Mirani dam

Project Management Semester Project

Group 3
Fajar Adnan 17i-0725
Labeeqa Imran 17i-0862
Rabia Agha 17i-0733
Ubaid Ullah Khan 17i-0755
Umema Ali 17i-0766

Section: BBA-B

Submitted to: Dr. Shuja-ul-Islam

Date: 27th December, 2020

Contents
Project Team Members: Responsibility Matrix...............................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Project Scope Statement..................................................................................................................2
Project Objective..........................................................................................................................2
Milestones....................................................................................................................................2
Deliverables.................................................................................................................................2
Budget..........................................................................................................................................3
Technical Requirements...............................................................................................................3
Limitations and Exclusions..........................................................................................................3
Project Cost/Benefit Analysis..........................................................................................................4
Project Stakeholders........................................................................................................................5
Stakeholder’s Responsibility Matrix...............................................................................................6
Project Constraints and Assumptions..............................................................................................7
The Schedule................................................................................................................................7
Budget..........................................................................................................................................7
Legal Requirements.....................................................................................................................8
Resource Availability...................................................................................................................9
Organizational Structure............................................................................................................11
Vendor Management Approach.................................................................................................14
Project Plan....................................................................................................................................16
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of Mirani Dam..................................................................16
Project Risk....................................................................................................................................18
Risk identification......................................................................................................................18
Risk Breakdown structure..........................................................................................................20
Risk Assessment Matrix.............................................................................................................21
Project Assessment........................................................................................................................22
References......................................................................................................................................24
Project Team Members: Responsibility Matrix
Tasks Fajar Labeeqa Rabia Ubaid Umema

Project Overview R
Project Scope R S R S S
Project Cost/Benefit Analysis R S
Project Stakeholders R S
Project Constraints and Assumptions R
Project Plan R
Project Risk S S R
Project Assessment R

Key:
Responsible: R
Support/Assist: S

1
Introduction
Mirani Dam, a medium sized multi-purpose dam, is located over Dasht River, about 30 miles
West of Turbat district in Makran Division of Balochistan Province(Wikipedia, 2020). The
reservoir has the capacity of about 302,000 acre feet, served by the Kech River and the Nihing
River. Mirani Dam’s feasibility report was completed in 1956, whereas the construction began in
2002 and completed in 2007. It is the first water sector project inaugurated under WAPDA's
Vision 2025 Water & Power Development Program. Mirani Dam’s main objective was to store
water from the three rivers and floods in order to irrigate about 33,200 acres of uncultivated land
in Kech Valley. The second goal of the dam was to guarantee a continuous supply of clean water
to the residents of Turbat and Gwadar town throughout the year(J Jehangir, 2018). The Executive
Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC) approved the project on 28 th February, 2002
with a total budget of Rs. 5811 million including the foreign aid of Rs. 2297 million(Interceptor,
2007).

Project Scope Statement

Project Objective
To build a multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam on Dasht River to store the extra water
which the river carries due to floods so that the water could be available for agricultural
development and domestic use in order to uplift the socio-economic conditions of Balochistan.

Milestones
 Completion of dam’s feasibility report: 1956
 Commissioned by WAPDA: 2001
 Construction Started: 2002
 Construction Completed: 2007

Deliverables
 A multi-purpose concrete faced, rock fill dam with height of 127 feet and length of 3080
feet.
 The reservoir has a water storage capacity of 30200 acres.
 It provides safety from floods.

2
  It is designed to provide water to about 33200 acres of uncultivated land of Kech valley,
Balochistan.
 The total budget of the project was Rs. 5811 million, including the local and foreign help.
 The duration of the project was initially about 48 months but got delayed for one year.

Budget
 Local cost: Rs. 3514 million
 Foreign Exchange Component: Rs. 2297 million
 Total Budget Approved: Rs. 5811 million
 Additional Cost (Resettlement Action Plan): Rs. 1148 million
 Total Budget after Completion: Rs. 6959 million

Technical Requirements
 There should be a reasonable assurance of water and great volume of reservoir storage.
 It should provide durability, strength, and flexibility; and water pipes against anticipated
pressures.
 It must be able to handle the floods and any landslides at dam and reservoir site.
 The design of the dam should be able to provide water to the uncultivated land.
 It should meet state and local standards.
 Its structure must exhibit seismic stability.
 It should provide a safe operating structure; and prevent damage to downstream property.

