DAROUL FITRA PRIVATE SCHOOL

KEUR MASSAR AINOUMADY Aut: 00207 MEN/DEP Tel: 77 960 55 09

GRAMMAR EXERCISES
FOR CANDIDATES
Ibrahima Diallo
English Teacher

2024

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
REVISION OF TENSES ……………………………………....…….…………………....… 3
EXERCISE 1: TENSES ………………………………………...…….………………..... 12&19
EXERCISE 2: THE CONDITIONALS (IF CLAUSES)…………………………………… 15
EXERCISE 3: INFINITIVE OR GERUND …………………………………...………...... 16
EXERCISE 4: WISH STRUCTURES …………………………………...………......……... 18
EXERCISE 5: QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS ………………………………….... 20
EXERCISE 6: RELATIVE CLAUSES ……………………….…………………………….. 24
EXERCISE 6: THE ADDITIONS: NEITHER, EITHER, SO, TOO ...……………........... 26
EXERCISE 7: PASSIVE VOICE & ACTIVE VOICE ……………………………..……... 27
EXERCISE 8: REPORTED SPEECH ………………….……………………………….….. 29
EXERCISE 9: WORD BUILDING …………………………………………………...…….. 31
EXERCISE 10: QUANTIFIERS ………………………………………………………..…… 34
EXERCISE 11: COMPARATVES AND SUPERLATIVES …………………..………….... 36
EXERCISE 12: PRONOUNS …………………………….…………….................................. 39
EXERCISE 18: IMPERATIVES ……………………….……………………………………. 42
EXERCISE 14: SINCE – FOR – AGO – DURING – WHILE ...………………….……… 43
EXERCISE 15: PLURAL OF NOUNS……………………………………………………….. 45
EXERCISE 16: PREPOSITIONS………………………………………….………………….. 46
EXERCISE 17: CONNECTORS (Practice)...……………………………………………….... 48
EXERCISE 19: AUXILIARIES: MODALS ………………………………………….………. 51
THE ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS …………………………………………....…..…….. 55
CONNECTORS & USEFUL EXPRESSIONS………………………………………...……... 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………..………………………….....….. 61

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REVISION OF TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE
I. AUXLIARIES: TO BE / TO HAVE
TO BE = ÊTRE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I am I am not / ain’t Am I?
You are You are not / aren’t Are you?
He is He is not / isn’t Is he?
She is She is not / isn’t Is she?
It is It is not / isn’t Is it?
We are We are not / aren’t Are we?
You are You are not / aren’t Are you?
They are They are not / aren’t Are they?

TO HAVE = AVOIR
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I have I have not / haven’t Have I?
You have You have not / haven’t Have you?
He has He has not / hasn’t Has he?
She has She has not / hasn’t Has she?
It has It has not / hasn’t Has it?
We have We have not / haven’t Have we?
You have You have not / haven’t Have you?
They have They have not / haven’t Have they?

Notes: HAVE s’emploie comme verbe lexical (ordinaire) avec les auxiliaires « do » et « does » à la forme
négative et interrogative.
Ex: Do you have a house in this town? Ex: We do not have much fun here.
Ex: Does she have any good times here? Ex: Usually, she does not have lunch at home.

II. ORDINAL VERBS:

Example: TO WORK
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I work I do not work / don’t work Do I work?
You work You do not work / don’t work Do you work?
He works He does not work / doesn’t work Does he work?
She works She does not work / doesn’t work Does she work?
It works It does not work / doesn’t work Does it work?
We work We do not work / don’t work Do we work?
You work You do not work / don’t work Do you work?
They work They do not work / don’t work Do they work?

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Remarque: A la forme affirmative, le verbe prend « S » à la troisième personne du singulier et on emploie

« do» et « does » à la forme négative et interrogative.
La forme contractée de «do not» est don’t» et pour «does not» c’est «doesn’t»
Attention! Les verbes qui terminent par «ch, sh, o, y, x, ss, z» prennent «es» à la troisième personne du
singulier à la forme affirmative. On transforme l’Y en i+es sauf s’il est précédé d’une seule voyelle.
Examples:
To miss → He sometimes misses the train.
To wash → He always washes his wife’s car.
To go → He goes to the reception.
To fix → He seldom fixes his hair. His wife does it for him.
To quiz / → He often quizzes me about the disappearance of his things.
To fly → He flies to London every year.
To play → He never plays cards with us.
- Généralement, on emploie le present simple pour exprimer une action habituelle, rare, fréquente ou
répétée.
Ex: David usually works on Saturdays.
Ex: David doesn’t take a taxi that’s why he is often late.
Ex: These girls are shy, they seldom talk to boys.
Ex: David phones his parents twice a month.
– Le present simple exprime aussi une vérité générale; un fait.
Ex: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
Indicators of tense: Today, Nowadays, always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom, rarely, scarcely,
hardly, barely, never, occasionally, every/ each+ moment (everyday, each day…)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
Form: to be (present) + verb-ing = am / is / are + verb-ing
Example: TO PLAY
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I am playing I am not playing Am I playing?
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing?
He is playing He is not playing Is he playing?
She is playing She is not playing Is she playing?
It is playing It is not playing Is it playing?
We are playing We are not playing Are we playing?
You are playing You are not playing Are you playing?
They are playing They are not playing Are they playing?

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Attention aux certains verbes à la forme continue comme:

- To get → getting
- To die → dying
- To live → living
- To be → being
NB: Certains verbes ne peuvent pas s’employer au present continuous ; ils n’ont pas de développement
dans le temps. Ce sont des verbes de sentiment, de croyance et de perception tels que : love, like, hate,
want, need, believe, trust, know, understand etc.
Le present continuous s’emploie :
− Pour exprimer une action en cour à un moment donné du présent.
Ex: What are you doing at this moment? - I am making some cookies.
– Pour deux actions qui se déroulent au même moment.
Ex: Fatou is sweeping the compound while her sister is tiding the rooms.
– Pour une action programmée dans le futur et qui devrait surement avoir lieu.
Ex: David’s parents are coming back tomorrow.
Ex: The singer is not singing tonight.
− Pour décrire une tenue, une attitude ou une position.
Ex: Paul is wearing a white shirt with a blue tie.
Ex: Paul is sitting in the living room. He is watching TV.
Ex: Paul and Tom are smoking all the time.
Indicators of tense: Now, Still, stop!, Look!, Listen!, At the moment, imperative(Be careful!, Don’t
disturb! Watch out! etc.)
SIMPLE PAST(PRETERIT)
On a deux catégories de verbes : les regular verbs et irregular verbs.
1. Regular verbs
EXAMPLE: TO FINISH
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I finished I did not finish / didn’t finish Did I finish?
You finished You did not finish / didn’t finish Did you finish?
He finished He did not finish / didn’t finish Did he finish?
She finished She did not finish / didn’t finish Did she finish?
It finished It did not finish / didn’t finish Did it finish?
We finished We did not finish / didn’t finish Did we finish?
You finished You did not finish / didn’t finish Did you finish?
They finished They did not finish / didn’t finish Did they finish?

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2. Irregular verbs
a) - Auxiliaries: TO BE − TO HAVE
TO BE = ȇtre
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I was I was not / wasn’t was I ?
You were You were not / weren’t were you?
He was He was not / wasn’t was he ?
She was She was not / wasn’t was she ?
It was It was not / wasn’t was it ?
We were We were not / weren’t were we ?
You were You were not / weren’t were you ?
They were They were not / weren’t were they?

TO HAVE = AVOIR
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE
FORM
I had I did not have / didn’t have Did I have?
You had You did not have / didn’t have Did you have?
He had He did not have / didn’t have Did he have?
She had She did not have / didn’t have Did she have?
It had It did not have / didn’t have Did it have?
We had We did not have / didn’t have Did we have?
You had You did not have / didn’t have Did you have?
They had They did not have / didn’t have Did they have ?

b) - Ordinal verbs (see list pp. 50)

Le simple past ou preterit s’emploie pour une action complètement terminée ou pour raconter des
événements passés.
Ex: Last week, my parents were in London to attend a wedding ceremony.
Ex: She got married two weeks ago. I hadn’t spare time to attend her wedding ceremony.
Ex: We worked hard to build this empire.
Indicators of tense: Ago, yesterday, since, it’s high time + subject/ it’s time + subject, last + moment (last
year, last month, last week...), In the past, Formerly

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PAST CONTINUOUS(PROGRESSIVE):
Form: was / were + verb-ing
EXAMPLE: TO GO
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I was going I was not going was I going?
You were going You were not going were you going?
He was going He was not going was he going ?
She was going She was not going was she going ?
It was going It was not going was it going?
We were going We were not going were we going?
You were going You were not going were you going ?
They were going They were not going were they going?

Le past continuous s’emploie pour exprimer une action en cour à un moment donné du passé. Il se traduit
par l’imparfait du Français.
Ex: What were you doing yesterday at 5:00? – I was working in the garden.
– Pour exprimer deux actions qui se déroulent au même moment dans le passé.
Ex: The guests were singing while the couple was dancing.
- Pour une action en cour interrompue par une autre action passée avec when ou as.
Ex: I was sleeping when the phone rang.
Ex: As we were waiting for the bus, we heard an explosion.
- Pour décrire un élément, une attitude ou une position dans le passé.
Ex: All the girls were wearing skirts. Ex: The bridegroom was smiling to the guests.
Ex: Some of the guests were sitting in the garden.
Indicators of tense: Généralement, on emploie le Past continuous avec: As, always, while, when.
COMPLETE PAST: “used to…”
“used to…” s’emploie pour exprimer un passé révolu c’est-à-dire ce qu’on faisait et qu’on fait plus, ce qui
existait et qui n’existe plus ou ce qui se passait et qui ne se passe plus.
a) Positive form : used to + verb ( infinitif sans to)
Ex: Dennis used to smoke 40 cigarettes, but now he doesn’t smoke.
Ex: This building is furniture store. It used to be a movie theater.
b) Negative form: didn’t used to + verb ( infinitif sans to)
Ex: Jim didn’t use to go out very often until he met Jill.
Ex: I didn’t used to travel, but now I go away very often.
c) Question form: Did + subject + use to + verb ( infinitif sans to)?
Ex: Did you use to eat a lot candies when you were a child?

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Attention! To be used to + verb-ing expprime l’habitude.

Ex: I am used to living alone. (Je suis habitué à vivre seul) mais
I used to live alone. (Je vivais seul mais plus maintenant)
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:
Form: have / has + past participle.
TO START
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I have started I have not started / haven’t started Have I started?
You have started You have not started / haven’t started Have you started?
He has started He has not started / hasn’t started Has he started?
She has started She has not started / hasn’t started Has she started?
It has started It has not started / hasn’t started Has it started?
We have started We have not started / haven’t started Have we started?
You have started You have not started / haven’t started Have you started?
They have started They have not started / haven’t started Have they started?

- Le present perfect s’emploie pour une action passé dont le moment n’est pas précis.
Ex: David has written three letters.
Ex: Have you ever been to the U.S.A? – No, I’ve never been there.
- Pour dresser un bilan.
Ex: Congratulations! You have organized a good party this year.
– Pour une action non encore accomplie avec yet.
Ex: I have not yet finished my cake?
- Pour une action qui vient de se passer avec just.
Ex: Anne has just got her last gift.
- Pour une action déjà accomplie avec already.
Ex: They have already sent all the invitation cards.
- Pour une action qui dure jusqu’à présent.
Ex: My father has been the manager of this firm since 2000.
Ex: I have lived in this district for six months.
- S’emploie avec d’autres expressions tels que: It’s the first…that et le superlatif.
Ex: It’s the first time that I have seen your wife.
Ex: Saa Neex is the funniest man we have ever known.
Indicators of tense: yet, just, since, for, already, never, ever, so far, recently, lately, it’s the first time…

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: have / has + been + Verb-ing
TO EAT
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I have been eating I haven’t been eating Have I been eating?
You have been eating You haven’t been eating Have you been eating?
He has been eating He hasn’t been eating Has he been eating?
She has been eating She hasn’t been eating Has she been eating?
It has been eating It hasn’t been eating Has it been eating?
We have been eating We haven’t been eating Have we been eating?
You have been eating You haven’t been eating Have you been eating?
They have been eating They haven’t been eating Have they been eating?

