Laurente, Marriel A.

BSED ENGLISH 2A
E58

Historical Place of Summary Characters Theme Historical

Myth Origin Fact
1. The Trojan War The Trojan War is a **Greek Heroes:** "Cost of Pride and The historical reality of
The Trojan War is legendary conflict from 1. Achilles - The Hubris." Throughout the Trojan War is
traditionally believed Greek mythology, believed greatest Greek warrior, the epic, characters uncertain and debated
to have taken place in to have occurred around the known for his display excessive pride, among scholars due to
and around the ancient 12th or 13th century BCE. invulnerability except or hubris, which often the lack of conclusive
city of Troy, also It was sparked by the for his heel. leads to their downfall archaeological
abduction of Helen, the 2. Agamemnon - King or the exacerbation of evidence. While the
known as Ilium,
wife of Menelaus, king of of Mycenae and leader conflicts. This theme is conflict is well-
located in what is now
Sparta, by Paris, prince of of the Greek expedition exemplified by the documented in Greek
Turkey. Troy. The Greeks, led by to Troy. actions of key figures mythology and
Agamemnon, king of 3. Odysseus - Cunning such as Achilles, literature, such as
Mycenae, assembled a and resourceful king of Agamemnon, and Homer's "Iliad" and
mighty army, including Ithaca, famed for his Paris. "Odyssey," its exact
famous heroes like Achilles role in the Trojan historical basis remains
and Odysseus, to retrieve Horse. elusive. Excavations at
Helen and lay siege to Troy. 4. Menelaus - King of the site of Troy in
Sparta, husband of modern-day Turkey
The war lasted for ten years, Helen, whose have revealed evidence
with both sides suffering abduction sparks the of a fortified Bronze
heavy losses. The Greeks war. Age city, but the extent
were ultimately victorious 5. Ajax (Ajax the Great to which it corresponds
through the ruse of the and Ajax the Lesser) - to the events of the
Trojan Horse. They Heroic warriors known Trojan War is still a
constructed a large wooden for their strength and subject of scholarly
horse, hiding elite soldiers valor. inquiry.
inside, and presented it as a 6. Diomedes - A skilled
gift to the Trojans. Under and brave Greek
the cover of darkness, the warrior.
Greek soldiers emerged 7. Patroclus - Close
from the horse, opened the friend and companion
city gates, and sacked Troy. of Achilles.

The Trojan War has been **Trojan Heroes:**

immortalized in Greek 1. Hector - Prince of
literature, particularly in Troy and the greatest
Homer's epic poems, the Trojan warrior, known
"Iliad" and the "Odyssey." It for his valor and
remains a central theme in devotion to his city.
Western culture, inspiring 2. Paris - Prince of
countless works of art, Troy, whose abduction
literature, and drama. The of Helen triggers the
exact location of Troy is war.
believed to be the ancient 3. Priam - King of
city of Hisarlik in modern- Troy, father of Hector
day Turkey, although the and Paris.
extent to which the 4. Aeneas - A Trojan
mythological accounts prince, later becoming
correspond to historical the legendary founder
events is still debated of Rome.
among scholars. 5. Andromache - Wife
of Hector, known for
her poignant
interactions with him.
6. Helen - The
famously beautiful wife
of Menelaus, whose
abduction leads to the
war.

**Gods and
Goddesses:**
1. Zeus - King of the
gods, who plays a
 pivotal role in the
outcome of the war.
2. Hera - Queen of the
gods and a fierce
supporter of the
Greeks.
3. Athena - Goddess of
wisdom and warfare,
often aiding the
Greeks.
4. Apollo - God of
prophecy and archery,
supporting the Trojans.
5. Aphrodite - Goddess
of love and beauty, who
supports Paris and the
Trojans.
6. Poseidon - God of
the sea, often aiding the
Greeks.

