The JSP Standard Tag

Library: JSTL 1.0

A Specification from the JSR-052 Committee

Core Servlets & JSP book: www.coreservlets.com

More Servlets & JSP book: www.moreservlets.com
Servlet and JSP Training Courses: courses.coreservlets.com
2 Slides © Marty Hall, http://www.moreservlets.com, book © Sun Microsystems Press

Agenda
• Obtaining JSTL documentation and code
• The JSTL Expression Language
– Accessing stored attributes
– Accessing bean properties
– Accessing collections
– Implicit objects
• Looping Tags
– Looping a certain number of times
– Looping over data structures
• Conditional Evaluation Tags
– Single choice
– Multiple choices
• Database Access Tags
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• Other Tags
JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com
 JSTL Overview
• JSTL is not part of the JSP 1.2 Specification
– It is a separate specification that requires a separate
download
– Available only in servers that support servlets 2.3 and
JSP 1.2 or later. Cannot be retrofitted into JSP 1.1.
• The JSTL expression language will be
part of JSP 2.0
• The JSTL Specification is available in PDF
– http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr052/
• Some JSTL books now available
– Most current ones are obsolete (written to beta spec)
– Recommend Core JSTL by David Geary (due 10/02)
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Installing JSTL 1.0

• Some servers come with JSTL preinstalled
– E.g., Caucho Resin
• Official reference implementation
– http://jakarta.apache.org/builds/jakarta-taglibs/releases/standard/
• Works best with Tomcat 4.0.4 or later
• JSTL (like JSP) is a specification, not an
implementation
– Code is portable but not all versions are equal
• Speed, tools, and development environments vary
• To install:
– Download zip file
– Unzip into directory of your choice (e.g., C:\jakarta-taglibs).
– Copy install_dir/standard-1.0.1/lib/jstl.jar and
install_dir/standard-1.0.1/lib/standard.jar to the WEB-INF/lib
directory of your Web application
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 Testing Installation
<%
String[] messages =
{"JSTL", "1.0", "configured", "correctly!"};
pageContext.setAttribute("messages", messages);
%> …
<H1>Testing JSTL 1.0</H1>
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="message" items="${messages}">
<LI><B><c:out value="${message}"/></B>
</c:forEach>
</UL>
…

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Installation Test:
Successful Result

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 The JSTL Expression Language
• Accessed via ${expression}
– Note change from JSTL beta that used $expression
• Similar to JavaScript and XPath
• Provides shorthand notation to access:
– Attributes of standard servlet objects
– Bean properties
– Map, List, and Array elements
• Is standard part of JSP 2.0
– In JSTL, EL can be used only in attributes of JSTL tags
– In JSP 2.0, the EL can be used anywhere
• web.xml element and page directive attribute let you disable the
EL for backward compatibility
– JSP 2.0 due approx. 1Q 2003
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Backdrop: The MVC

Architecture
• Servlet: does real programming
– Processes data, does business logic, stores results in beans
MyData data = new MyData(…);
request.setAttribute("key", data);
String address
= "/someDir/PresentationPage.jsp";
RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(address);
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
• JSP: presents data only
<jsp:useBean
id="key"
class="somepackage.MyData"
scope="request" />
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 The JSTL EL:
Accessing Variables
• ${name} means
– Search PageContext, HttpServletRequest, HttpSession,
and ServletContext (in order) for attribute named name
– If a String is expected, convert it to a String via its
toString method
– Accessing data stored in request, session, and servlet
context attributes is the approach used in the MVC
architecture. JSTL and MVC go hand in hand.
• ${name1}text${name2}text concatenates
– The following two are equivalent
• ${foo}blah
• pageContext.findAttribute("foo").toString() + "blah"
• Note for following examples
– <c:out …> is used to output a value
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Example: Accessing JSTL

Variables (Servlet)
public class SimpleMVCServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
request.setAttribute("attribute1",
"First Attribute");
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
session.setAttribute("attribute2",
"Second Attribute");
ServletContext application = getServletContext();
application.setAttribute("attribute3",
new java.util.Date());
request.setAttribute("repeated",
"HttpServletRequest");
session.setAttribute("repeated", "HttpSession");
application.setAttribute("repeated",
"ServletContext");
gotoPage("/el/vars.jsp", request, response);
}
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 Example: Accessing JSTL
Variables (Servlet Continued)
private void gotoPage(String address,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(address);
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}

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Example: Accessing JSTL

Variables (JSP)
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<LI><B>attribute1:</B> <c:out value="${attribute1}"/>
<LI><B>attribute2:</B> <c:out value="${attribute2}"/>
<LI><B>attribute3:</B> <c:out value="${attribute3}"/>
<LI><B>Source of "repeated" attribute:</B>
<c:out value="${repeated}"/>
</UL>