- Le présent perfect continuous insiste sur la durée de l’action ou pour une action qui commence dans le
passé et qui dure jusqu’à présent. Il se traduit par le présent simple du français.
Ex: The couple has been dancing for a short time now.
Ex: The guests have been eating since eight.
Ex: How long have you been smoking? – Since I was twenty years old.
Indicators of tense: since, for, lately, recently, how long?
PAST PERFECT
Form: Had + past participle. (valable pour toutes les personnes)
- Le past perfect exprime une action qui a eu lieu avant une autre action elle-même passée.
Ex: The band had stopped before the couple cut the wedding cake.
= The couple cut the wedding cake after the band had stopped.
= The band had stopped when the couple cut the wedding cake.
- S’emploie dans une subordonnée de temps ou de condition lorsque le verbe de la principale est au
past conditional.
Ex: If the band had not stopped, the couple wouldn’t have cut the wedding cake.
Ex: The couple would have cut the wedding cake as soon as the band had stopped.
- S’emploie avec les expressions comme: It was the first time, it was the last time…that, the day before,
Ex: It was the first time that I had seen such a funny play.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
Form: Had + been + Verb-ing. (valable pour toutes les personnes)
Le past perfect continuous insiste sur la durée de la première action ou une continuité entre deux moments
du passé.. Il se traduit par l’imparfait du français.
Ex: They had been dancing for a few minutes when the band stopped.
Ex: We had been waiting since six before the couple arrived at the reception.

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SIMPLE FUTURE
Form: Shall / Will + Verb (infinitive sans “to”.
EXAMPLE: TO COME
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I shall/ will come I shall not come / shan’t come Shall I come?
You will come You will not come / won’t come Will you come?
He will come He will not come / won’t come Will he come?
She will come She will not come / won’t come Will she come?
It will come It will not come / won’t come Will it come?
We shall / will come We shall not come / shan’t come Shall we come?
You will come You will not come / won’t come Will you come?
They will come They will not come / won’t come Will they come?

Notes: Shan’t = shall not et won’t = will not

- Le simple future exprime une action inaccomplie, une action programmée dans l’avenir.
Ex: All the invitations cards will be sent tomorrow.
Ex: We shall receive our cards by Monday.
Ex: Will the couple go to Paris next week? − No, they won’t.
FUTURE WITH TO BE GOING TO…… / CLOSE FUTURE
Le futur avec « to be going to» exprime le futur immediat; l’action est imminente et marquée par l’intention.
Present form: am / is / are + going to…….
Ex: It’s going to rain soon.
Ex: I am not going to come to your wedding ceremony next week.
Ex: Are they going to have a party tomorrow?
Ex: She is going to sing at the reception tonight.
Past form: I / He / She/ It was going to……….
We / You / They were going to……
- Cette forme exprime une action imminente dans le passée et marquée par l’intention.
Ex: I was not going to come to your wedding.
Ex: He was going to leave for the wedding when we arrived.
Ex: They were going to dance all that night.
Indicators of tense: In the coming + moment ; Tomorrow; Next + moment (Next week, Next year,…)

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FUTURE CONTINUOUS: Will + be + Verb-ing

On emploie cette forme de futur pour exprimer une action en cour à un moment donné du futur ou une
prédiction sur une réalisation future du sujet.
Ex: Tomorrow evening, I will be watching the game at 8.
Ex: At this time next year, you will be studying in a High School if you pass your BFEM exam.
Ex: I know myself quite well; I will be missing my home town when I move to London.
Indicators of tense: At this time next…; At this time tomorrow …
PAST FUTURE / PERFECT FUTURE
Form: Will / Shall + have + past participle.
Il marque l’antériorité d’une action par rapport à une autre action située dans l’avenir.
Ex: We shall have gone home as soon as we have finished our job.
Ex: He will have danced when the band has started.
PRESENT CONDITIONAL
Form: Would / Should / Could + Verb (infinitif sans «to»). (valable pour toutes les personnes)
Avec « Would », le present conditional exprime un fait soumis à une condition au passé ou une situation
irréelle du présent.
Ex: David would be very sad if Anne refused to marry him.
Ex : Paul wouldn’t do that.
Ou une habitude dans le passé traduit par l’imparfait du français.
Ex: Every Sunday, we would drive out to Lac Rose.
Avec « Should » il exprime une suggestion ou un reproche.
Ex: You should tell him what you feel for him.
Ex: You shouldn’t reject his proposal.
Avec «Could», on exprime une possibilité, la capacité ou pour faire une requête.
Ex: You could not marry her without her father’s approval.
Ex: David could find another woman if Anne didn’t accept his proposal.
Ex: Could you help me prepare dinner?

PAST CONDITIONAL
Form: Should / Would / Could + have + past participle. (valable pour toutes les personnes)
Il s’emploie dans une proposition principale lorsque la subordonnée est au past perfect.
Ex: You should have accepted his proposal if he had proposed to you.
Ex: We wouldn’t have stopped dancing unless the band had stopped.
Ex: He could not have known you were sad if you hadn’t told him so.

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TENSES
I. Indicate the tenses and write the sentences in the negative and question forms
1. Little Kate knows the alphabet well.(…………………………………………….)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The twins attend the same school.(…………………………………………..)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The players are on the pitch. (…………………………………………………)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The birds have nests in this tree. (…………………………………………….)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. I am writing a letter. (………………………………………..……..)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Mom is making the children a meal. (………………………………………………)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. The police officer showed us the way to the museum. (………………………………………)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Dad bought a computer. (…………………………………………..)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Samantha had a pretty doll.(……………………………………………)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. The weather was fine here. (………………………………………………..)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. The students were sitting for the exam. (………………………….……………..)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Anne has drawn a panda. (……………………………………………)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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13. You had bought a car. (……………………………………………….)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. They have been playing in the garden. (……………………………………………..)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. He will tell us the truth. (………………………………………………)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. She would be angry with us. (………………………………………………….)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. We should invite Tom to our party. (…………………………………………….)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. You could open that door. (…………………………………………….)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. He would have finished the job. (……………………………………………………)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. Helen should have been here. (………………………………………………..)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
II. Give the correct tenses and forms of the verbs in parentheses
1. They ……………………………………………….. (to play) tennis on Monday afternoons.
2. His plane ………………………………………………….. (to take off) at 10 o’clock.
3. She …………………….……………(to find) a flat yet; so she ….…………………………. (to stay) in a small
expensive hotel at the moment.
4. The man ……………………..……….. (to run) through trees and across open spaces when he was spotted.
5. You ………………………….…..(to speak) for an hour; you …………………….(to need) a glass of water.
6. Listen! The poet ……………………………….. (to speak) about his latest book; it seems interesting.
7. I ……………………………………. (usually / to buy) books, like the one called “Be your own boss”.
8. Last week, the judges …………… Michael Ondaatje the book prize for his novel “The English Patient” (to award)
9. While Bartholomew…………………………………………. (to prepare)the latest edition of The Times Atlas of the
World, they had to make constant changes.
10. Marcus …………………………………………. (to run) to within over 50 yards of the queen before he was
overpowered by the police.
11. When I applied for the job, they ………………………………………(to advertise) it for a month.

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12. Where ……………………………………..……… (you / to be) tomorrow at 3pm?

− I think I ……………………………………..………… (to rehearse) with the band.
13. My friend ……………………………..(to work) for himself now, but he ……...…………..(to think) that it is more
relaxing to work for somebody else.
14. We …………………………………….…… (to be going to) help you find a better job.
15. He ………...….…………..(to suffer) from lung cancer because he …………….…..…….(to smoke) too much.
16. …………….. Bob ………………(to go and see) the doctor last Monday? – Yes, he ……………..
17. ………………….. the doctor ……………….. (to give) him any drugs? – Yes, he …………….
But, Bob …………….……..(not / to take) them regularly that’s why he ……………….…..(not/ can) feel better.
18. America ………………………….………..(to discover) five centuries ago and four centuries ago, the first black
people ………………………………….(to arrive) there to work on the plantations.
19. I …………………..…….(to get up) too late that’s why I ………….………………(not / to take) the first bus.
20. Most of the girls in the rural area are illiterate because they ………………………………..( never / to be) school.
21. Robert told that he ………………………………….(to get) his BFEM exam three years before.
22. It’s the first time we …………………………….. (to witness) such a terrible tragedy in this town.
23. …………………………………………..(to watch) Pod last night? – No, I ……………..
- Why………………………………….(to watch) it? – Because I slept too early. I ……………..(to be) extremely
tired. I………………………(to do) a lot of jobs in the afternoon.
24. If I were the president, I ……………………………….. for a third term. (not/ to run)
25. People ……………………………………………(not/ vote) for him if his first term isn’t satisfying.
26. If you ……………………………………..(to leave) earlier, you would have caught the train.

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IF CLAUSES

I. Give the right tenses and forms of the verbs between brackets
1. If I win the lottery, I …………………..………. you a big car as a present. (to buy)
2. If I …………………………….. you a car, would you be very happy? (to buy)
3. If I had got that job, I ………………………………….... to a new house. (to move)
4. If she …………… on exercising everyday, she’ll become the world’s number-one. (to go)
5. If I ………………… you, I wouldn’t worry about going to University. (to be)
6. Where would you like to live if you …………….….…………..… in California? (not / to live)
7. If she ………...…… too busy with her job, she would have looked after her children properly. (not/ to be)
tennis player.
8. The bank will seize your house if you ……………….…………..….. your loan. (not/ to repay)
9. The radio …………………………… if the batteries are flat. (not / to work)
10. If you really want us to you, you …………………………. all the truth. (to tell)
11. What shall we do if the taxi …………………………………… ? (not / to come)
12. The balloon ………………………… if it is filled with hot air (to rise)
II. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated below
1. He gets so many accidents because he is a careless driver.
→ If …………….....................................................................................................................
2. He doesn’t buy some new tyres that’s why his car isn’t safer.
→If …………….....................................................................................................................
3. I don’t speak English that’s why my job isn’t easier.
→ If …………….....................................................................................................................
4.The boys didn’t run away from the daara because they were afraid of Serigne Ngagne.
→ If …………….....................................................................................................................
5. He had a meeting, so he was unable to come.
→ If ...................................................................................................................
6. They wouldn’t have missed this lesson if they had known its importance.
→ Had …………….....................................................................................................................
7. If he doesn’t learn his lessons, he won’t have any chance to succeed.
→ Unless ……………............................................................................................................
8. I’ll go out if the weather improves.
→ Unless the weather improves, I …………………………………………………………….
9. Let’s do the exercises or else the teacher will punish us. But if we do the exercises, the teacher …………
……………………………………..........................................................................
10. Scarlett is permanently excluded from school because she is a troublemaker, but if she weren't a
troublemaker, she.......................................................................................................................
11. Lazy students don’t learn their lessons that’s why they don’t pass their exam! But if they learnt their
lessons, they…………………………………………………………………………………..
12. Jack won’t be rewarded because he hasn’t done well at school, but if he had done well at school, …….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Clarke had stomach aches because she ate bad food. But she wouldn’t have had stomach aches,
if she….…………................................................................................................