2. King Arthur and The legend of King A long time ago, there was 1. King Arthur: The The central theme of there isn't solid proof
the Knights of the Arthur and the Knights a king named Arthur who legendary king of the legend of King that King Arthur, as
Round Table of the Round Table lived in England. He was Camelot, known for his Arthur and the Knights described in stories,
comes from stories very wise and kind. He had wisdom, bravery, and of the Round Table is actually existed. The
told in medieval times some special friends called leadership. the idea of destiny and earliest stories about
in England. knights who helped him 2. Queen Guinevere: fulfilling a higher him were written
protect the kingdom and do Arthur's wife, often purpose. Arthur and his hundreds of years after
good deeds. depicted as beautiful knights are portrayed he was supposed to
Now, these knights were not and noble, though her as characters chosen by have lived, and they
just any ordinary knights. affair with Sir Lancelot fate to achieve great mix history with
They were really brave and brings turmoil to things and uphold legend. So while King
strong, and they had cool Camelot. noble ideals like justice Arthur and his knights
names like Sir Lancelot, Sir 3. Sir Lancelot: One of and honor. Whether it's are famous in stories
Gawain, and Sir Galahad. Arthur's most trusted Arthur pulling the and legends, they're not
They all sat around a big knights, known for his sword Excalibur from confirmed as real
table that was round instead unmatched skill in the stone or the knights historical figures.
of square. This special table combat and his tragic going on quests to find
meant that everyone was love affair with Queen the Holy Grail, their
equal and no one was more Guinevere. actions are driven by a
important than the others. 4. Merlin: A powerful sense of destiny and a
Each knight had their own wizard who serves as belief that they are
exciting adventures, like Arthur's advisor and meant to play a special
fighting dragons or rescuing mentor, guiding him role in the world. This
princesses. Sometimes they throughout his reign. theme adds depth to the
even went on quests to find 5. Sir Gawain: Known story, highlighting the
magical things, like a super- for his loyalty and importance of believing
duper sword called sense of duty, Gawain in oneself and
Excalibur that only Arthur is one of the most following one's calling
could pull out of a stone. honorable knights of in life.
But it wasn't all fun and the Round Table.
games. The knights also 6. Sir Galahad: The
faced tough challenges and purest and most
had to make difficult virtuous of Arthur's
choices. Like when Sir knights, renowned for
Lancelot fell in love with his quest for the Holy
Queen Guinevere, who was Grail.
married to King Arthur. 7. Sir Percival: A noble
That caused a lot of trouble. knight known for his
Despite all the ups and quest for the Holy Grail
downs, the stories of King and his adherence to
Arthur and his knights teach the code of chivalry.
us about being brave, loyal, 8. Sir Tristan: A skilled
and doing what's right. knight and tragic hero,
They remind us that even in known for his love
the toughest times, affair with Isolde and
friendship and honor are his bravery in battle.
important. And that's why 9. Morgana le Fay:
people still love hearing Arthur's half-sister and
these tales today. a powerful sorceress,
 often depicted as a
villainous figure
seeking to undermine
Arthur's reign.
10. Mordred: Arthur's
illegitimate son, who
ultimately betrays him
and brings about his
downfall.

