STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Researchers in different fields

want to learn about population and
describe its properties and
characteristics. Political analysts
would like to find out the
acceptability and popularity
ratings of prominent leaders in the
country. However it may be
impossible or at least impractical
to obtain data from the whole
population.
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

A sample might be drawn from the population,

its mean is calculated, and this value is used as
a statistic or an estimate for the population
mean. Thus, descriptive measures computed
from the population are called parameters while
descriptive measures computed from a sample
are called statistics.
The sample mean is an estimate of the
population mean.
POPULATION VS SAMPLE
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Make a research on the estimates or statistics of the

following variables.
-Average life expectancy of Filipinos
-Average monthly income of FIlipino families
-Average height of FIlipino women
-Average monthly consumption of rice in the country
-Average number of daily commuters in the LRT
 SAMPLING

refers to your method or process of selecting

respondents or people to answer questions meant
to yield data for a research study.
The chosen ones constitute the sample through
which you will derive facts and evidence to
support the claims or conclusions propounded by
your research problem.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING

Probability Sampling: a sample in which each

element has an equal chance of selection
independent of any other

Non-probability Sampling: a sample where each

element does not have an equal chance of
selection and some elements have no chance of
being selected
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

uses random selection so that each unit has an
equal chance of being selected.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

picks a regular interval by which to select the
sample.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
useful when certain subgroups within a
population vary considerably. Each subgroup is
called a stratum
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
•done by the same randomization process, except
the sampling frame is a list of clusters rather than
a list of individual subjects/units.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
When sampling methods are combined this is called multi-
stage sampling.
For example, you may first want to stratify your population by
region to make sure that each region is represented. Each
region is a stratum. This is the first stage of sampling.
Then, within each region you want to randomly select
villages. The villages are clusters. This is the second stage of
sampling.
Finally, you want to randomly select households in the
randomly selected villages. This is the third stage of
sampling.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
-easiest method of collecting a sample. Here the
sample is selected because it is convenient – close
and easy to study. The selection is nonrandom and
it is, therefore, not possible to generalize to the
larger population
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
occurs when the sample is selected (non-randomly)
based on a particular purpose and the
researcher’s judgment. Units are chosen because
the researcher thinks they will be useful.
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
a type of non-probability sampling whereby target
person(s) are identified and then those people
recommend others for inclusion in the study. In this
nonrandom method, the sample size increases like
a rolling showball.
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
subjects are selected nonrandomly according to a
fixed proportion or quota. The population divided
into specified number and type of units (subjects)
and then a predetermined number of units
(subjects) are selected from each group.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
1. SSG surveys students per year level depending
on the total grade level proportion.
2. Survey was given to first 50 customers to enter
the coffee shop.
3. Interviewing every 15th name in the list of
beneficiaries.
4. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500
Grade 10 students. The researcher selected every
20th name on the list.
5. A researcher interviewed people from each town
in the province of Pangasinan for his research on
population.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

6. A researcher who is studying the effects of

educational attainment on
promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly
selected workers from
each of these categories: high school graduate,
with undergraduate
degrees, with master's degree, and with doctoral
degree.
7. A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11
students in each of 15
randomly selected private schools in Metro Manila.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

8. A teacher asked her students to fall in line. She

instructed one of them to select every 5th student
on the line.

9. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in

a town for her study. She did this by writing the
names of each barangay on a piece of paper which
she folded and put in a bowl then she draws 10
pieces of each paper from the bowl.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
10. You want a sample of 1000 employees of a
social media marketing company. You assign a
number to every employee in the company
database from 1 to 1000, and use a random number
generator to select 100 numbers.

11. All employees of the company are listed in

alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you
select a starting point: number 6. From number 6
onwards, every 10th person on the list is selected
(6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a
sample of 100 people.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

12. The company has 800 female employees and 200

male employees. You want to ensure that the sample
reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort
the population based on gender. Then you select 80
women and 20 men, which gives you a representative
sample of 100 people.

13. The company has offices in 10 cities across the

country (all with roughly the same number of employees
in similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to
every office to collect your data, so you select 3 offices.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

14. You want to know more about the opinions and

experiences of disabled students at your university, so
you select a number of students with different support
needs in order to gather a varied range of data on their
experiences with student services.