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GERUND OR INFINITIVE

DETENTION: Use a GERUND or an IFINITIVE with or without “TO” in these sentences

1. I am looking forward to (to see) ………..………..….. you again.
2. As a child, I used to (to spend) ……..……………….. holidays in my grandfather’s village.
3. The rain kept (to fall) ……………….………… all day long.
4. Daddy warned us (not/ to stay)………………………. out late.
5. He says we must avoid (to go) ………………………. out after midnight.
6. Senegalese customers must try (to feed) ………………..…. local food.
7. Most students want (to pass)…………….…………... their exam this year.
8. (to see)……………….… that he was sleepy, we decided to leave.
9. Stop (to shout)………..………… ! I can hear you very well.
10. I don’t feel like (to watch)……………………….TV tonight.
11. On our way home, we stopped (to buy)……………….……. some fruit and meat at the supermarkets.
12. I’d rather (not/ to invite) ……………………………… our unfriendly neighbours at the party.
13. I’d rather we (not/ to invite) ………...…………………… our unfriendly neighbours at the party.
14. Paris is a beautiful town. It’s worth (to visit)……………………….
15. There is no (to deny)………………….. that the cost of living is extremely high.
16. I can’t help (to laugh)……………….……… whenever I see a monkey making fuss. It’s so funny!
17. We regret (to tell) …………………..…. you that we can’t sign this contract.
18. Do you mind (to lend) ……………….……… me your car tonight.
19. I’d prefer (to travel)…………...……………. by plane than by boat.
20. Your car alarm is on the red. It needs (to refuel)……………………….
21. You’d better (to inform)....................……….…. them in advance before (to resign)………………
22. I remember (to lend)…………………………… him my dictionary last week.
23. Our friend suggested (to go)……………..……… on a picnic for the week end.
24. Why (to take)………………..….… a taxi since we are not in a hurry.
25. Our school teacher always forbade us (to eat)…………….……. in class.
26. It’s no good (to cheat)……………..……… at tests.
27. My elder brother isn’t accustomed to (to wake up)…………………..…… early.
28. The doctor advised him to stop (to smoke)…………………….. or else he he’d die.
29. You needn’t (to call) ……………………. them. They are already informed.
30. We are considering (to rent)…………………… a new flat.
31. I regret not (to attend)…………………………….…… the meeting yesterday.
32. The bad weather prevented us from (to drive)……………..………… fast.
33. You must carry on (to work) …………………………. if you wish (to succeed) ……………………
34. I didn’t pay attention because I was busy (to read)…………………….

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35. Don’t forget (to bring ) ………………….…. back the boo I lent you.
36. (to swim)……………………….….. is said ………………… (to be) good for health.
37. Don’t fancy (to play)…………………………. a game.
38. My elder sister hopes (to pass) ………………………….. her exam this year.
39. The accountant was charged with (to falsify)…………………………. documents.
40. When the kids saw the mad man (to come)…………………….. towards them, they ran away.
41. We are made (to learn)…………………………. many lessons in view of the final examination.
42. My parents won’t let me (to marry) ………………….…. that drunken man.
43. Would you mind (to answer)…………………………. a few questions, please?
44. Indian people enjoy (to drink)…………………..…… tea very much.
45. They succeeded in (to improve) …………….……………… the employees’ living conditions.
46. Instead of (to beg)………………………..…, you’d better work to earn your living.
47. The new manager failed (to save) ………………………. the company from bankruptcy.
48. Why (to go)…………………….... out? It’s too cold today.
49. The workers thanked the manager for (to increase)……………….……..……. salaries.
50. It’s high time for them (to repaint)…..………..………………… their house.

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STRUCTURES OF «WISH»

I. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated below

1. I don’t know how to use a computer. I am sorry! I wish ……………………………………………….
2. What a pity! The lions lost the final in 2002. We really wish ……………………………………..
3. You didn’t see that wonderful play. It’s a pity! I wish ……………………………………………….
4. Sorry! I can’t attend the meeting tomorrow. I really wish …………………………………………….
5. I am sorry he doesn’t take his medicines correctly. I wish …………………………………………….
6. Tom broke with his girlfriend. He regrets. He wishes …………………………………………….
7. I am not the president now. I am sorry! I wish ………………………………………………………….
8. The students won’t be informed about the exam schedules. I wish ………………..……………………
…………………………………..……….
9. Her parents hadn’t enough money to send her to school. It’s a pity! She wishes …………………..
……………………………………….………………………….
10. Deve wants a car for his eighteenth birthday next year. Deve wishes ………………………………….
11. Archana regrets marrying that man. She wishes……………………………………………..
II. Complete with the correct forms of the verbs
12. Tom likes football. He wishes he………………………………(become) a professional football later.
13. Alice didn’t get a good grade. She wishes she……………..……….…………..(work) harder.
14. David is keen on computers. He wishes he ……………………………………(study) computer science
next school year.
15. I am sorry I have got lost. I really wish I…………...........………….( know) what to do.
16. I feel sick. I ate too much. I wish I ……………………………………….(to eat) too much.

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FURTHER EXERCISES ON TENSES

Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct forms and tenses

1. At this time next year, I……………………………………… at the university.(to study)
2. The boss made me…………………………………………. the task again. (to do)
3. Listen! The president …………..……………………………………….a speech. (to deliver)
4. The family …..…...……...…..(to sleep) when the thief …………..(to step) in and …...……(to steal) the TV set.
5. ……………………………………………….on holiday last year?(you / to go)
6. By July, the school year……………………………………………………….(to end)
7. He………………………………………at his exam when he was a student.(to cheat)
8. As soon as Demba saw his father, he…………………………………..the cigarette. (to throw)
9. John…………………………………………..as a carpenter before he served a primary teacher. (to work)
10. ‘So long a letter’ by Mariama Ba is worth…………………………………… (to read)
11. He ……………….…….(to wake up), …………..……….(to take) a bath and ………………….(to go out)
12. Nobody could help…………………………….(to laugh) the joke was really funny.
13. It’s no use …….........…………………………………over spilt milk. (to cry)
14. People shouldn’t ………………………….. her for that. She’s an unconscious girl. (to blame)
15. Mum would like me……………………(to stay) at home, but I would prefer………………………(to go out)
16. Father was reading the newspapers while the kids……………..……………………….(to make) noise outside.
17. I am deeply sorry for…………….…………………..you, but I’ll need your help. (to disturb)
18. They had their problem………….………(to solve) after they ………………………..(to talk) to the president.
19. If the minister hadn’t satisfied their request, they……………………………………..their strike. (not / to stop)
20. He married a pretty girl he………………………………………………a year before at a party. (to meet)
21. Before he……………………..………a president, Obama had been a senator of Illinois. (to become)
22. The teachers will be on a strike if the minister…………….……………….them for negotiations. (not / to receive)
23. It’s the first time a black man ……………………………………elected president of the U.S.A. (to be)
24. It’s high time the rest of the world…………………………….. the U.S.A democracy as an example. (to take)
25. You can’t talk to him right now, he……………………………………. a press speech. (to hold)
26. You would be able to talk to him if he…………………………………….. a press speech. (not / to hold)
27. When they…………………..(to arrive) at the airport, the plane……………………………..(already/ to take off)
28. The students…………………………………..…. about their bad conditions for so many years now. (to complain)
29. In 2005 an American teacher …………………………………us English for three years. (to teach)
30. Look! The bad boy ……………………………………(to cheat) again. He…………………..(always/to do) it.
31. Most of these women are illiterate because they…………………………………….……..to school. (never / to be)
32. Fatou is still a single woman, she……………………………..…………………….yet. (not / to get married)
33. Had we known they wouldn’t come, we……………………..…………..our time waiting for them. (not / to waste)
34. I would rather you……………………………………… to the seaside by yourself. (not / to go)
35. Salimata quitted school to get married, but now she wishes she……………...…….………… her studies.( to stop)
36. Do you remember ………………………………………………them enter? ( to hear)
37. Never forget……….…………………….(to look) left and right before……....………………(to cross) the road.
38. Do you still smoke? – No, I……………..(to smoke) no longer. I…...……….(to give up) smoking three years ago.
39. Your father ……………………….………. mathematics, so does my father. (to teach)
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QUESTIONS & TAG QUESTIONS

I. ASKING QUESTIONS: Ask questions from the corresponding given words

1. The government restricted the transport to prevent the virus from spreading.
– the transport: ……………....................................................................................................
– to prevent the virus from spreading: ……………..................................................................
2. People have been on lock down since last month because of this pandemic disease.
− since last month : ……………...................................................................................
− because of this pandemic disease: ……………............................................................
3. Anne sometimes drives her mother’s car.
– Anne: ……………...................................................................................
– sometimes: …………………………………………………………………….
- her mother’s: ……………...................................................................................
4. The children are playing noisily in the living room.
– playing: ………………………………………………………………………..
- noisily: ……………...........................................................................................
– in the living room: ……………...................................................................................
5. Susan always prepares meals for the family on Sundays.
– always: ……………...................................................................................
– meals: ……………...................................................................................
– on Sundays: ……………...................................................................................
6. Brenda got three microwave ovens and 3500 dollars during her reception.
– three: ……………...............................................................................................
– 3500 dollars: ……………...................................................................................
− during her reception: ……………...........................................................................
7. I’ve been working on this farm for several years.
− for several years: ……………………………………………………………………

II. TAG QUESTIONS: Complete the sentences with the correct tag questions.
1. Frank speaks three languages, …………………..?
2. My sister’s several pairs of shoes, …………………..?
3. Moctar bought a nice shirt, …………………..?
4. I am simply a wonderful rap singer, …………………..?
5. Your mother will surely help us, …………………..?
6. Senegal was among the favorites, …………………..?
7. People didn’t intervene, …………………..?
8. Let’s play cards, …………………..?
9. Nobody saw the man who went out, …………………..?
10. Everyone is happy, …………………..?
11. John hardly calls us past ten, …………………..?
12. Don’t accept his offer, …………………..?
13. Go to bed right now, …………………..?
14. We shall help him arrange his new flat, …………………..?
15. A muslim must never eat pork, …………………..?
16. Somebody is knocking at the door, …………………..?

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17. Everything you do is for your family, …………………….?

18. Those cows belong to you, ………………………….?
19. That animal can climb trees,……………………….?
20. The examination won’t be very easy for us,……………………?

III. Complete the dialogue with the correct questions or tags with the correct short answers.
A journalist is interviewing Mrs. Fall on the women’s association she is leading.
Journalist: Mrs. Fall, to begin our show, would you tell us where you come from?
Marie Ngouda: Thank you for inviting me, I come from a village in the Delta of Dagana.
Journalist: It’s a historical village, ……….……………..?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, …….….. In case you don’t know, it’s the religious village of Elhadj Malick Sy.
Journalist: So you moved from teaching to farming, …….………………..?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, ………………..
Journalist: ………………….……………………………………………………………. ?
Marie Ngouda: I made such a decision for two main reasons. The first is that I couldn’t see myself sitting
under a tree in the yard all day long with my legs stretched out! I want to be active! It keeps you healthy.
Journalist: And what ………………………..……………………………….…………..?
Marie Ngouda: The second reason is that I’m from a region where women have a long tradition of farming.
Journalist: But they cultivate rice only, …………..……………..?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, …….....…. But modernly organized, women’s association has come in and helped.
Journalist: When ……………………………………………………………………..?
Marie Ngouda: The association started when I retired and went to Gaya.
Journalist: …………………………………………………………………………………?
Marie Ngouda: The association has been created in order to help women produce enough rice to feed their
families.
Journalist: You’re the president of the association, …………………..?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, …………………...
Journalist: ………………………………………………………………………………..?
Marie Ngouda: I’ve been leading the association for a few years now.
Journalist: ………………………………………………………………………………….?
Marie Ngouda: Perhaps women could earn more by producing millet and groundnuts but rice is an
important crop and the area is well suited to it.
Journalist: ………………………………………………………………………………..?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, the project has improved the lives of the women in the area.
Journalist: Tell us about the changes, …………..………………..?
Marie Ngouda: The mentality of the people in the area has been changed in many domains.
Journalist: ………………………………………………..…………………………………?
Marie Ngouda: Yes, I can give some examples. For instance the number of early marriages has reduced and
some members have been persuaded not to spend their income on gold or expensive bubus.
Journalist: So, surely, everyone in this area is proud of you, ………..……………..?
Marie Ngouda: I do think so.
Journalist: Thank you very much, Mrs. Fall for coming on our show.