3. The Story of Joseph was one of the 1. Joseph: The The central theme of The Plagues of Egypt,
Joseph (The Son of The story of Joseph, twelve sons of Jacob, born protagonist of the story, the story is forgiveness as described in the
Jacob) the son of Jacob, to his beloved wife Rachel. Joseph is the favored and reconciliation. Book of Exodus, are a
originates from the His brothers were jealous of son of Jacob and Despite the betrayal series of supernatural
Book of Genesis in the him because Jacob favored Rachel. He experiences and mistreatment calamities that afflicted
Hebrew Bible (also Joseph, even giving him a betrayal by his Joseph experiences at Egypt, according to the
known as the Old special coat of many colors. brothers, slavery in the hands of his biblical narrative.
Testament in Joseph also had dreams that Egypt, and ultimately brothers, he ultimately While there is debate
Christianity). seemed to indicate his rises to prominence as forgives them and among historians
future greatness, which the second-in- seeks reconciliation. regarding the exact
further angered his brothers. command under This theme highlights historical accuracy of
In a fit of jealousy and Pharaoh. the transformative these events, they are
resentment, Joseph's power of forgiveness in considered significant
brothers plotted against 2. Jacob (also known as healing relationships within religious and
him. They initially planned Israel): Joseph's father, and restoring harmony. cultural contexts.
to kill him, but eventually, who favors him over
they decided to sell him into his other sons. Jacob
slavery to a passing caravan plays a central role in
of Ishmaelites. They dipped the narrative,
his coat in goat's blood and particularly in the early
showed it to Jacob, leading parts of Joseph's story.
him to believe that Joseph
had been killed by a wild 3. Rachel: Joseph's
animal. mother and Jacob's
Joseph was taken to Egypt beloved wife. She dies
and sold to Potiphar, an giving birth to Joseph's
officer of Pharaoh and younger brother,
captain of the guard. Benjamin.
Despite his servitude,
Joseph remained faithful 4. Joseph's Brothers:
and found favor in The sons of Jacob, who
Potiphar's household. conspire against Joseph
However, when Potiphar's due to jealousy and sell
wife falsely accused him of him into slavery.
attempting to seduce her, Notable among them
Joseph was thrown into are Reuben, Simeon,
prison. Levi, Judah, and
Even in prison, Joseph's Benjamin.
character and abilities were
evident. He interpreted 5. Potiphar: An
dreams for fellow prisoners, Egyptian official and
including Pharaoh's captain of Pharaoh's
cupbearer and baker. guard, to whom Joseph
Eventually, Joseph's gift of is sold as a slave.
interpreting dreams caught Despite being falsely
the attention of Pharaoh accused by Potiphar's
himself, who was troubled wife, Joseph finds
by two dreams he couldn't favor in his household.
understand.
Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's 6. Potiphar's Wife: The
dreams as predicting seven wife of Potiphar who
years of plenty followed by falsely accuses Joseph
seven years of famine. of attempting to seduce
Impressed by Joseph's her, leading to Joseph's
wisdom, Pharaoh appointed imprisonment.
him as second-in-command
over all of Egypt, giving 7. Pharaoh: The ruler of
him the responsibility of Egypt during Joseph's
managing food storage time. He has troubling
during the years of plenty to dreams that Joseph
 prepare for the famine. interprets, leading to
During the famine, Joseph's Joseph's rise to power
brothers came to Egypt as a trusted advisor.
seeking food. They did not
recognize him, but Joseph 8. Pharaoh's Cupbearer
recognized them. After and Baker: Two
putting them through some officials who are
tests to determine their imprisoned alongside
character, Joseph revealed Joseph and who have
his identity to his brothers, dreams that Joseph
forgiving them for their past interprets,
actions. foreshadowing his
Joseph urged his family to eventual encounter
move to Egypt to survive with Pharaoh.
the famine, and Pharaoh
welcomed them, giving
them land in the region of
Goshen. Jacob and his
entire family settled in
Egypt, where they lived
comfortably under Joseph's
protection.
The story of Joseph is a tale
of perseverance,
forgiveness, and the
providence of God. It
illustrates how even in the
darkest of circumstances,
one's faith and integrity can
lead to blessings and
redemption.

