enter the login details supplied by your database administrator.
Create a connection from an existing selection file. Right-click on the Drillhole Data
folder and select Import Drillhole Data via acQuire > Existing Selection.
Navigate to the location where the selection file is stored and open the file.

Once connected to the database, you will be able to select the required data using the Select
data from acQuire window.

Optionally, click the Profiles button and choose a profile from those on the acQuire
database. Profiles are created in acQuire; see your acQuire administrator for more

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information.

You can also use the other tabs on the acQuire component interface to make other data
selections.

In the Select data from acQuire dialog provided by the acQuire component, both the
Geology and Assay tabs can have additional pages added to select different sets of fields.
To add a page, click the Create new page button. Each page will end up as a separate
interval table under the Drillholes object in the project tree.

To successfully import data from some acQuire databases, it may be necessary to

redefine the coordinate fields using the Refine coordinate table button on the
Geographic tab.

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For more information on using the third-party selection tools provided in the Select data
from acQuire window, see your acQuire user documentation. When you have finished
specifying the selection, click OK to import the data.

Once the drilling data has been loaded, you can:

Import additional interval tables. See Importing Additional Interval Tables below.
Update the drilling data with new data from the acQuire database. See Smart Refresh
below.
Reload drilling data. See Reloading Data Tables in the Working With Data Tables topic.

Add Additional Columns

To add a column for a collar or a survey table, right-click on the table in the project tree and
click Import Column. To add a column for an interval table, right-click on the interval table
in the project tree and click New Column > Import Column.

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Having set up an acQuire database to provide drilling data, you can add columns that were
not previously imported to tables without deleting a table and reimporting it. This is useful if
a particular column was not available in acQuire at the time the database connection was
established, or it was previously thought a particular column was not needed and was left
unticked when the database import was configured.

In the acQuire import component’s window, select either the Assay or Geology tabs and tick
Use next to any Field you want to appear as an available column that has not previously
been selected for import, then click Apply and OK.

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When the Add Table Column From acQuire window opens, select columns to import into
Leapfrog Geo. Such columns may be ones that have only just been made available via the
step above, or may have been ones already available for import from the acQuire database

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that were not previously selected for import in the Add Table Column From acQuire
window.

Select the Column type for the data columns being imported and click Finish. The newly
added columns will appear in the project tree under the selected table.

Smart Refresh
Smart Refresh obtains the latest drilling data from the acQuire database without reloading
the entire contents of the database. This reduces the amount of data transfer required and
speeds data updated. If any data relating to a drillhole has changed, the whole drillhole is
updated. Any new drillholes in the database can be added.

Right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and select Smart Refresh. If no
structural differences are noted between the source and the imported table, you will be given
the choice to import all tables automatically, and the previous import settings will be reused
in executing the refresh. Alternatively, you can choose the Import Manually option, which
will step through the import tables dialog windows. If structural differences will cause a
problem with the refreshed import, you will be warned that there is a Problem refreshing
the table and you can Cancel or Import Manually. You can also click Show full error
message to get more information on the problem detected.

Saving a Selection
Saving a selection saves the current acQuire database selection to file for future reuse. You
can use a selection to import the same set of drilling data in new Leapfrog Geo projects.

To save an acQuire selection, right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and select
Save Selection. You will be prompted for a filename and location.

Setting Elevation for Collar Points

You can set the elevation for all collar points or for a subset of collar points by projecting
them onto a surface. This creates a new column in the collar table called z_on_terrain, and

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you can switch between using the original values in the z column and the projected values in
the z_on_terrain column:

To set the elevation for collar points from a surface, right-click on the collar table in the
project tree and select Set Elevation. The Set Elevation from Surface window will appear:

Select from the surfaces available in the project and set a query filter, if you wish to limit the
collars you will project onto the surface.

If the surface does not intersect vertically with some points, you can choose how the
z_on_terrain values for those points will be determined. There are two options:

Assign elevation values to sets the z values to a fixed elevation for all unprojected
points.
Leave unchanged makes no changes to the z values for unprojected points; the
original z column values will be used.

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Click OK to set elevation values.

The collar table will be updated with an additional column, z_on_terrain:

The z_on_terrain column values are determined as follows:

For selected points that can be projected onto the surface, the elevation values from
that surface are used
For points that cannot be projected onto the surface, either a fixed elevation value or
the original values from the z column are used, depending on the chosen
Unprojected points option.
For points you have chosen not to project, i.e. if you have used a query filter, the
original values from the z column are used.

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The original z values are preserved in the z column. To switch back to the original z values,
click on Collar Elevation, then select the original column:

The z_on_terrain column will remain in the collar table; switching to using the original z
column does not delete the z_on_terrain column.

Applying a query filter is useful for limiting the collars projected onto a surface. Here, a query
filter has been used to project a single collar, M005, onto the topography:

All other values in the z_on_terrain are from the z column.