From Keep in Touch 3e Student’s book, by Nafissatou M’bodj & Adama Sidibé EDICEF Hooder
Education Group, 2010 p.74

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IV. Reorder the following elements to prepare a questionnaire on cigarette smoking. The first has been
done as an example.
Example: smoke / you / do / Why?
Good order: Why do you smoke?
- you / been/ have/ smoking/How long?
Good order: ……………………………………………………………………………………..
- do / smoke / How many / you / cigarettes / a day?
Good order: ………………………………………………………………………………………
- Cigarette smoking / you / heard that / Haven’t / dangerous / is?
Good order: ……………………………………………………………………………………..
- solutions / do / What / you suggest / cigarette smoking / to fight against?
Good order: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

V. Dialogue completion:
Amady is not feeling well. He goes to see his friend Ali. Complete their conversation meaningfully
Aly: You seem to be sick, ……………………………………. ?
Amady: You’re right. I (not to feel)……………….…………………..well for a few days
Aly: Really?.................................…. with you? I’m sure it has something to do with your heavy smoking.
Amady: Yes, it does. The doctor said that if …………………………………, I’ll die soon.
Aly: And…………………………………………………………….. stop smoking ?
Amady: I’ve tried but…………………………………….………….. . I’m addicted.
Aly: …………………………………………………………………… trying e-cigarettes ?
Amady: Yes, I heard it’s an efficient………………………………………………..

VI. Karim wants to have some information about Assita’s life. Complete their conversation with correct
questions or tag questions.

Karim: ……………………………………………..…………………………………….?
Assita: I’ve been to college in 2000-04.
Karim: You’re working at the travel agency,………………………….?
Assita: Yes I am.
Karim: ……………………………………………………………………?
Assita: I’ve been working for the travel agency for ten years now.
Karim: ……………………………..…………………………………………………..?
Assita: I joined it in 2007.
Karim: …………………………………………………….……………………………?
Assita: I joined it through the internet.
Karim: ………………………………………….……………………………….?
Assita: Yes, I am the manager.
Karim: ……………………………………………..………………………………..?
Assita: I’ve been the manager since 2010.
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Karim: You got married,………………………………………..?

Assita: Of course I got married.
Karim: ……………………………………………………..………………………………..?
Assita: My husband is abroad.
Karim: ……………………………………………………………….…………………….?
Assita: We’ve got only one child since we’ve been married.
Karim: ………………………………………………………………………………?
Assita: I became interested in amateur drama after leaving school.

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RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronouns:

who − whom − whose − which − where − when – why − what − that

1. Do you know that man ……………… is sitting over there in the corner?
2. I don't understand a word ………….…… you are talking about.
3. They have a very large house round ………..…..…… there are some lovely gardens.
4. I'm looking at the photograph ……………...… you sent me with your letter.
5. There is a new television programme called: '……...……… wants to be a millionaire?'
6. I think you will see that this is the best museum ……..…..… you can find in the town.
7. The police want to find out ………….… drove the red car into the shop window.
8. Did you meet the lady …..………..… uncle works in the library?
9. The person in the house next to mine knows someone ………….…… met the Queen.
10. The grass, …..………… I cut every week, seems to grow very quickly.
11. There was a time …………..….. women could neither write books nor vote.
12. Everyone wonders the reason …….…..……. she refuses to denounce her rapist.
II. Join the two sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun to make correct relative clauses.
Example: 1. Susan is a nurse. She lives next to my door. = Susan is a nurse who lives next to my door.
2. Sit on the armchair. It is behind you. …………………………………………………….
3. A stadium is a place. People play games there. …………………………………………………….
4. The players didn’t play well. So, they lost the match. …………………………………………….
5. This is the only hotel. It is in the town. …………………………………………………….
6. Balla is a wrestler. His father used to be a wrestler. ……………………………………………….
7. I don’t understand. The teacher is explaining it. …………………………………………….
8. Lions are animals. They live on meat. …………………………………………………….
9. Summer is a period. It is hot in Senegal. …………………………………………………….
10. She betrayed me. It hurt me. …………………………………………………….
11. Miranda is the name of the girl. I told you about her. …………………………………………….
12. Brenda dances very well. She works in a night club. ………………………………………….
III. Complete the definitions or descriptions below by using the appropriate relative pronouns
Example: 1. A baker is someone who makes bread.
2. Bracelets are things …………………………………………………..….…………….
3. A waiter is a man ……………………………………………..………………….
4. Spring is the season ………………………………………………………..…………..
5. A mosque is a cult ……………………………………………………………..………..
6. A cat is an animal …………………………………………………………………..
7. April 04th is the day ……………………………….…………………………….………

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8. The monument of renaissance isn’t the only one………………………………………….

9. A widow is a woman …………………………………………………………………………
10. Rambo is the stupidest film ……………………………………………………..……….……
IV. Give a definition or a description for each of the words below by using a relative pronoun.
NB: The first is given as an example
1. A doctor is a person who looks after sick people.
2. Autumn……………………………………………………………………………….
3. Bars………………………………………………………………………………….
4. A widower……………………………………………………………………………
5. Birthday………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Football……………………………………………………………………………….
7. Spanish…………………………………………………………………………………
8. An elephant……………………………………………………………………………..
9. A church………………………………………………………………………………….
10. A lawyer ………………………………………………………………………..….
11. A phone …………………………………………………………………………..

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ADDITIONS

A. Complete the sentences with: SO / TOO / NEITHER / EITHER

1. Nafi plays basketball very well,……….........……… her sister.
2. We have got new bikes, ………………….…….. Peter.
3. I have watched Titanic and my sister has ………….……
4. They never worked past 10 p.m.,………..…………...….. I.
5. Paul won’t receive any prize, ……………..……….. Patricia.
6. I would give you some if I had money, ………….…………… Francis.
7. Gold is precious metal, ………………………….. bonze.
8. You didn’t study at Harvard University, …………………………. your brother.
9. Helen wasn’t in New York. She wasn’t in California …………………
10. It …………………… snowed nor rained yesterday.
11. She travelled ………………… by boat or by plane.
B. Complete with: SO or NEITHER
1. Amy: I didn’t sleep a wink last night. Badou: ………………….. I.
2. Amy: I’m really sorry for laughing at her. Badou: …..…………. Awa.
3. Amy: I’ve never done skin bleaching, Badou: …………...… my sister.
4. Amy: I won’t accept his proposal, Badou: ……………… I.
C. Complete the dialogue with the correct words below
so − too − neither − either − also
Louis: How does Maria look?
José: Maria isn’t very tall, she isn’t fat ……………..
Louis: ………………. is her mother.
José: But, Maria looks prettier, and she sounds like her father ……………….
Louis: Can she speak English now?
José: Yes, she can. She can ……………….. play the piano very well.
Louis: So I am very eager to chat with her in English and to listen to her play the piano for me.
II. Rewrite the sentences as indicated with: NEITHER…NOR or EITHER…OR
1. Grandpa doesn’t use Instagram. He doesn’t use Twitter either.
→ Grandpa uses ……………………………………………………………..
2. You can take the train or you can take the bus to Bamako.
→ You can take………………………………………………..…………
3. The boss is very late today. His assistant is too.
→ Both the boss ………………………………………………………….
4. My father didn’t have a car, neither did my mother.
→ …………………. My father ………………………………………………

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PASSIVE VOICE & ACTIVE VOICE

I - Transform the sentences from Active to Passive voice.

1. People like wrestling very much in Senegal.
→ Wrestling …………………………………………………………………..….
2. My mother doesn’t scold children.
→ Children……………………………………………………………………………..….
3. Her parents brought her nice clothes from Lagos.
→ She ……………………………………………………………………………………..….
→Nice clothes ……………………………………………………………………..….
4. The president has postponed the elections.
→ The elections………………………………………………………………………..….
5. Students must follow the rules of the school.
→The rules of the school …….……………………………………………………………..….
6. You will study Spanish next year.
→ Spanish ……………………………………………………………………………………..….
7. The burglars didn’t steal all the jewels.
→ All the jewels ……………………………………………………………..……….
8. Somebody is playing the piano up stairs.
→ The piano ……………………………………………………………………..….
9. Helen sends tons of voices a day in the group.
→ Tons of voices I ……………………………………………………………………………………..….
10. The demonstrators should damage no bus.
→ No bus………………………………………………………………………………..….
11. Do the students understand this lesson?
→ ……………………………………………………………………………………..….
12. Doesn’t the teacher explain the lessons clearly?
→ ………………………………………………………………….……………………
13. Did the authorities take drastic measures against road accidents?
→ …………………………………………………………………………………..….
14. What do they expect us to do?
→ What ……….……………………………………………………………………..….
15. Why couldn’t the children feed the animals?
→ Why……………………………………………………………………………..….
16. The boss made me do all the job alone.
→ I …………………………………………………………………………..….
→ The boss had ………………………………………………………………….

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17. The workers say that Mrs. Mbow is a competent manager.

→ Mrs. Mbow ……………………………………………………………………………..….
→ It ……………………………………………………………………………….…………
18. People said that the Mayor embezzled the public funds.
→ The Mayor …………………………………………………………………………..….
→ It………………………………………………………………………………………..….

II – Turn the sentences into passive or active voice

Active voice Passive voice

1. My brother will buy my father a new car.

2. A meeting was being held by the teachers.

3. Permanent solutions should be found by the

authorities to solve the problem of floods.

4. Most Senegalese people don’t appreciate a woman

prime minister.

5. They reported that many people died in the Joola

Ship wreck.

6. I will have the documents sent by the secretary.

7. The headmaster made the bullies clear the school

yard.

8. Were the bullies punished by the headmaster?

9. He hadn’t been informed by the supervisor.

10. Dinner won’t be served by a waitress.

11. The door can’t be opened by Alex.

12. The copies weren’t corrected by the teacher.

13. This poem was written by Senghor.

14. The policemen are chasing the criminal.

15. They aren’t invited by us.

16. I had my car repaired by the mechanic.

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REPORTED SPEECH

I. Transform the following sentences into indirect speech

1. “I buy a credit card for my phone every day”
→ Issa said that………………………………………………………………………………………
2. “Our teacher is very good”
→ The pupils said that………………………………………………………………………………
3. “I will come to see you tomorrow”
→ Nafi promised me that………………………………………………………………………………
4. “We played a difficult game yesterday.”
→ Abdou and Aly told that………………………………………………………………………………
5. “All my cousins have gone to clandestine immigration.”
→ Malick said that………………………………………………………………………………
6. “You must learn this lesson.”
→ The teacher told us that………………………………………………………………………………
7. “Don’t insist.”
→ He told me………………………………………………………………………………
8. “Do this as I want it.”
→ Then he ordered me………………………………………………………………………………
9. “Do you speak English?”
→ My pen friend asked………………………………………………………………………………
10. “Are you students?”
→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………………………
11. “Will I have to go to a concert tonight?”
→ Billy wondered ………………………………………………………………………………
12. “What can I do to improve my English?
→ John asked ………………………………………………………………………………
13. “Where is your last test?
→ My father asked me………………………………………………………………………………
14. “Who came here while I was sleeping?”
→ Father asked ……......................................................................................………….
15. “Let’s go to a cyber café”
→ Jack suggested us………………………………………………………………………………
→ Jack suggested that we ………………………………………………………………………………
16. “I will not accept their proposal.”
→ Jessica says that………………………………………………………………………………
17. “What did they propose to her?”
→ Paul asks ………………………………………………………………………………
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18. “God is really great.”