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 Example: Accessing JSTL
Variables (Results)

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The JSTL EL: Accessing Bean

Properties with "." and "[]"
• Simple case: object is simple bean
– Use var.propName to mean var.getPropName()
– var.propName equivalent to var["propName"]
• First version shorter; second version lets you use run-time values
as property names
• Be sure to use single quotes on outside with second version!
– Dots or array notation can be chained
• a.b.c.d means a.getB().getC().getD()
• Advanced case: object is array, List, or Map
– Array: var[i] or var.i equivalent to theObject[i]
• Where theObject is typecast version of attribute named var
– List: var[i] or var.i equivalent to theObject.get(i)
– Map: var.key or var["key"] equivalent to
theObject.get("key") www.moreservlets.com
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 Example: Simple Bean Property
Access
package beans;

public class Employee {

private Name name;
private Company company;

public Employee(Name name, Company company) {

setName(name);
setCompany(company);
}

public Name getName() { return(name); }

public void setName(Name newName) {

name = newName;
}
public Company getCompany() { return(company); }

public void setCompany(Company newCompany) {

company = newCompany;
}
16 } JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Example: Simple Bean Property

Access (Continued)
package beans;

public class Name {

private String firstName;
private String lastName;

public Name(String firstName, String lastName) {

setFirstName(firstName);
setLastName(lastName);
}

public String getFirstName() { return(firstName); }

public void setFirstName(String newFirstName) {

firstName = newFirstName;
}
public String getLastName() { return(lastName); }

public void setLastName(String newLastName) {

lastName = newLastName;
}
17 } JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com
 Example: Simple Bean Property
Access (Continued)
package beans;

public class Company {

private String companyName;
private String business;

public Company(String companyName, String business) {

setCompanyName(companyName);
setBusiness(business);
}

public String getCompanyName() { return(companyName); }

public void setCompanyName(String newCompanyName) {

companyName = newCompanyName;
}
public String getBusiness() { return(business); }

public void setBusiness(String newBusiness) {

business = newBusiness;
}
18 } JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Example: Simple Bean Property

Access (Continued)
<%
Name name1 = new Name("Marty", "Hall");
Company company1 = new Company("coreservlets.com",
"J2EE Training and Consulting");
Employee employee1 = new Employee(name1, company1);
pageContext.setAttribute("employee", employee1);
%> …
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<LI><B>First Name:</B>
<c:out value="${employee.name.firstName}"/>
<LI><B>Last Name:</B>
<c:out value="${employee.name.lastName}"/>
<LI><B>Company Name:</B>
<c:out value="${employee.company.companyName}"/>
<LI><B>Company Business:</B>
<c:out value="${employee.company.business}"/>
</UL>
…
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 Example: Simple Bean Property
Access (Results)

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Accessing Bean Properties:

Benefit
• Consider previous example:
<LI><B>First Name:</B>
<c:out value="${employee.name.firstName}"/>

• Without JSTL, it would be

<LI><B>First Name:</B>
<%
Employee employee =
(Employee)pageContext.findAttribute("employee");
%>
<%= employee.getName().getFirstName() %>

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 Example: Complex Access
<%
String[] firstNames = { "Bill", "Scott", "Larry" };
ArrayList lastNames = new ArrayList();
lastNames.add("Ellison");
lastNames.add("Gates");
lastNames.add("McNealy");
HashMap companyNames = new HashMap();
companyNames.put("Ellison", "Sun");
companyNames.put("Gates", "Oracle");
companyNames.put("McNealy", "Microsoft");
pageContext.setAttribute("first", firstNames);
pageContext.setAttribute("last", lastNames);
pageContext.setAttribute("company", companyNames);
%>

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Example: Complex Access

(Continued)
<H1>Accessing Collections in JSTL</H1>
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<LI><c:out value=
'${first[0]} ${last[0]} (${company["Ellison"]})'/>
<LI><c:out value=
'${first[1]} ${last[1]} (${company["Gates"]})'/>
<LI><c:out value=
'${first[2]} ${last[2]} (${company["McNealy"]})'/>
</UL>

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 Example: Complex Access
(Results)

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The JSTL EL: Implicit Objects

• pageScope
– pageScope.name returns
pageContext.getAttribute("name")
• requestScope
– pageScope.name returns request.getAttribute("name")
• sessionScope
– sessionScope.name returns session.getAttribute("name")
• applicationScope
– applicationScope.name returns
application.getAttribute("name")
• pageContext
– The PageContext object; properties interpreted normally
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 The JSTL EL: Implicit Objects
(Continued)
• param and paramValues
– param.name returns request.getParameter("name")
– paramValues.name returns array of parameters
• header and headerValues
– header.name returns request.getHeader("name")
– headerValues.name returns array of headers
• cookie
– cookie.name returns the element of request.getCookies
whose name is name
– Returns Cookie object; use cookie.name.value for value
• initParam
– initParam.name returns
26
getServletContext().getInitParameter("name")
JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Implicit Objects: Example