4. The Plagues of The events are The Plagues of Egypt, 1. **Yahweh (God)**: One overarching theme historical fact related to
Egypt traditionally believed recounted in the biblical The central divine of the Plagues of Egypt the Plagues of Egypt is
to have taken place in Book of Exodus, stand as a figure in the story, is the manifestation of that while the events
ancient Egypt, profound narrative of divine Yahweh is the Hebrew divine sovereignty and described in the biblical
particularly during the intervention and liberation. God who orchestrates providential narrative have been
reign of Pharaoh In the story, the Hebrew the plagues as a means fulfillment. Throughout subject to theological
Ramses II, although God, Yahweh, inflicts ten of liberating the the narrative, Yahweh interpretation and
the exact historical devastating plagues upon Israelites from slavery asserts his absolute debate, archaeological
context and ancient Egypt as a means of in Egypt. Through the authority over creation evidence supporting the
archaeological compelling the Pharaoh to plagues, Yahweh and human affairs, specific occurrences of
evidence for these release the Israelites from demonstrates his using the plagues as the plagues is limited.
events are subject to bondage. These plagues, power, authority, and instruments to However, scholars have
debate and escalating in severity, serve protection over his accomplish his suggested that some
interpretation. not only as manifestations chosen people. predetermined aspects of the narrative,
of divine power but also as purposes. Despite the such as the ecological
symbolic challenges to the 2. **Moses**: A resistance of the disruption caused by
authority of the Egyptian central protagonist in Pharaoh and the the turning of the Nile
gods. the biblical narrative, hardships faced by the waters into blood or the
Moses is chosen by Israelites, Yahweh's spread of diseases
The first plague, the turning Yahweh to be the plan unfolds among livestock and
of water into blood, sets the leader and inexorably, showcasing humans, could have
stage for the subsequent spokesperson for the his transcendent power plausible natural
events. The Nile River, a Israelites. He confronts over earthly forces and explanations, reflecting
source of life and the Pharaoh, rival deities. Each real historical events
sustenance for Egypt, is demanding the release plague serves as a that were later
transformed into a river of of his people, and deliberate step towards mythologized or
blood, symbolizing the serves as the the ultimate liberation interpreted through a
disruption of the natural intermediary through of the Israelites, religious lens.
order and the impending which Yahweh brings demonstrating
upheaval. Subsequent about the plagues and Yahweh's sovereignty
plagues, such as swarms of ultimately leads the in orchestrating events
frogs, gnats, flies, and Israelites out of Egypt to bring about justice,
diseases among livestock, during the Exodus. redemption, and the
target various aspects of fulfillment of his divine
Egyptian life, bringing 3. **Aaron**: Moses's will within the course
discomfort, disease, and brother and of human history.
death. spokesperson, Aaron
assists Moses in
Each plague is designed to confronting the
demonstrate Yahweh's Pharaoh and
supremacy over the gods of performing the
Egypt. For instance, the miraculous signs and
plague of frogs directly wonders, including the
challenges Heqet, the transformation of
Egyptian frog goddess Aaron's staff into a
associated with fertility and serpent and his
childbirth. Similarly, the involvement in
plague of darkness, where initiating several of the
Egypt is shrouded in plagues.
impenetrable darkness for
three days, confronts the 4. **The Pharaoh**:
sun god Ra, a central deity The ruler of Egypt, the
in Egyptian religion. Pharaoh is depicted as
Through these acts, the the antagonist in the
narrative portrays Yahweh story, stubbornly
as the ultimate authority, refusing to release the
capable of exerting control Israelites despite the
over the natural world and increasingly severe
the pantheon of Egyptian plagues inflicted upon
gods. his kingdom. His
obstinacy and defiance
The culmination of the lead to the suffering of
plagues is the tenth and his people and the
most devastating plague— eventual downfall of
the death of the firstborn. his reign.
This final act of divine
judgment strikes at the heart 5. **The Israelites**:
of Egyptian society, The descendants of
targeting the most cherished Jacob (Israel), the
and revered members of Israelites are depicted
each household. The as the oppressed people
Israelites, however, are of Egypt, enslaved and
spared from this plague subjected to harsh labor
through the ritual of under the rule of the
Passover, marking them as a Pharaoh. Yahweh
chosen people protected by intervenes on their
their God. behalf, delivering them
from bondage and
Ultimately, the Plagues of leading them to
Egypt serve as a catalyst for freedom.
liberation. Despite repeated
warnings and opportunities 6. **Egyptian Officials
for repentance, the and People**:
Pharaoh's stubborn refusal Throughout the
to release the Israelites narrative, various
leads to increasingly dire Egyptian officials and
consequences for his ordinary citizens are
people. The plagues depicted reacting to the
demonstrate the cost of plagues, sometimes
oppression and the pleading with the
inevitability of divine Pharaoh to relent and
justice. Moreover, they pave release the Israelites,
the way for the Exodus— while others remain
the miraculous departure of defiant or resigned to
the Israelites from Egypt their fate.
under the leadership of
Moses.