→ The priest preached that………………………………………………………………………………
19. “What a faithful wife you’ve got!”
→ Bob exclaims that Peter………………………………………………………………………………
20. “Do you like horrible films?”
→ She wonders………………………………..……………………………………………………
21. The president is said to be wicked
→ People say that………………………………………………………………………………
II. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated below
1. Sophie said that her husband would be back from Spain the week after.
→ Sophie said: “…………………………………………………………………………………………”
2. When the teacher told my dad that I hadn’t been to school for a month, he reacted in these words: “What?
So, you mean that my son………………………………….…………………. for a month.
3. When my dad applied the cane again and shouted, “You must tell me why you skipped the class.”
I understood that I…………..…………………………………………………………...
4. The minister has announced that a lot of jobs will be created by the end of the year.
→ A lot of jobs……………………………………………………………..……………..
→ It …………………………………………………………………………..…………….

III. Turn the sentences into Direct or Indirect speech

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. “I’ll spend the summer holidays in my uncle’s Robert told that…………………………………...

village next year.” ………………………………………………………

June asked: “……………………………………. 2. June asked if there was a bus to town everyday.
…………………………………………………. ”

3. “I think so, because I took one yesterday.” Amy said that she………………………………….
……………………………………………………....

4. “Will you be going on holiday this year?” Hannah asked Thomas…………………………….

…………………………………………………..…

Thomas told her“……………………………….... 5. Thomas told Hannah that his father had been ill, and
……………………………………………….…… they had had to use the holiday money for the hospital.
……………………………………………………”

6. “What are we going to do now? Ted asked his friends……………………………...

……………………………………………………..

7. “I’m not sure it will rain tomorrow, but I’m Michelle said that…………………………………..
going to take my umbrella just in case.” …………………………………………………….

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WORDS BUILDING

1. Indicate the basic word of the following derived words

mistreatment →…………...... hopelessness → …………… involvement → …….…
maker →……………… happiness → …………… employee → ………
exhibition → …………… hateful → …………… kingdom → ………
expectedness → …………… friendship → …………… motherhood → ………
coexistence → …………… subhumanity → …………… kindness → ………
width → …………… foreigner → …………… length → ………
knowledge → …………… wisdom → …………… freedom → ………
commuting → ………….… decision → …………… independence → ………
discovery → …………… singer → ………….… excellence → ………
paper-cutter → …………… Christendom → …………… wickedness →………
information → …………… bilingualism → …………… informality → ………
greatness → …………… irrationality → …………… bloody → ……
II. Making nouns
MAKE NOUNS FROM THESE ADJECTIVES MAKE NOUNS FROM THESE VERBS
healthy to advise
true to choose
poor to compare
hungry to prove
thirsty to analyse
dead / deadly to need
long to unite
deep to sensitize
happy to succeed
dangerous to lose
admissive to submit
submissive to admit
popular to decide
populous to compete
shy To destroy
timid To intimidate
famous to bore
dusty to govern

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III. Complete the following chart.

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
wasteful
to employ
hard
to hope
knowingly
depth
national
frightful
freely
remark
strong
straight
drink

IV. Use the following prefixes to form the opposites of the words:
dis – un – ir – in – il – im
1.An ____believable story. 7. An ____lucky student. 13. To ____lock a cell phone.
2. To ____approve 8. A ….honest man. 14. An ____resistible girl.
3. To ____connect a computer 9. An ____usual way. 15. An ____legal action
4. An ____curable disease. 10. To ____obey an order. 16. An .…polite person.
5. An ____dependent city. 11. An ____mature girl. 17. A ____loyal competitor.
6. An ____possibility 12. To ____agree with an idea. 18. An ____favorable exchange
V. Use the suffixes (-LESS / -FUL) to complete the sentences meaningfully
1.A desert is a water____ area.
2. Young people migrate clandestinely because they are job____
3. She is friend____ because she has quarreled with all of her friends.
4. Don’t be discouraged, be hope….
5. Don’t be afraid of the dog. It is harm____, but smoking is harm____ to your health.
6. What you did was little but it was meaning….... because it helped me succeed.
7. If you want to be success____ every time, learn your lessons regularly.
VI. Complete the sentences with a derived word formed from the basic words between brackets
1. How serious is her ____________________ (ill)? She looks ____________________ (dread)
2. We must make a ____________________ about where to go. (decide)
3. He is having a ________________________ for his back. (treat)
4. Put the ice cream in the ____________________ please. (freeze)

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5. It was very ____________________ (mist) this morning. Driving was ____________________ danger)
6. We bought this house at a very____________________ price. (reason)
7. The secretary was very ______________ (help) and explained everything to me very___________ (care)
8. Can I get a ____________________ of this book? (translate)
9. We can subscribe to a ____________________ newspaper in this town. (week)
10.How many ____________________ holidays do you have in Senegal? (nation)
11. She hoped her marriage wouldn’t be a ____________________ (fail)
12. She hasn’t got a husband yet, she is still ____________________ married)
13. She can think of ____________________ reasons for not getting married. (count)
VII. Complete the following passage with the appropriate form of the words in brackets
It’s a known fact that girls are____________________ (discrimination) against in some countries. Malala
shows how violence and ignorance can be a ____________________ (hinder) to girls’ schooling. She was
shot because she was actively fighting for school ____________________ (attend) for all girls. For that
reason, UNESCO strongly advocates ___________________ (equality) access to education for all children.
VIII. Write the correct form of the words between brackets to make a meaningful text
Tourism provides an opportunity for ____________________ (friend) dialogue between people of different
cultures. Therefore it should be more an encounter than a tour, ____________________ (particular) for
tourists who set foot in a country for the first time. They do not always live up to our ___________________
(expect). ________________ (bad) of all, they avoid contact with local people and criticize their traditions.
IX. Complete the passage meaningfully with the right forms of these words
live − danger − destruction − die
Beware! Cigarette smoking is bad. It is very____________________ to your health, because when you
smoke many cigarettes a day, it will ____________________ lungs. Cigarette smoking causes a lot of
diseases; and it can even be responsible for your ____________________. So, I suggest you should stop
smoking if you don’t want to hurt your ____________________

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QUANTIFIERS

I. Fill the blanks with the correct quantifiers to make a meaningful paragraph
many − much − a little − a few − little − few
As a rule, ………… people have …………… money after Tabaski. There aren’t ……… .sheep and goats
either. You can see only …….…. sheep, usually the small ones, walking around. On the ground by the
lagoon there is ……….. grass left. It’s almost all eaten by the sheep. …………. trees are left because they
were too strong to be eaten. Not ……..… people buy cows at Tabaski. They are terribly expensive, but you
often see …..….... small boys pulling reluctant sheep along the road.
Adapted from David Mills, Boniface Zodéougan, Barry Tomalin and Tim Dousts’
English for French speaking Africa 3e, ed. Armand Colin, Longman, p.89
II. Fill in SOME or ANY
1. There isn’t ………………. money in the bag.
2. Please, buy me ……………… stamps at the post office.
3. There were …………….. apples here a minute ago.
4. Is there ………………. meat at home?
5. I have ……………. tea, but I don’t have ………….. sugar.
6. Would you like …………… chips? No, I don’t. But I’d like …………… cakes.
7. Shall I bring you …………… juice? – No, thanks.
8. Have you got …………….. mandarins? – No, I don’t. But I’ve got ……………. oranges.
III. Complete the dialogue skeletons with:
HOW MANY; HOW MUCH; A FEW; A LITTLE; SOME or ANY
1. A: ………………………….. bananas would you like?
B: Just ……….…………...…, please.
2. A: Can I have ……………….……. milk?
B: Sorry, we haven’t’ got ………..……….. milk.
3. A: ………………………… bread would you like?
B: Just…………………………., please.
4. A: ……………………………. carrots do we have?
B: We have only …………….............
5. A: …………………………. oranges do we need?
B: We don’t need …………..……….. oranges.
6. A: ………………………….. sugar would you like in your coffee?
B: Just ………………………., please.
7. A: Could I have ………………………. tea, please?
B: Of course. Would you like …………………………… biscuits too?
8. A: Is there any wine in the fridge?
B: No, we need to buy ……………………....
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IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Il est impossible de faire tout ce travail en si peu de temps.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Ils étaient tous épuisés (exhausted) à la fin de la semaine.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Il semble avoir (He seems to have) beaucoup d’argent, peut-être même trop, pour un garçon de 18 ans.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Elle a tant de livres qu’elle ne sait pas où les ranger.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Elle n’a pas assez d’argent pour en prêter à son frère.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Chacun d’entre vous devra faire quelque chose pour l’aider.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Vous pouvez choisir l’un ou l’autre de ces disques.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Tous les bijoux qui étaient dans le coffre (safe) ont disparu (are missing).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Vous ne devriez pas boire tant de café.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Il y a trop de sans-abris (homeless people) dans les grandes villes. La plupart d’entre eux souffre de
froid et de faim. ……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………
11. Il y avait deux policiers au coin de la rue : ni l’un ni l’autre ne pouvait m’indiquer la bonne direction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Il gagne autant d’argent que moi mais il a moins de responsabilités.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Il nous a raconté quelques histoires à dormir debout (cock and bull stories).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. La plupart des étudiants ont choisi d’étudier le droit (law).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Il y a de la nourriture, mais pas beaucoup de boisson.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. Je lui ai demandée de mettre un peu de sucre dans mon thé.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Quelques élèves seulement échoueront à cet examen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Beaucoup de touristes viennent ici l’hiver, mais peu d’entre eux séjournent plus d’une semaine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

I. Give the comparatives of the adjectives between brackets: superiority (>) inferiority (<), equality
(=), inequality (≠)
Trinity college in Cambridge is …………….………..(> rich) many other colleges. It is ……….……..…
(≠ harassed) by financial difficulties as the others. That’s why they offer undergraduate and post-graduate
students ……………..…….……(> numerous) scholarships and …………………...……….(> generous)
grants than anywhere else.
Other colleges are …………………..…………(< fortunate). They have had to reduce their expenditure in
recent years. As for the actual universities of Cambridge and Oxford, they are generally ………..……….…..
(< prosperous) the other colleges. Today, student numbers are growing ………….........………...(> fast)
ever before. Teaching process at Cambridge is based on the tutorial and is much……………………..………
(> individualized) anywhere else.
Oxford is just …………………………..….….(= well known) Cambridge and their students just …………..
(= privileged). But Entry to universities in Britain is ….………………………..………(> selective) in many
continental countries. British universities tend to be much ………………………………..(> small) in the
U.S.A. Recently, British polytechnics have been up-graduated to the status of universities and may be in the
future ……………..…………….…(= popular) them. However, the Polytechnics will continue to specialize
in ……….………….……………..(> technical) subjects.
Adapted from ANGLAIS: Methodes & Techniques by A.M Kuperberg, N. Chochillon, M. Le Gall
and P. Underwood, Nathan, 1993, p. 36
II. Give the superlatives of the adjectives between brackets: superiority (>), inferiority (<)
1. Mount Everest is one of ……………………………………....(> famous) summits in the world but it is
also ……………………………………….(> high) junkyard. Since 1953, one hundred and thirty seven
expeditions have left an estimated 50 tons of plastic, glass, metal, even a crash helicopter!
2. Lake Superior is ………………………………………(> large) in the North America.
3. The Sahara area is ………………………………………………(< densely populated) area in Africa.
4. The North Pole is one of ……………………………………………….(> hostile) regions in the world.
5. In Amazonia you can find ……………………..………………(> great) number of unknown species.
6. The Nile River is ……………….……………………(> long) river in the world.
7. Mexico and Athens are ……………………….…………………… (> polluted) towns I’ve ever seen.
8. Damascus in Syria is …..……………………………(> old) capital city in the world. It was founded
around 2,500 B.C.
9. Some of…………………………..……..……(> violent) hurricanes develop over the Gulf of Mexico.
10. The North American prairies contain some of ………………………..……………….(> productive)
farmland on earth.
11. Loire is ………………………………………………… (< navigable) of the French rivers.