Note that you can repeat this process for multiple subsets of collar points, if there are
different surfaces you wish to use in setting the elevation for different subsets of points.

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If the collar table is reloaded:

For existing drillholes, z_on_terrain values are not overwritten on reload.

For new drillholes added during the reload, the z_on_terrain value will be left blank.
For an existing drillhole that has a changed z value, the z_on_terrain will remain
unchanged on reload.

You can also clear the projected values from the z_on_terrain column by clicking the Reset
button, in which case the z_on_terrain column will be reset to the z column values:

Adding More Tables to a Drilling Data Set

Once you have created a drilling data set in a project, you can add more tables to the data
set. Types of tables you can add are:

Additional interval tables. See Importing Additional Interval Tables.

Downhole points. See Importing Downhole Points.
LAS points. See Importing LAS Points.
Downhole planar data. See Importing Downhole Planar Structural Data.
A screens table, if you have the Hydrogeology extension and you did not import a
screens table when you first imported the drilling data set. See Importing a Screens
Table.

Importing Additional Interval Tables

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Interval tables that have not been imported during the drilling data import process can be
added to the project at any time. To add an interval table, right-click on the drilling data set
in the project tree and select from the options available:

If the interval table is stored in a file on your computer or a network location, select
Import From File > Interval Values. Leapfrog Geo will ask you to specify the file
location, and then will display the data in the file in the Import Interval window.
If the interval table is stored in an ODBC database, select Import From ODBC >
Interval Values. You will be prompted to select the data source. See Connecting to
an ODBC Data Source.
If your drilling data is stored in an acQuire database, select Import From acQuire >
Interval Values. See Connecting to an acQuire Database.

Columns required are:

A drillhole identifier
Start/from and end/to depths
A column of measurements

Select the required columns and assign the data type for each column. Click Finish to import
the file, which will appear as a table in the drilling data set.

Importing Downhole Points

To import a set of points on drillholes, right-click on the drilling data set and select Import
From File > Point Values or Import From ODBC > Point Values.

When importing from a file, Leapfrog Geo will ask you to specify the file location and then will
display the data in the file in the Import Depth Points window.

When importing from ODBC, you will first be prompted to select the data source. See
Connecting to an ODBC Data Source.

Columns required are:

A drillhole identifier
Depth

Select the required columns and assign the data type for each column. Click Finish to import
the file, which will appear as a table in the drilling data set.

Importing LAS Points

LAS points need to be imported separately from other drilling data.

Leapfrog Geo imports LAS points down drillholes in LAS 1.2 and LAS 2.0 formats. An
imported set of LAS files appears as one object with its associated data columns plus a LAS
Drillholes folder that contains a filter for each drillhole. Importing the data preserves the
metadata from the LAS files, which can be viewed in the Properties window for the LAS
points object and in the Properties window for each drillhole.

To import LAS points down drillholes, right-click on the drilling data set and select Import
From File > LAS Data. Select the files you wish to import and click Open.

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Next, the Import LAS Data window will appear. The data displayed in this window is
combined from the selected files, with blank and invalid values indicated by “nan”. For
example, if a drillhole file does not contain columns that are included in other drillhole files,
those missing columns will be marked as “nan”.

Leapfrog Geo expects drillhole ID and Depth columns and will attempt to match the data in
the files with the expected format. Select the columns to import, then click Finish. The files
will be added to the project tree as part of the drilling data set, as described above.

To view LAS points, add the LAS points object to the scene. You can also display individual
drillholes by adding their filters to the scene.

LAS File Mapping

The Properties window for LAS Drillholes includes a LAS Mapping tab that shows what
data files have been used for the selected drillhole:

This is useful when data for a drillhole originates in different files.

LAS File Inconsistencies

When importing LAS files, inconsistencies in the files are handled as follows:

If there are two files with the same curve values at the same depth, the duplicate
values will be added to the existing column and flagged as overlapping segments.
See Correcting Data Errors in Leapfrog Geo for more information about correcting
drilling data errors.
If there are more than two files with the same curve values at the same depth,
Leapfrog Geo will not be able to import the files. Note the conflicting files shown in
the error message and reimport the files, leaving the conflicting files out.
If there are multiple logs of the same name in the files, Leapfrog Geo will not be able
to import the data. Edit the LAS file header outside of Leapfrog Geo to change the
names.

Importing Downhole Planar Structural Data

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Leapfrog Geo supports structural measurements in .csv or text formats. Structural data
tables that include location information can also be imported to the Structural
Modelling folder. See Importing Planar Structural Data.

Downhole structural data needs to be imported separately from other drilling data. To import
downhole structural data, right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and select
Import From File > Planar Structural Data or Import From ODBC > Planar Structural
Data.