15. You are researching experiences of homelessness in

your city. Since there is no list of all homeless people
you meet one person who agrees to participate in the,
research, and she puts you in contact with other
homeless people that she knows in the area.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

16. You want to gauge consumer interest in a new

produce delivery service in Villasis, focused on dietary
preferences. You divide the population into meat
eaters, vegetarians, and vegans, drawing a sample of
1000 people. Since the company wants to cater to all
consumers, you set 200 people for each dietary group.
In this way, all dietary preferences are equally
represented in your research, and you can easily
compare these groups.You continue recruiting until you
reach the 200 participants for each subgroup.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

17. You are researching opinions about student support

services in your university, so after each of your classes,
you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on
the topic. This is a convenient way to gather data, but
as you only surveyed students taking the same classes
as you at the same level, the sample is not
representative of all the students at your university.
18.
 IDENTIFY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

18. You send out the survey to all students at your

university and a lot of students decide to complete it.
This can certainly give you some insight into the topic,
but the people who responded are more likely to be
those who have strong opinions about the student
support services, so you can’t be sure that their
opinions are representative of all students.
 STATISTICS
STATISTICS
The science of collecting, presenting, analyzing,
and interpreting data.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
-describe the characteristics and properties of a
group under investigation
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
-methods of making inferences and drawing
conclusions about the characteristic of a larger
group by studying small representatives.
 DESCRIPTIVE VS INFERENTIAL
1. Jordan wants to find out his shooting average for the past 10
games.

2. A manager would like to predict based on the previous years'

sales, the performance of a company for the next five years.

3. A politician would like to estimate, based on an opinion poll,

his chance for winning in the upcoming senatorial election.
 DESCRIPTIVE VS INFERENTIAL
4. A teacher wishes to determine the percentage of students
who passed the summative test.

5. A market vendor wants to make inference on how many kilos

of mangoes will she sell based on her sales last week.

6. A volleyball player wants to estimate her chance of winning

the most valuable player award based on her current season
averages.
 BASIC TERMS
POPULATION/UNIVERSE
-The totality of objects
a. Finite- fishes in the aquarium
b. Infinite-fishes in the ocean
SAMPLE
-A subset of the population
PARAMETER
-Numerical value that describes the
chracteristics of population
STATISTIC
-Numerical value that describes the
characteristics of a sample
 PARAMETER VS STATISTIC

1. 10% of Ph Senators voted for a particular

amendment.
2. 35% of 950 students at a particular elementary
school got below 15 on a standardized test.
3. 75% of Filipinos agree with the latest health care
proposal.
4. 75% of frontliners at a particular hospital were
paid less than 50,000 .
5. A survey last year shows that 34% of the children
ages 10-13 were injured by firecrackers.
 PARAMETER VS STATISTIC

6. A SRS was conducted and it was found out

that the average number of children in a
typical Filipino family is 4.
7. The average age of all G11 DRECMNHS
students is 17 years old.
8. The guidance counselor wants to determine
reasons why students drop from classes, she
uses stratified sampling in her research.
 PARAMETER VS STATISTIC

9. In a recent survey of young professionals

in the Philippines, 48% said they use both a
tablet and laptop.
10. The average length of service for 50% of
the company's employees is 4 years.
11. Mr. Matematico found out that the
standard deviation in his first summative
test is 3 points. He is the only teacher
teaching the subject.
 NOTATIONS
Parameter Statistic

mean µ X bar

variance σ^2 s^2

standard deviation σ s

proportions p p-hat

elements X x

size N n

correlation coefficients ρ r
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD
DEVIATION OF POPULATION
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD
DEVIATION OF SAMPLE
Annabelle is fond of dogs. She has 6 in all.
Listed is the height of her dogs in inches.
Compute the population mean, variance,
and standard deviation.

28, 22, 15, 35, 30, and 20.

MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF
POPULATION
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD
DEVIATION OF SAMPLE
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD
DEVIATION OF SAMPLE
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Consider the following as your
scores in 5 quizzes in Statistics
and Probability.
Population: 21, 18, 10, 6, and 19
Sample: 21, 18, and 19
Compute for population mean,
population variance, and
population standard deviation for
parameters.
Compute for sample mean,
sample variance, and sample
standard deviation for statistic.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Is a theoretical probability distribution of the possible value of

some sample statistic that would occur if we were to draw all
possible samples of a fixed size from a given
population.Sampling distribution is used to calculate the
probability of sample statistic. This is very useful in making
inferences about the population parameter.

Sampling distribution of sample means is the probability

distribution of all possible sample means. It is the possible
values of all sample means and their probabilities of occuring
for a sample of a particular size.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
A common aspiration of Filipinos is to appear 3 inches taller
than what they seem to be. This notion brought marketing idea
to produce 3 inches elevated or heeled shoes. A study
conducted by NKN Shoe company asked for the preference of
customers for their ready made heeled shoes, which are 1 inch,
3 inches, and 7 inches high. Because the survey is tiem
consuming, and customers may have 1 or more preferences, the
company decided to takle a sample that should provide a good
estimate of volume of heeled shoes to produce.
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE MEAN
1. Determine the number of sets of all possible random
samples using the formula

The combination of N objects taken n at a time

2. List all the possible random samples and solve for

the sample mean of each set of samples.
3. Construct a frequency and probability distribution
table of the sample means.
4. Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.
 CONSTRUCTING A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

population: N=5 Population:{1,2, 3, 4,5} without replacement

sample size: n=2
 CONSTRUCTING A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

population: N=5 Population:{1,2, 3, 4,5} without replacement

sample size: n=2
 PROPERTIES OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEAN
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
means equals the mean of the population.