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III. Comparative or superlative: Complete the sentences with the suitable comparative or superlative
of the adjectives between brackets.
1. Working in factories is ……………………………………….(exhausting) these days.
2. German cars are ……………………..……………….(expensive) Japanese cars.
3. This is one of ……………………..………………. (funny) plays I have ever seen.
4. Monday is undoubtedly ……………………..………………. (pleasant) day of the week.
5. Donkey is ………….……………. (strong) horse, but Elephant is ……………………. (strong) horse.
6. Coca cola happens to be ……………………..………………. (popular) drink in the world.
7. He is fine today, ……………………..………………. (well) yesterday.
8. Chinese cuisine is ……………………..………………. (subtle) Russian cuisine.
9. Nowadays people’s diets seem to be …………………..………………. (balanced) they used to be.
10. Doing odd jobs is ………………..…….(good) begging, but robbing is ……..……..…….(bad) begging.
IV. Reformulations: Rewrite the sentences as indicated below by keeping the same meaning
1. The Smiths seem to be less sociable than the Davids.
→ The Davids seem to be ………………………………………………………………….
2. I have never met such a lovely girl as Miranda.
→ Miranda is………………………………………………………………………….
3. No football player was as good as Messi in his time.
→ Messi was……………………………………………………………………………
4. The mathematics test wasn’t so easy as the science test.
→ The science test was……………………………………………………………
5. Ben’s house is pretty , but not so pretty as yours.
→ Your house is …………………………………………………………..
V. Complete the skeleton dialogues with the words from the box

the same as ‒ the same ‒ similar ‒ similar to ‒ like ‒ as

ADAM: Is your new mobile phone ………...................... John’s?

DANIEL: They look ……………………… but they are not ……………

SUE: That’s funny! Robyn bought ……………………… type of phone ……………. the one I have.
CHRIS: Yes, It is ……..………………. to my phone too.

CHARLIE: Your mobile phone looks …………….……… mine.

ANDREW: Yes, but I don’t think yours is ……….………… as mine.

AMY: Is Chris ………………..…… his father?

ANDREW: Yes, he is. He really looks ………….…………. him, although he is a little bit shorter.

TIM: What are Andrew’s occupations?

KATE: He has …………….…… job as his father. He works ………………… a dentist in a clinic.

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IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

NB: Vous pouvez utiliser le dictionnaire si nécessaire

1. De mes deux enfants David est le plus doué (gifted).

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Sandaga est de loin (by far) le marché le plus peuplé de la ville.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Laquelle de ces deux robes trouves-tu plus jolie?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Ils ont deux filles : l’ainé enseigne la philosophie.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Tous ses enfants sont timides (shy) mais Thomas est le plus timoré (timid).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. De ces deux romans (novels) sur la société sénégalaise Une si long lettre est le plus original.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Mary est la plus gaie (cheerful) de leurs trois enfants.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Notre fils ainé est à la maison pour les vacances. Nos deux autres enfants sont à la montagne.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Dans notre couple, c’est certainement ma femme qui est la plus irascible (irritable).
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. La Roll Royce était l’une des voitures les plus chères du monde.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. La Ferrari était l’une des plus rapides.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Qui a fait moins de fautes ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Les résultats deviennent de plus en plus inquiétants.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Plus il parlait, plus il s’énervait.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. David est un bon pianiste mais pas aussi talentueux (skillful) que Kevin.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. Mère Térésa est l’être humain le plus fascinant que j’ai connu.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Il est d’autant plus important pour les entreprises d’innover que la crise va se prolonger.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Il devient de plus en plus difficile de trouver du travail à cause de la crise.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
19. Il est d’autant moins facile de trouver du travail que la récession est sérieuse.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Cette crise est-elle plus sérieuse que celle des années 30s ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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PRONOUNS

I. Complete the passage with the suitable possessive adjective, personal or possessive pronoun
according to the meaning of each sentence and the narration it constitutes.
During the winter of 1945 I lived for several months in a roomy house in Brooklyn. ____ was not a shabby
place. The house was pleasantly furnished and kept neat by ____ owners, two maiden sisters.
Mr. Jones lived in the room next to ____ ; ____ room was the smallest in the house, ____ the largest, a nice
big sunshiny room, which was just as well because Mr. Jones never left ____. All ____ needs, meals,
shopping, laundry, were assisted to ____ by the middle-aged landladies. Also, ____ was not without visitors.
On the average, a half-dozen various persons, men and women, young, old in between, visited ____ room
each day, from early morning until late in the evening. ____ was not a drug dealer or fortuneteller: no, ____
came just to talk to ____ and apparently ____ made ____ small gifts of money for ____ conversation and
advice. If not, he had no obvious means of support.
From Mr. Jones, Random House, by Truman Capote
II. Fill the gaps with the following demonstrative pronouns according to the context:
this − that − these − those − the one − the ones
1. ……….. of them who attended the lecture were pleased to meet the great poet. He was there to talk about
his books, particularly ……….... which is published ….....….. month. He is among ……….... who try to
break with the yoke of traditional poetry.
2. Look! ………... are two of his books I bought last week.
3. I prefer ……………... with the red cover.
4. ……...….. man is one of the greatest literary figures of our time. He deserves the Nobel Prize, much more
than ……..….. obscure novelist who got it last year.
III. Choose the correct answer then fill the blanks
1. I asked if .............................. wanted an ice cream.
(a) anyone (b) someone (c) everyone (d) no one
2 Did .............................. phone me when I was out?
(a) anyone (b) someone (c) everyone (d) no one
3. Your face looks horribly familiar. I think I’ve seen you ................................. before.
(a) anywhere (b) nowhere (c) somewhere (d) everywhere
4. She left the room without saying ..............................
(a) nothing (b) something (c) everything (d) anything
5. I have never been .............................. more beautiful than Thailand.
(a) anywhere (b) nowhere (c) somewhere (d) everywhere
6. Who was at the party? .............................. Peter, Anne. Mark, Barry, all the Pearsons and Sally Bennett.
(a) Anyone (b) Someone (c) Everyone (d) No one

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7. What would you like to eat for lunch? .............................. I don't mind.
(a) Nothing (b) Something (c) Everything (d) Anything
8. Where do you want to go on holiday? .............................. with a beach. I don't care where we go as long as
it's sunny and has got a nice sandy beach.
(a) Anywhere (b) Nowhere (c) Somewhere (d) Everywhere
9. I have ............................... to say to you. Goodbye.
(a) nothing (b) something (c) everything (d) anything
10. I felt so embarrassed. I was sure that .............................. was looking at me.
(a) anyone (b) someone (c) everyone (d) no one
IV. Choose the correct reflective pronouns then fill the blanks

myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself – ourselves – yourselves – themselves

1. Once there was a young man who called ............................................ Icarus.

2. His father always wanted his children to look after .............................................. and do what they wanted.
3 The trouble was that Icarus always wanted to put ............................................. into danger.
4. His father said again and again if we don't take care, we'd hurt .........................................
5. Icarus shocked his father with an idea that he was going to try out on ....................................
6. He had watched birds fly by throwing ................................................. into the air.
7. His sister said she would like to push .................................. into the air and fly but she was too frightened.
8. Icarus said he would try and he promised his father: “I will not injure .....................................”
9. The last words his father said before Icarus left were: Look after .....................................
10. Unfortunately Icarus went too near the sun and the wax on his wings melted and the feathers worked
.......................................... free and he fell on the ground and died.
V. REFERENCING: What or who do the underlined words refer to in the text?
Thomas is an intelligent boy and he works well at school. His parents are successful doctors. Both work in
the same hospital. They would like him to become a doctor like them but he isn’t keen on doing this job.
He thinks that it is very boring because you receive all kind of patients. Some are too rude and others not
understandable. In addition to this he can’t stand too much blood. For him doctor is his parents’ profile not
his. His ambition is to become a pilot. He’s in year 12 so he must do another to pass the upper level. After
this he’s going to apply for the pilot training test.

he (line 1) refers to ……….. both (line 1) refers to …………. His (line 1) refers to ………..
They ( line 2) refers to ……….. him (line 2) refers to ……….
them (line 2) refers to ……….. it ( line3) refers to ………….
you (line 3) refers to …….. Some (line 3) refers to ………….
others ( line 3) refers to……….. his (line 5) refers to ………….
another ( line 5) refers to ……… this job (line 2) refers to ……….
this (line 6) refers to…………… his (line 1) refers to ………….

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VI. Translate the following sentences into English

NB: Vous pouvez utiliser le dictionnaire si nécessaire
1. Il a construit sa maison tout seul.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Le président en personne vint à leur rencontre.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Il s’est fait rasé la tête.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Ma voiture est vieille, j’en ai besoin une nouvelle.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Vous vous êtes amusés au Théâtre hier soir?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Il était évident que David et Jane s’aimaient. Ils ne cessaient de se regarder et sourire.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Il se leva, se rasa, s’habilla, et se rendit à l’hôpital par ses propres moyens.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Le drame est arrivé parce que les supporters se détestaient.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Aucun de ces ministres ne me plait. Je les déteste tous.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Pas mal d’enfants sont exploités par les adultes. Beaucoup sont ceux qui mendient dans les villes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. J’ai rencontré deux charmantes filles à Hawaï mais je ne pouvais épouser aucune d’elles. Toutes les deux
étaient mariées. ………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Lequel de ces garçons trouves-tu plus élégant? – Celui avec le chapeau.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Il a quatre magnifiques Villas. Il y a une piscine dans chacune. Je préfère celles qui se trouvent à la
campagne ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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IMPERATIVE

I. Write the following sentences into the imperative forms

1. (We/ have) dinner now.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. (The demonstrators /( not /damage) the buses.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. (You /not break) the rules of the game.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. (She /prepare) dinner for us.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. (They /keep) the house till we arrive.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. (The president /respect) our constitution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. (It / not take) all our time.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. (We /not accept) this stupid offer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. (I / prove) what I am worthy of.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. (You / solve) this problem yourself.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. (Nobody /smoke) in the public places.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. Make ten (10) imperative sentences with different persons and nouns
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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SINCE − FOR − AGO − DURING – WHILE

I. Translate these sentences into English

1. Mon oncle fume depuis qu’il a vingt ans.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. Cela fait des heures que Kate cuisine.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Cela fait un moment depuis que je lui ai parlé.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
4. J’ai pas eu des novelles de Charles depuis six mois.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. John n’est pas venu ici depuis Noël.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Nous avons passé de bons moments pendant les vacances scolaires.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Je t’ai attendu pendant trois heures.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Il neige depuis la semaine dernière.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Louise a commencé à teindre ses ongles il y 5 ans.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Que faisais-tu pendant la fête? - Je chantais pendant que d’autres dansaient.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. Ccomplete the following sentences in the paragraph below with:
since − for − ago − during - while
I’m Marcelo from Brazil. I’ve been in Toronto________ months. I came here ________ the summer.
________ then, I’ve been learning English. ________ the day, I attend classes. ________ I’m there, I also
speak to my friends. I need to practice because I’ll only be here ________ one more month. Luckily I live
with a Canadian family and practice English ________ I am not home. “Wish me luck!” I picked up that
phrase ________ my conversation class. Yesterday I met a Brazilian man ________ we were eating at a
restaurant. He’ been living in Toronto ________ 2018. He hasn’t been back to Brazil ________ five years.
He’s planning to go back home next year.
II. Reformulations: Rewrite the sentences as indicated below
1. These people haven’t received a loan for fifteen years.
→ It has been ……………………………………………………………………………..
2. She’s been singing for ten years.
→ It’s been……………………………………………………………………………..