<UL>
<LI><B>Value of JSESSIONID Cookie:</B>
<c:out value="${cookie.JSESSIONID.value}"/>
<LI><B>test Request Parameter:</B>
<c:out value="${param.test}"/>
<LI><B>User-Agent Header:</B>
<%-- Using [] syntax because of dash in name!--%>
<c:out value='${header["User-Agent"]}'/>
</UL>

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 Implicit Objects: Results

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The JSP Expression Language:

Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
– +, -, *, /, div, %, mod
• Relational Operators
– ==, eq, !=, ne, <, lt, >, gt, <=, le, >=, ge
• Logical Operators
– &&, and, ||, or, !, not
• Empty Test
– empty (tests for null, empty String, empty array, empty
List, empty Map)
• Purpose of Operators
– To simplify conditional expressions
– Examples postponed until conditional evaluation tags
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 Looping Tags: Summary
• Looping with explicit numeric values
<c:forEach var="name" begin="x" end="y" step="z">
Blah, blah <c:out value="$name"/>
</c:forEach>

• Looping over data structures

– Can loop down arrays, strings, collections, maps
<c:forEach var="name"
items="array-or-collection">
Blah, blah <c:out value="$name"/>
</c:forEach>

• Looping down delimited strings

– forTokens
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Looping Tags: Motivation

• JSP without JSTL
<UL>
<%
for(int i=0; i<messages.length; i++) {
String message = messages[i];
%>
<LI><%= message %>
<% } %>
</UL>
• JSP with JSTL
<UL>
<c:forEach var="message" items="${messages}">
<LI><c:out value="${message}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>
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 Looping with Simple Numeric
Values
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="i" begin="1" end="10">
<LI><c:out value="${i}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>

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Looping with a Designated Step

Size
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach
var="seconds"
begin="0"
end="${pageContext.session.maxInactiveInterval}"
step="100">
<LI><c:out value="${seconds}"/> seconds.
</c:forEach>
<LI>Timeout exceeded.
</UL>

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 Looping with a Designated Step
Size (Results)

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Looping Down Arrays

<% String[] words = { "foo", "bar", "baz"};
pageContext.setAttribute("words", words); %>
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<H2>Key Words:</H2>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="word"
items="${words}">
<LI><c:out value="${word}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>
<H2>Values of the test Parameter:</H2>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="val"
items="${paramValues.test}">
<LI><c:out value="${val}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>
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 Looping Down Arrays (Results)

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Looping Down Comma-

Delimited Strings
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach
var="country"
items="Australia,Canada,Japan,Philippines,USA">
<LI><c:out value="${country}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>

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 Looping Down Comma-
Delimited Strings (Results)

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Looping Down Arbitrarily-

Delimited Strings
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forTokens var="color"
items="(red (orange) yellow)(green)((blue) violet)"
delims="()">
<LI><c:out value="${color}"/>
</c:forTokens>
</UL>

39 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

 Conditional Evaluation Tags
• One choice: if
<c:if test="${someTest}">
Content
</c:if>
• Lots of choices: choose
<c:choose>
<c:when test="test1">Content1</c:when>
<c:when test="test2">Content2</c:when>
...
<c:when test="testN">ContentN</c:when>
<c:otherwise>Default
Content</c:otherwise>
</c:choose>
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• C ution: resist use of business logic!

The "if" Tag

<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="i" begin="1" end="10">
<LI><c:out value="${i}"/>
<c:if test="${i > 7}">
(greater than 7)
</c:if>
</c:forEach>
</UL>

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 The "if" Tag (Results)

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The "choose" Tag

<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<UL>
<c:forEach var="i" begin="1" end="10">
<LI><c:out value="${i}"/>
<c:choose>
<c:when test="${i < 4}">
(small)
</c:when>
<c:when test="${i < 8}">
(medium)
</c:when>
<c:otherwise>
(large)
</c:otherwise>
</c:choose>
</c:forEach>
</UL>
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 The "choose" Tag (Results)

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Database Access Tags

• <sql:setDataSource>
– Specifies data source (can also be set by config settings)
• <sql:query>
– Queries database and stores ResultSet in variable
– Warning: this usage violates rule of keeping business
logic out of presentation layer. Instead, do database
access in servlet and pass results to JSP via MVC.
• <sql:update>
• <sql:param>
• <sql:dateParam>
• <sql:transaction>
– Performs the enclosed <sql:query> and <sql:update>
actions as a single transaction
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 Aside: The Microsoft Access
Northwind Database
• Database that comes preinstalled with
Microsoft Office