In conclusion, the Plagues

of Egypt represent a
powerful narrative of divine
intervention, justice, and
liberation. Through a series
of miraculous events,
Yahweh asserts his
authority over the gods of
Egypt and delivers his
people from oppression.
 The story serves as a
testament to the enduring
themes of faith, redemption,
and the triumph of good
over evil.

5. Romulus and Traditionally Romulus and Remus were 1. Romulus: One of the One specific historical fact related to
Remus associated with the the sons of the god Mars, twin brothers, overarching theme in the story of Romulus
city of Alba Longa, who was the Roman god of traditionally portrayed the story of Romulus and Remus is that
located in the region of war, and Rhea Silvia, a as the more dominant and Remus is the while their tale is
Latium in ancient Italy. Vestal Virgin and daughter and ambitious of the concept of the sacrifice primarily a
Alba Longa was of Numitor, the king of Alba two. He is often and conflict inherent mythological one, it
situated near the Longa. However, their depicted as the founder in pursuit of played a significant
modern-day city of grandfather feared that they and first king of Rome greatness. role in shaping the
Rome. would grow up and after killing his brother cultural identity and
overthrow him, so he Remus in a dispute foundational
ordered them to be killed by over the location of the mythology of ancient
leaving them to die in the city. Rome. The story of
wilderness. Instead, they Romulus and Remus,
were saved by a she-wolf 2. Remus: The other as the legendary
who nursed and raised twin brother, founders of Rome,
them. sometimes portrayed as provided a powerful
more impulsive or narrative for the city's
As they grew older, passive compared to origins and its rise to
Romulus and Remus Romulus. He is greatness. It was
became natural leaders. traditionally depicted widely celebrated in
They eventually learned of as being killed by Roman art, literature,
their royal heritage and Romulus during a and civic ceremonies,
sought to reclaim their disagreement over the reinforcing the idea of
birthright by overthrowing founding of Rome. Rome as a divinely
their grandfather Numitor. ordained and
They succeeded in doing so, 3. Mars: The Roman exceptional
reinstating Numitor as the god of war and the civilization. Despite its
rightful king of Alba Longa. father of Romulus and mythical origins, the
Remus. In the myth, story of Romulus and
However, Romulus and Mars impregnates Rhea Remus remained a
Remus desired to found Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, central part of Roman
their own city, one that leading to the birth of identity and heritage
would surpass Alba Longa the twins. throughout antiquity
in greatness. They chose a and into the later
site along the Tiber River 4. Rhea Silvia: The periods of the Roman
where they decided to build mother of Romulus and Empire.
their city. But a Remus and a Vestal
disagreement arose between Virgin. According to
the brothers over the exact legend, she was forced
location and name of the to become a Vestal
city. Romulus favored the Virgin to prevent her
Palatine Hill, while Remus from having children,
preferred the Aventine Hill. but she was
impregnated by Mars,
In a fit of anger, Romulus leading to the birth of
killed Remus, and thus the twins.
became the sole ruler and
founder of the city that 5. Numitor: The
would be known as Rome. grandfather of Romulus
Legend has it that Romulus and Remus and the
marked out the boundaries rightful king of Alba
of the city with a plow and Longa. He was deposed
established its first by his brother Amulius,
government and laws. He who feared that
then invited outcasts, Numitor's descendants
criminals, and fugitives to would overthrow him.
join him, thus forming the Numitor's reign was
initial population of Rome. restored after Romulus
and Remus helped him
The story of Romulus and overthrow Amulius.
Remus serves as a
mythological explanation 6. She-Wolf: A central
for the founding of Rome figure in the infancy of
and the establishment of its Romulus and Remus.
 government. It also reflects According to legend,
Roman ideals of strength, after being abandoned,
ambition, and the the twins were suckled
inevitability of conflict in and cared for by a she-
the pursuit of greatness. wolf in the wilderness
until they were found
Throughout Roman history, and rescued by a
the tale of Romulus and shepherd.
Remus remained an integral
part of the city's identity,
depicted in art, literature,
and public monuments. It
symbolized Rome's divine
origins and its destiny for
greatness as a civilization.
6. The Flood Myth originate from the The Bukidnon epic recounts 1. Magbabaya: The the importance of historical fact related to
and The Origin of cultural tradition of the the origin myth and Supreme Being who diplomacy and the Bukidnon region is
The Talaandig Bukidnon people of historical events of the wills all things and peacemaking in its significance during
Central Mindanao in Talaandig people in Central brings about the great resolving conflicts and the Philippine-
the Philippines Mindanao. Humanity, flood as punishment for maintaining harmony American War (1899-
descended from Adam and humanity's within communities 1902). Bukidnon was
Eve, faces divine transgressions. one of the areas in
punishment in the form of a Mindanao where
great flood due to their 2. Nabis ha Panggulo: resistance against
transgressions against The holy patriarch American colonization
divine laws. Selected chosen by Magbabaya, took place. Indigenous
survivors, including along with his sons, to groups, including the
Agbibilin, are spared, with witness the purging of Talaandig and Manobo,
Agbibilin instructed to humanity before the fiercely resisted
climb Mount Dulang- flood. American forces,
dulang (Kitanglad). Post- engaging in guerilla
flood, Agbibilin and 3. Agbibilin: One of warfare and protecting
Ginamayun establish a Nabis ha Panggulo's their territories from
settlement, leading to the sons who ascends foreign occupation.
proliferation of their Mount Dulang-dulang This historical
descendants across the (Kitanglad) and resistance reflects the
region. becomes a pivotal indigenous peoples'
figure in the post-flood determination to defend
Leadership succession is era, contributing to the their land, culture, and
prominent, with Agbibilin survival and expansion autonomy against
passing down his role to his of humanity. external threats and
sons, notably Saulana, colonization efforts.
known as Talaandig. 4. Ginamayun: The
Conflict arises, but figures survivor whom
like Datu Malengmeng and Agbibilin finds after
later Pikas Indahag and the flood, eventually
Aliga emerge as becoming his wife and
peacemakers, employing contributing to the
diplomacy to resolve establishment of their
disputes. settlement.