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3. My father’s been listening to the news on BBC for years now.

→ My father started ……………………………………………………………..
4. He moved to the western country two months ago.
→ It is …………………………………………………………………………….
5. She has never seen Titanic.
→ It’s ……………………………………………………………………………
6. The last time I saw her was Thanksgiving.
→ I haven’t …………………………………………………………………….
7. Laura started playing the piano when she got back from school, and she is still playing.
→ Laura has …………………………………………………………………….
8. Your dad has worked in this factory for twenty years.
→ Your dad started ……………………………………………………………
9. It’s been a long time since we last went to the theater.
→ We went ……………………………………………………………….
10. It’s been two years since I met Julia.
→ I have known …………………………………………………………….

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PLURAL OF NOUNS

I. Complete the chart II. Put the words between brackets in singular or plural
following the suitable noun according to the context. Use an article if necessary.
N Singular Plural
° 1. How many …….…(loaf) of bread have we got? – Only two.
1 a dog 2. When I opened the door, I found all …………….…(secretary)
2 ladies gossiping and drinking coffee.
3 child 3. I’ll never forgive you! ………(glass) you broke will cost……
4 louse (fortune) to replace.
5 policeman 4. My neighbour’s ………(cat) are friendly………..….(animal).
6 teeth 5. Unfortunately, her ………………….(child) are horrible little

7 a fox …………………...(monster).

8 an ox 6. Let’s get home quickly. It’s freezing and my ………...(foot)

9 an aircraft are cold.

10 half 7. …....(man) and ………….….(woman) of this country are very

11 fish generous and ready to fight for freedom.

8. What is called the Fourth State in the USA? It’s………(media)
12 houses
9. I don’t understand why he accepts to be exploited in such a
13 a photo
way. His …………..…..(wage) are very low.
14 means
10. A lot of black …….(American) live in …….(ghetto)
15 a youth
11. Many ………..(animal kind) are in danger.
16 geniuses
12. ………..…..(Smith) have a very big house and a large family
17 a fly
that’s why they’ve hired two ……………..……..(housewife).
18 a life
13. The book is printed so badly that the publisher has had to
19 a glass
include quite a few …………….…….(erratum).
20 a short-cut
14. Some …………….………(hypothesis) must be proved to be
21 an apple tree
correct before we reach the conclusion.
22 crises
15. In the United States …………….....(homeless) are more and
23 data
more numerous.
24 criterion
16. Some ……………….…..(passer-by) saw the whole scene of

25 stimuli the murder.

17. He has put two…………………(mouse-trap) in the cellar.
26 cliff
18. Tom is really …………………....……(good-for-nothing).
27 people

28 a blind
29 a leaf
30 knives
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PREPOSITIONS

I. Fill in with the correct preposition down from the list to make a meaningful paragraph.
for − to − on − from − in – with − out − next to − at − down

NB: Certaines prépositions sont réutilisables.

Amara is an intelligent student. He got his CFEE ……. 2012. He lives …... Keur Massar. His house is …..
the market. Every day after having his bath, he puts ………. his clothes and goes ……. school. School starts
……. eight and stops before one o’clock …… the afternoon. ….….. night he sleeps in the boys’ room …...
his brothers and cousins. His father is an inspector who works …..…. Monday ……… Friday. He never
works ……... Saturdays and Sundays.
II. Fill the blanks with the correct preposition
1.Do you believe ……….. God?
2. Luck does exist but your success depends ……...... you. Nothing can prevent you ….…. succeeding
if you work very hard.
3. Everybody must protect themselves …………… these dangerous diseases.
4. They are all ill. They suffer …………… Malaria.
5. My family comes ………….. a small village …………. Dagana.
6. We rely………..you so that our party may be successful.
7. You must apologize ……..…… your stupid behavior.
8. People are really tired …….…… politics and politicians.
9. This student is very good …….............. drawing but he is bad ………….. mathematics.
10. It’s very kind ……………you …………..taking care ……..…… my children while I was away.
11. This cell phone is different …………… the one I had last week.
12. Are you interested ……………. an outgoing next week?
13. You’d better take your child ……. the doctor before it becomes too late. Please listen ……… me.
14. Look ………… them! They are looking ………… RIZZLA in order ……. smoke Yamba.
15. It’s just a challenge. If we succeed ………. getting our BFEM, they’ll all be proud ………... us.
16. Come on. Don’t be afraid …………… the dog, it won’t bite you.
17. I am really sorry ……..…. coming so late.
18. They are not responsible …………. what people accuse them of.
19. Concentrate ……………your grammar and you’ll have good marks.
20. This dog belongs …………….. you so you are responsible …………. its faults.
21. Don’t shout …….... me. I am tired ………… your humiliations.
22. Children must be grateful ………… their parents who brought them ……....
23. If you don’t’ give ……….. smoking, you’ll get a lung cancer.
24. She didn’t want to marry that rich man but she had to give …….... her parents’ pressure.

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25. Blow …....…. the candles, please.

26. Our flight is taking ……… at nine o’clock in the evening.
27. Don’t run ……… from the truth.
28. This book deals ……….. environmental impoverishment pollution and deforestation.
29. We’ve been talking ……… child labor in developing countries. What do you think ….….. this
phenomenon?
30. She carried ……… her father’s business after he retired.

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CONNECTORS
NB: See the list of connectors on page 53
I. Fill the blanks using the appropriate words in the box to make a meaningful paragraph.
though until as because of because despite
while since that’s why but during

________ my mother prepares meals for the family, my father plays games with Tom, my younger brother.
Tom always shouts ________ all the games. He keeps on shouting ________ my father’s hushing him. My
father is less good at playing ________ he is older than Tom. ________ he enjoys playing games with us.
My father doesn’t mind stopping all his activities at home to play with us ________ I appreciate him very
much. I happen to think that my mother has got a great chance to get a husband like my father ________ his
sense of humor. Personally I can’t miss my dad ________ all day long. I never have dinner without his
presence. I always wait ________ he arrives to have dinner with him. I need this moment to talk to him
about my day and other things concerning life experience ________ he understands me better than my mum.
II. Complete the sentences with:
However ‒ Whatever ‒ Whoever ‒ Wherever ‒ Whenever
1. __________________ the problem is, you can call me.
2. __________________ it is, tell them to ring back later.
3. __________________ hard I try, I’ll never be able to do it.
4. __________________ you go, there is no place like home.
5. __________________ happens, I’ll never forget you as long as I live.
6. __________________ we meet, I always seem to say the wrong thing.
7. __________________ there’s work to be done, he is nowhere.
8. __________________ much she eats, she never seems to put on weight.
9. __________________ I go, I’ll find people who can speak English.
IV. Complete with:
while ‒ so as to ‒ despite ‒ until ‒ even if ‒ because ‒ because of ‒ that’s why ‒ nevertheless
1. New jobs are being created __________________ reduce unemployment.
2. Some were laughing __________________ others were crying.
3. __________________ all the money he’s made, he hasn’t changed a bit.
4. You’ll find just what you want __________________ you have a special interest.
5. __________________ you are a millionaire, you can’t buy health and happiness.
6. We cannot call ourselves truly civilized __________________ we stop killing.
7. You may be right; __________________ I am going to do it my way.
8. Unions leaders were angry __________________ the failure of the negotiations.
9. The patient’s conditions were serious __________________ they had to operate.
10. Two billions of people have been confined __________________ the pandemic.

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V. Make coherent combinations using the elements in the columns A, B and C.

A B C
1 I regret that some journalists keep a we don’t appreciate such an article.
writing such articles
2 I am sure that you would not have because b we sincerely believe in the freedom
written such an article despite of speech.
3 However we have decided not to that is why c the efforts of the government to
take any action against your though protect children.
newspaper if
4 It would be unfair of us to take d you had got in touch with our
such actions against newspapers services for the right information.

1………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2……………………………….……………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4………………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Rewrite the following sentences in the prompt given way:

1. Sogolon had an ugly face but the two brothers chose her.
→Although ………………………………………………………………………
→ However ………………………………………………………………..……..
2. Sogolon had an ugly face and a humped back.
→ In addition to ……………………………………………………………………..
3. Though he is generous, he doesn’t accept cheating.
→ Despite ………………………………………………………………………………….
→ In spite of his …………………………………………………………………………
→ No matter how ………………………………………………………………………….
4. I have never cheated in my life.
→ Never …………………………………………………………………………………
5. He hardly calls home past ten.
→ Hardly ………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The burglars took all the money. They also took my diamond rings.
→ Not only ……………………………………………………………………….…….
7. It was such an awful meal that we hardly touched it.
→ The meal was so …………………………………………………………………….
8. He had such an illness that he could hardly speak.
→ He was ……………………………………………..…………………………………

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9. They bought a credit card then they called us.

→ Before they …………………………………………………………………………………
→ Before …………………………………………………………………………………
→ After they …………………………………………………………………………………
→ After …………………………………………………………………………………
→ When they…………………………………………………………………………………

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AUXILIARIES: MODALS

I. Choose the correct answer among a, b, c or d proposals

1. I ............... go to see the doctor last week because I was very ill.
(a) must (b) must to (c) had to
2. I could ............... bought that car but I didn't have enough money to pay for the petrol.
(a) had (b) have (c) have to
3. I ............... go now because I am already late for my class.
(a) must (b) had (c) have
4 I may ............... able to come to your party if I have the time.
(a) be (b) being (c) being to
5. Do you ............... clean the house every day or every week?
(a) must (b) have (c) have to
6. I ............... speak French without a problem now because I have had many lessons.
(a) may (b) can (c) have
7. They ............... do their homework today because it is a holiday at the school.
(a) must not (b) don't have (c) don't have to
8 I ............... help you with your shopping because you have a lot of bags.
(a) ought (b) ought to (c) thought
9. When will you ............... come and see us in our new house?
(a) can (b) be able to (c) must
10. I may ............... go to Paris next week because there is a very big festival.
(a) have (b) have to (c) had to

II. Replace the fat words with suitable MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS:
1. I am able to climb up that palm tree.
I can climb up that palm tree.
2. When I first went to England I was able to read English but I wasn’t able to understand it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Am I allowed to see your passport, please?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. He sees very badly, he is obliged to wear glasses all the time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Pedestrians are permitted either to use the crosswalk or cross the street at the traffic lights.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The buses were all full, so I was obliged to take a taxi.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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7. You are banned from driving fast; there is a speed limit here.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. …………………. we all go to the football match tonight?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door. She was unable to hear the
bell. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. I am unable to carry this heavy pack myself. I think I will ask for help.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. I saw her at the office half an hour ago. She is impossibly at home now.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. I can’t find my keys. I probably put them somewhere in my room.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. I don’t know what all this noise is about. It is possibly my father breaking wood in the backyard.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. If you have finished your work, you are allowed to leave.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. You are invited to come to the cinema with us.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. We are not obliged to go to the restaurant. I’m able to cook quickly for us.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. I advise you to drive carefully.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. It’s not necessary for you to come.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. I will be obliged to take the bus because my car has broken down.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. People are prohibited from selling cocaine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Complete the sentences with the following modals in the right tenses and forms.

can / could / shall / should / will / / would / must / may/ migtht / had better / dare / need
1. Christians ............... be polygamists but muslims ............... marry four wives if they ............... afford it.
However muslims ……….. drink wine, beer, whisky, alcohol or any kind of these drinks, they ……………..
to eat pork either whereas Christians ………...
2. It’s impossible. You ……….….. have known your grandfather. He died before you were born.
3. It’s possible. He ………….... be the murderer since he had been seen around a while before.
4. Yemi ………….... do everything in the house because her mother is ill.
5. Their mother did the best she ………..…..…….. for them to be happy.
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6. If my parents move to Sikeodji, I ………..…….. go to another school.