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Using Microsoft Access via

ODBC
• Click Start, Settings, Control Panel,
Administrative Tools, Data Sources, System
DSN, and select Add

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 Using Microsoft Access via
ODBC (Continued)
• Select Microsoft Access Driver, Finish, type
a name under Data Source Name, and hit
Select

48 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Using Microsoft Access via

ODBC (Continued)
• Navigate to the Samples directory of MS
Office, select Northwind.mdb, hit OK, then
hit OK in following two windows

49 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

 Using Microsoft Access via
ODBC (Continued)
• Driver
– sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver
• Comes bundled with JDK
• URL
– jdbc:odbc:Northwind
• Local access only; for testing. Not for serious applications.
• Username
– Empty string
• Password
– Empty string

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sql:setDataSource
• You can set a data source globally via
configuration settings or application-scoped
variables.
– Preferred approach in real applications
• Or, you can set it on a specific page
<%@ taglib prefix="sql"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/sql" %>
<sql:setDataSource
driver="sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"
url="jdbc:odbc:Northwind"
user=""
password=""/>

51 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

 sql:query
• Form 1: use the sql attribute
<sql:query var="results" sql="SELECT * FROM …"/>
• Form 2: put the query in the body of the tag
<sql:query var="results">
SELECT * FROM …
</sql:query>
• Options
– dataSource
– maxRows
– startRow
• Caution
– Embedding SQL directly in JSP may be hard to maintain.
52 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Simple Example
<%@ taglib prefix="c"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="sql"
uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/sql" %>
<sql:setDataSource
driver="sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"
url="jdbc:odbc:Northwind"
user=""
password=""/>

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 Simple Example (Continued)
<sql:query var="employees">
SELECT * FROM employees
</sql:query>

<UL>
<c:forEach var="row" items="${employees.rows}">
<LI><c:out value="${row.firstname}"/>
<c:out value="${row.lastname}"/>
</c:forEach>
</UL>

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Simple Example: Results

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 URL-Handling Tags
• <c:import>
– Read content from arbitrary URLs
• Insert into page
• Store in variable
• Or make accessible via a reader
– Unlike <jsp:include>, not restricted to own system
• <c:redirect>
– Redirects response to specified URL
• <c:param>
– Encodes a request parameter and adds it to a URL
– May be used within body of <c:import> or <c:redirect>

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Formatting Tags
• <fmt:formatNumber>
– Formats a numeric value as a number, currency value, or
percent, in a locale-specific manner
• <fmt:parseNumber>
– Reads string representations of number, currency value,
or percent
• <fmt:formatDate>
• <fmt:parseDate>
• <fmt:timeZone>
• <fmt:setTimeZone>

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 Internationalization (I18N) Tags
• <fmt:setLocale>
– Sets Locale
• <fmt:setBundle>
• <fmt:bundle>
• <fmt:message>
– Retrieves localized message from a resource bundle
• <fmt:param>

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XML Manipulation Tags

• Core
– <x:parse>
• XPath
– <x:if>
– <x:choose>
– <x:when>
– <x:otherwise>
– <x:forEach>
• XSLT
– <x:transform>
– <x:param>

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 Summary
• JSTL is standardized, but not a standard
part of JSP 1.2
– It must be downloaded and installed separately
• Supports a concise expression language
– Lets you access bean properties and implicit objects in
shorthand manner
– Is standard part of JSP 2.0
• Looping tags
– Explicit numeric values
– Arrays, collections, maps, strings, etc.
• Conditional evaluation tags
– Single options
60
– Multiple options
JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Summary (Continued)
• Database Access Tags
– sql:setDataSource to specify a database
– sql:query to perform query
– Loop down results using iteration tags
• Other tags
– Handling URLS
– Internationalizing pages
– Formatting strings
– Manipulating XML

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 More Information
• More Servlets & JSP
– http://www.moreservlets.com
– Site includes info on servlet
and JSP training courses
• Core Servlets & JSP
– Prequel to More Servlets & JSP
– http://www.coreservlets.com
• Servlet home page
– http://java.sun.com/products/servlet/
• JavaServer Pages home page
– http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/
• JSTL docs
– http://jakarta.apache.org/taglibs/doc/
standard-doc/intro.html
62 JSTL 1.0 www.moreservlets.com

Questions?

Core Servlets & JSP book: www.coreservlets.com

More Servlets & JSP book: www.moreservlets.com
Servlet and JSP Training Courses: courses.coreservlets.com
63 Slides © Marty Hall, http://www.moreservlets.com, book © Sun Microsystems Press