Cultural practices, such as 5. Saulana (Talaandig):

healing ceremonies and The son of Agbibilin
naming traditions, who becomes a
underscore the spiritual and prominent leader and is
communal bonds of the known as Talaandig,
Bukidnon people. Through symbolizing leadership
its retelling, the epic and authority within the
celebrates the resilience, Bukidnon community.
spirituality, and
interconnectedness of the 6. Datu Malengmeng:
Bukidnon community in A notable leader of the
Central Mindanao. Talaandig people who
initiates peace efforts
and diplomacy to settle
disputes among various
groups in Central
Mindanao.

7. Pikas Indahag
(Aliga): The son of
Dignanawan who
emerges as a significant
figure in brokering
peace and
reconciliation between
warring factions,
embodying the spirit of
diplomacy and
leadership.

8. Bai Mayebeg: The

wife of Kuyaguwa
whose actions lead to
conflicts and wars,
representing the
complexities of human
relationships and their
consequences.

9. Sultan Bagunsaribu,
Sultan Maliwanag,
Datu Gepaw: Leaders
of the Maranao,
Magindanao, and
Manobo respectively,
who are involved in
conflicts and peace
negotiations with the
Talaandig people.

10. Datu Kisalem:

Father of Bai Mayebeg
and a key figure in the
conflicts that arise in
the narrative.