When importing from a file, Leapfrog Geo will ask you to specify the file location and then will
display the data in the file in the Import Planar Structural Data window.

When importing from ODBC, you will first be prompted to select the data source. See
Connecting to an ODBC Data Source earlier in this topic.

Leapfrog Geo expects columns describing the drillhole identifier, the depth and the structural
orientation. Structural orientation can be specified using either dip and dip azimuth or alpha
and beta.

Match the values in the file to the required column headers, then click Finish to import the
file. The table will appear in the drilling data set.

If the structural orientation is specified using alpha and beta, the reference line from which
the beta is measured can be the bottom or top of the drillhole. When the table is imported,
the default setting is Bottom of core. To change this, double-click on the structural data
table in the project tree. Next, click on Compatibility to change the Beta reference mark
setting to Top of core:

Importing a Screens Table

This feature is only available with the Hydrogeology extension.

Screens that have not been imported during the drilling data import process can be added to
the project at any time. To do this, right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and
select Import From File > Screens or Import From ODBC > Screens.

When importing from a file, Leapfrog Geo will ask you to specify the file location, and then
will display the data in the file in the Import Screen window.

When importing from ODBC, you will first be prompted to select the data source. See
Connecting to an ODBC Data Source.

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Columns required are:

A drillhole identifier
Start/from and end/to depths
A value column

Select the required columns and assign the data type for each column. Click Finish to import
the file, which will appear as a table in the drilling data set.

A drilling data set can have only one screens table.

Desurveying Options
Drillhole desurveying computes the geometry of a drillhole in three-dimensional space based
on the data contained in the survey table. Under ideal conditions, the drillhole path follows
the original dip and azimuth established at the top of the drillhole. Usually, though, the path
deflects away from the original direction as a result of layering in the rock, variation in the
hardness of the layers and the angle of the drill bit relative to those layers. The drill bit will
be able to penetrate softer layers more easily than harder layers, resulting in a preferential
direction of drill bit deviation.

There are a number of paths a drillhole could take through available survey measurements,
but the physical constraints imposed by drilling are more likely to produce smoother paths.
Selecting the desurveying method that gives the best likely approximation of the actual path
of the drillhole will ensure that subsequent modelling is as accurate as possible.

Leapfrog Geo implements three algorithms for desurveying drillholes:

The Spherical Arc Approximation Algorithm

The Raw Tangent Algorithm
The Balanced Tangent Algorithm

These options are described in more detail below.

Another factor that affects how drillholes are desurveyed is how dip values are handled.
When the survey table is imported, Leapfrog Geo sets the Negative survey dip points
down value according to the data in the imported table. When the majority of the dip data in
the table is positive, Leapfrog Geo assumes all these drillholes will point down and leaves the
field Negative survey dip points down disabled. When most of the values are negative,
the field is enabled. This field can be changed by double-clicking on the survey table to open
it and then clicking on Compatibility to show the table’s desurveying settings:

If you are going to change the automatically set value of Negative survey dip points
down, consider carefully the implications if there is a mix of drillholes pointing down and up.

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The other Compatibility setting relates to the algorithm used in desurveying the drillholes.

The Spherical Arc Approximation Algorithm

The default algorithm used in Leapfrog Geo is spherical arc approximation, which is
sometimes referred to as the minimum curvature algorithm. Downhole distances are
desurveyed exactly as distances along a circular arc:

The algorithm matches the survey at the starting and end positions exactly and the curvature
is constant between these two measurements. At the survey points, the direction remains
continuous and, therefore, there are no unrealistic sharp changes in direction.

If you wish to use spherical arc approximation, there is no need to change any settings.

The Balanced Tangent Algorithm

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The balanced tangent algorithm uses straight lines but attempts to improve the accuracy of
the raw tangent algorithm by assigning equal weights to the starting and end survey
measurements:

It is an improvement on the raw tangent algorithm but still suffers from an unrealistic
discontinuity in the drillhole path. It is, however, a better approximation of the overall
drillhole path and is reasonably accurate when the spacing between measurements is small.

To use the balanced tangent algorithm, double-click on the survey table in the project tree.
Click on Compatibility and change the Desurveying method.

The Raw Tangent Algorithm

The raw tangent algorithm assumes the drillhole maintains the direction given by the last
survey measurement until the next new measurement is reached:

This implies that the drillhole makes sharp jumps in direction whenever a measurement is
taken, which is unlikely, except when the drillhole is being used to define a trench.

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4/4/24, 9:13 Importing Drilling Data

Collar tables have a trench column that indicates whether or not the drillhole is from a
trench. When the trench column is ticked for a drillhole, the trench will be desurveyed using
the raw tangent algorithm. Double-click on the collar table in the project tree, then tick the
trench box for the drillholes you wish to desurvey using the raw tangent algorithm.

Got a question? Visit the Seequent forums or Seequent support

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