2. The standard deviation of the sample means is called the

standard error of the mean. It is an approximate measure
of the amount by which sample means deviate from
population means.

3. The sampling distribution of the sample mean,

regardless of the sample size, has a normal distribution
with a mean and standard deviation.
 SAMPLE SIZE AND THE STANDARD ERROR OF THE
MEAN
The larger the sample size, the smaller the standard
error of the mean.
As n increases, the standard error of the mean
decreases.

The smaller the standard error of the mean is, the

closer the sample means are to the population mean.
The larger the standard error of the mean is, the more
dispersed the sample means from the population
mean.
 EXAMPLE
The result of the first summative test in Statistics and
Probability shows a μ=34 and σ=5.

a. Determine the mean of all sample means

b. Determine the standard error of the mean if n=10,

n=50, and n=100

c. What happens to the standard error as n increases?

d. Which sample size will give you a better estimate of

the population mean? Why?
 EXAMPLE
The result of the first summative test in Statistics and
Probability shows a μ=34 and σ=5.

a. Determine the mean of all sample means

b. Determine the standard error of the mean if n=10,

n=50, and n=100
 EXAMPLE
The result of the first summative test in Statistics and
Probability shows a μ=34 and σ=5.

c. What happens to the standard error as n increases?

d. Which sample size will give you a better estimate of

the population mean? Why?
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Given: ages of four siblings

Sample Size 2

Construct a histogram for

sampling distribution of the
sample means and prove that
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 STEPS IN SOLVING FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
1. Compute the population mean using the formula

2. Compute the population variance using the formula

3. Determine the number of possible samples

4. List all possible samples and compute their
corresponding means.
5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
6. Compute the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean using the formula
STEPS IN SOLVING FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

The number of students with high honors from 5

sections are 3, 5, 2, 4, and 6. Suppose three
sections were selected as samples, determine
the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
STEPS IN SOLVING FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
STEPS IN SOLVING FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
STEPS IN SOLVING FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE
OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
WHEN THE VARIANCE IS KNOWN AND UNKNOWN
 INTRODUCTION

Consider rolling a fair die once.

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

As n increases it approaches normal

distribution.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

States that a given population with a mean μ

and a standard deviation σ and taking a
sufficiently large random samples (with
replacement) from this population, the sampling
distribution of the sample means will be
approximately normally distributed.

Sample sizes of n ≥ 30 are considered

sufficiently large.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

As the sample size increases, the sampling

distribution of the sample means approaches a
normal distribution regardless of the shape of
the original population distribution.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

The sampling distribution of the sample means

gets narrower as the sample size increases.
 PROPERTIES OF CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
The mean of the sample means is equal to the
population mean.

The variance of the sample means is equal to the

population variance divided by the sample size.

The standard deviation of the sample means is

equal to the standard deviation of the population
divided by the square root of the sample size.
As the sample size increases, the standard deviation
decreases.
 IMPORTANCE OF CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

The central limit theorem is important because it

helps us to understand the behavior of a
population's average when samples are taken from
it
 REVIEWING THE FORMULA

We use this to convert individual raw

score to standard score.

Standard deviation of the sample

mean

We use this to convert sample mean to

standard score.

n ≥ 30
 EXERCISE
The average IQ score is 100 with a standard
deviation of 15.
a. What is the probability of that your IQ score
is above 120.
b. Suppose 50 students were chosen randomly,
what is the probability that their mean IQ score
is below 95?
c. Suppose 40 students were chosen randomly,
what is the probability that their mean IQ score
is above 105?
d. Suppose 30 students were chosen randomly,
what is the probability that their mean IQ score
is between 95 and 105?
 EXERCISE
The average IQ score is 100 with a standard deviation of 15.
a. What is the probability of that your IQ score is above 120.
 EXERCISE

The average IQ score is 100 with a standard deviation of 15.

b. Suppose 50 students were chosen randomly, what is the
probability that their mean IQ score is below 95?
 EXERCISE

The average IQ score is 100 with a standard deviation of 15.

c. Suppose 40 students were chosen randomly, what is the
probability that their mean IQ score is above 105?
 EXERCISE

The average IQ score is 100 with a standard deviation of 15.

d. Suppose 30 students were chosen randomly, what is the
probability that their mean IQ score is between 95 and 105?
 EXERCISE

The age of teachers in Marupok National High

School is normally distributed with a mean of 33
years and a standard deviation of 5. Find the
probability that a random sample of 25
teachers will have an average age of greater
than 35 years old.
 EXERCISE

A lending company said that the mean loan

applied in their company is Php 120,000 with
a standard deviation of 50,000. If 35
debtors were randomly selected, what is the
probability that they will apply for a mean
loan amount of at least Php 100,000?
 EXERCISE

The mean height of Filipino women is 150 cm

with a standard deviation of 5 cm. What is
the probability that 30 randomly selected
women have a mean height of shorter than
151 cm?