7. …………….. you close the window please? It’s windy.
8. His boss told him to work on Sunday, he …………….. do so.
9. We were so tired that we …………….... keep awake.
10. …………... all the students pass the exam.
11. Many people think that an educated man ………..…….. marry an uneducated woman, but an educated
woman …………….. never marry an uneducated man. And they also say that women …….…….. do all the
domestic chores because it is their duty.
13. In addition people generally think that women ……………….….. do some jobs because they are weak.
For them men and women don't have the same strengths and weaknesses.
14. However many things have changed in this world. A lot of female workers …………...….. compete with
men in the domains reserved to men.
15. We think that young girls ………….…….. be encouraged to do any job they want to do. Consequently,
parents ……………….. stop them from making their own choice.
16. In view of these changes, it’s thought that a woman ………………….... be as successful as a man today
but she …………………..... work harder to achieve it.
17. It …………………….. be harder for women to become as successful as men if they hadn’t to deal with
pregnancies and maternity leaves whereas men ……………….. focus more on work.
18. Nevertheless a determined woman …………….. become a chief executive and get the same salary as a
man for the same job or the same qualifications.
19. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You ……………..…. buy any.
20. It's a hospital. You ………..………. smoke.
21. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He ………. be tired after such hard work. He….…. prefer
to get some rest.
22. You …………………. take your umbrella. It is not raining.
23. Take an umbrella. It ……………..…. rain later.
24. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you …………..……. to work hard.
25. …………..…. I ask a question? - Yes, of course.

26. The teacher said we …………. read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But we ………….
read it if we don't want to.
27. Drivers ……..………. stop when the traffic lights are red.
28. People ……………. walk on grass.
29. ………….…. you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I ………….

30. I ……………. speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we moved
back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child.
Now, I ………..………. just say a few things in the language.
31. You leave small objects lying around. Such objects be swallowed by children.

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32. That man is very bold. How ……………..….. he offense the president like that?
33. If I finish doing my homework, I …………………..…… to go out.
34. You ………..……… learn your lessons instead of chatting on WhatsApp all the time.

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THE ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

N0 INFINITIVE PAST (PRETERIT) PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATON

1 To abide abode abode Supporter
2 To awake awoke awoke Se réveiller
3 To beat beat beaten Battre
4 To become became become Devenir
5 To begin began begun Commencer
6 To bend bent bent Courber /Plier
7 To bid bade bidden Offrir /Commander
8 To bind bound bound Lier
9 To bite bit bitten Mordre
10 To bear bore born Porter
11 To blow blew blown Souffler
12 To break broke broken Casser / Briser
13 To bring brought brought Apporter
14 To build built built Batir /Construire
15 To burn burnt / burned burnt/ burned Brùler
16 To buy bought bought Acheter
17 To bet bet bet Parier
18 To burst burst burst Eclater
19 To beseech besought besought Supplier
20 To bleed bled bled Saigner
21 To breed bred bred Elever
22 To bereave bereft bereft Dépouiller / Priver de
23 To catch caught caught Attraper
24 To cast cast cast Jeter
25 To choose chose chosen Choisir
26 To come came come Venir
27 To cost cost cost Coùter
28 To cleave clove cloven Fendre
29 To chide chid chidden Gronder
30 To cling clung clung S’accrocher
31 To clothe clad /clothed clad /clothed Vêtir
32 To cut cut cut Couper

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33 To dig dug dug Creuser

34 To do did done Faire
35 To draw drew drawn Dessiner / Tirer
36 To dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed Rêver
37 To drink drank drunk Boire
38 To drive drove driven Conduire
39 To deal dealt dealt Traiter
40 To dwell dwelt dwelt Demeurer / Habiter
41 To eat ate eaten Manger
42 To fall fell fallen Tomber
43 To feel felt felt Sentir
44 To fight fought fought Lutter / Combattre
45 To find found found Trouver
46 To fly flew flown Voler
47 To fling flung flung Jeter/ Lancer
48 To flee fled fled S’enfuir
49 To forget forgot forgotten Oublier
50 To forbid forbade forbidden Interdire
51 To forgive forgave forgiven Pardoner
52 To feed fed fed Nourrir
53 To freeze froze frozen Geler
54 get got got Obtenir
55 To give gave given Donner
56 To go went gone Aller
57 To grow grew grown Pousser/ Faire pousser
58 To grind ground ground Moudre
59 To have had had Avoir
60 To hear heard heard Entendre
61 To hide hid hidden Cacher
62 To hit hit hit Frapper
63 To hold held held Tenir
64 To hurt hurt hurt Blesser / Faire mal
65 To hang hung hung Suspendre
66 To hang hanged hanged Pendre (à un gibet)

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67 To heave hove hove soulever

68 To keep kept kept garder
69 To kneel knelt knelt Agenouiller
70 To know knew known Savoir/ Connaitre
71 To lie lay lain Etre étendu / se coucher
72 To lay laid laid Poser
73 To light lit lit Allumer
74 To lead led led mener
75 To lean leant / leaned leant / leaned Se pencher
76 To learn learnt / learned learnt / learned Apprendre
77 To leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped Sauter / Bondir
78 To leave left left Quitter
79 To let let let Laisser / Permettre
80 To lose lost lost Perdre
81 To lend lent lent Prêter
82 To make made made Faire / Fabriquer
83 To meet met met Rencontrer
84 To mean meant meant Signifier / vouloir dire
85 To mow mowed mown / mowed Faucher
86 To pay paid paid Payer
87 To put put put Mettre
88 To read read read Lire
89 To ride rode ridden Monter à cheval/ à vélo ..
90 To rid rid rid Débarrasser
91 To ring rang rung Sonner
92 To rise rose risen S’élever
93 To run ran run Courir
94 To quit quit quit Quitter
95 To saw sawed sawn / sawed Scier
96 To say said said Dire
97 To see saw seen Voir
98 To seek sought sought Chercher
99 To sell sold sold Vendre

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100 To send sent sent Envoyer

101 T o set set set Placer / Regler
102 To sew sewed sewed / sewed Coudre
103 To shake shook shaken Sécouer
104 To shine shone shone Briller
105 To shoot shot shot Fusiler/ Tirer
106 To show showed shown/ showed Montrer
107 To thrink thrank thrunk Rétrécir
108 To shut shut shut Fermer
109 To sing sang sung Chanter
110 To sink sank sunk Couler
111 To sit sat sat S’assoir
112 To sleep slept slept Dormir
113 To slide slid slid Glisser
114 To sling slung slung Lancer
115 To smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled Sentir une odeur
116 To sow sowed sown / sowed Semer
117 To speak spoke spoken Parler
118 To spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled Epeler
119 To shear sheared shorn Tondre
120 To shrive shrived shriven Confesser
121 To swell swelled swollen Enfler
122 To strew strewed strewn Joncher
123 To smite smote smitten Frapper
124 To stride strode stridden Enjamber
125 To strive strove striven S’efforcer
126 To spring sprang sprung Bondir / Jaillir
127 To slay slew slain Massacrer / Tuer
128 To spit spat spat Cracher
129 To spill spilt / spilled spilt /spilled Renverser
130 To spend spent spent Dépenser
131 To sweat sweat sweat Suer
132 To shed shed shed Verser / Faire couler
133 To spread spread spread Propager / Etaler
134 To shoe shod shod Chausser

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 Ibrahima Diallo Grammar for Candidates

135 To split split split Fendre / Déchirer

136 To spoil spoilt spoilt Gater / Gaspiller
137 To slit slit slit Fendre / Déchirer
138 To stand stood stood Se lever / Supporter
139 To speed sped sped Accélérer
140 To strike struck stricken Frapper / Hurter
141 To steal stole stolen Voler /Dérober
142 To swear swore sworn Jurer
143 To take took taken Prendre
144 To teach taught taught Enseigner
145 To tell told told Dire / Raconter
146 To tear tore torn Déchirer
147 To thrive Throve thriven Prospérer
148 To think thought thought Penser
149 To tread trod trod Piétiner
150 To upset upset upset Bouleverser
151 To undertand understood understood Comprendre
152 To undergo underwent ungone Subir
153 To wear wore worn Porter
154 To weep wept wept Pleurer
155 To write wrote written Ecrire
156 To wring wrung wrung Tordre
157 To weave wove woven Tisser
158 To wind wound wound Enrouler

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 Ibrahima Diallo Grammar for Candidates

CONNECTORS
Hence / thus / Therefore / So Donc
For instance A titre d’exemple
Above all Surtout
Given that Etant donné que
Thanks to Grâce à
As long as Tant que / Aussi longtemps que
So as to / In order to Afin de / pour
Notwithstanding Malgré
Whereas Tandis que
Hardly / Barely/ Scarcely A peine
If not / Or else Sinon
Inspite of / Despite Malgré / En dépit de…
Afterwards Ensuite
However Cependant / toutefois / de toute manière
Although / Though Bien que / quoique
Nevertheless Néanmoins
In addition / Morever De surcroit / de plus
In addition to En plus de
Nowadays De nos jours
Whoever Qui que / qui conque
Wherever Où que / là où / partout où
Whenever Quand / chaque fois que
Whatever Quoi que
Until / Till Jusqu’à / jusqu’à ce que
As soon as Dès que / aussitôt que
Otherwise Autrement ; sinon
But Mais
As for Quant à
Because Parce que
Because of A cause de
Provided that Pourvu que
So that / So .… that De sorte que / Tellement ... que
As a result Par conséquent
As a rule Généralement
Even if / Even though Même si

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 Ibrahima Diallo Grammar for Candidates

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
1) Giving one’s opinion : 9) Accepting thanks:
 In my opinion ….  That’s all right!
 To my mind ….  You’re welcome!
 Personaly, I think that ….  Don’t mention it!
 It was a pleasure!
2) Expressing agreement : 10) Greeting / Meeting:
 I quite agree with you!  Good morning (afternoon / evening)
 I fully agree with you!  Hello! / Hi!
 You’re right!  How do you do?
 How are you getting along?
 How nice to meet you!
3) Expressing disagreement : 11) Requests:
 I don’t think so!  Would you be so kind to help me?
 You’re totally wrong!  Do you mind if I borrow your car?
 I don’t see it that way!  Could you tell me why….?
 You can’t be serious!
4) Advise : 12) Surprise:
 You shouldn’t smoke.  Really?
 If I were you, I would stop smoking.  You’re not serious!
 You’d better stop smoking.  How incredible!
 My goodness!
5) Reproach: 13) Accepting:
 You shouldn’t have done that!  That’s a good idea!
 Why didn’t you …?  Yes, of course!
 How dare you talk to me like that?  That would be great!
6) Apologize: 14) Introducing:
 I am very sorry!  Le me introduce myself
 Will you excuse me, please?  Please allow me to introduce myself
 I beg your pardon  My name is … / I am ….
 Forgive me!
7) Accepting apology: 15)Leaving:
 It doesn’t matter!  Good bye!
 No harm done!  See you soon!/ See you later!
 Forget that!  See tomorrow / See you next!
 Cheerio!
8) Thanking: 16) Summing an idea:
 Thanks a lot!  Roughly speaking, I’d say …
 Thank you so much!  All things considered, you must be right!
 That’s very kind of you!  To sum up / To conclude / In conclusion

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