Limitations and Exclusions

 Mirani Dam Project was scheduled to be completed within the time period of 48 months
on June 7, 2006.
 Mirani Dam Project was approved by the ECNEC with local costs Rs. 3,514 million,
foreign component of Rs. 2,297 million, therefore, the total budget allocated to this
project was Rs. 5,811 million.
 Mirani Dam Project must abide by all rules, regulations and policies laid down by various
laws including; National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), etc. otherwise the
matters can be taken to the concerned ministry which can further refer the case for
investigation in court.

3
  Two rivers, Nihing River and Kech River which converge into Dasht River on which the
Mirani Dam Project is built are seasonal rivers supplied with water from rainfall during
summers and melting snow from the mountains located upstream.
 Mirani Dam solely depends on the non-perennial rivers, and the availability of water
creates a great concern during the period of droughts, as these can last up to five years at
times.
 Due to climate change, fluctuations in the frequency as well as intensity of droughts,
floods and disruptions in the ecosystem effects the water quality.
 For Mirani Dam, climate parameters of; rainfall, humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed
and overall temperature of the surrounding area can result in severe water resource
availability constraints.
 Balochistan is located in such a region, that out of all agro-ecological zones in Pakistan,
Balochistan, experiences the highest climate change vulnerability index ranking where
Mirani Dam is situated.
 All the money related matters of Mirani Dam must be addressed according to the
WAPDA Accounting and Financial Reporting Manual.
 No proper automated monitoring system for rain and floods is available to the
management of Mirani Dam, it relies on figures and averages of precipitation provided by
the rainfall maps which are of little use.
 Sedimentation issue may decrease life span of the Mirani Dam Project.
 The average annual rainfall is reported to be around 4.2 inches for the catchment of
Mirani Dam Project.
 NESPAK was involved in designing of the Mirani dam along with its spillways, its
irrigation system, therefore, the design of the dam will be according to NESPAK.
 Only Sarwar and Company, Izhar Construction and DESCON will be responsible for the
construction of the Mirani Dam.

Project Cost/Benefit Analysis

The construction of Mirani Dam was supposed to bring a better environmental and socio-
economic uplift of Balochistan. It provided road access of about 40 km of access between Turbat
and Mirani Dam site. It helped to develop the fisheries and promoted livestock, fruit production

4
and forestry and made water available for domestic purposes as well. The construction provided
the employment opportunities for locals and maintenance of the project which include
approximately 500 jobs annually(WAPDA, 2007). Mirani Dam was designed to irrigate 33200
acres of land with an average cropping intensity of 85% but currently, only 12500 acres out of
33200 acres of land has been developed the average cropping intensity is only 4.6% which is
very low. The total budget of the project was Rs. 5811 million but the project had to bear an
extra cost of Resettlement Action Plan of Rs. 1148 million which made the total cost of the dam
for Rs. 6959 million with 12% economic internal rate of return. According to Mirani Dam’s
audit report of 2016-17, the total revenue generated from the dam is 7.86 million which have a
very little impact on Balochistan’s development and overall economy of Pakistan(Interceptor,
2007).

Project Stakeholders
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), a semi-autonomous government agency
that is part of the Ministry of Water and Power, executed the project of Mirani Dam under
WAPDA's Vision 2025 Water & Power Development Program. Other government agencies were
also involved in the project. The Planning Commission, under the Ministry of Finance, managed
the funding and financial distributions. Provincial irrigation departments were also involved in
identifying the areas which needed to be irrigated. A joint venture of consulting firms was
provided by Management Consultancy Services to WAPDA for the Project. National
Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK) was the main firm under this consortium which
prepared the design of the project. The contract of the project was given to local construction
companies, under DESCON and other companies like Sarwar and Co and Izhar Constructions (A
Kamal, 2017).

5
Stakeholder’s Responsibility Matrix

Tasks WAPDA Ministry of Provincial NEAC NESPAK DESCON Sarwar Izhar

Finance Irrigation and Constructions
Department Company
Initiation of
R
the Project
Planning R S S R S
Designing of
S R
Dam
Availability
R R R
of Resources
Budget
R
Allocation
Labour
S R R R
Force
Machinery S R R R
Evaluation
and R S S R
Monitoring
Maintenance R

Key:
Responsible: R
Support: S

6
Project Constraints and Assumptions
The Schedule
Mirani Dam Project study was initiated 1966. However, the project was not given a lot of
importance due to several other economic burdens the country was facing at that time, even
though, it was not in the limelight but workings on it continued. Its first feasibility study was
carried out by WAPDA from 1969 to 1974. In 1974, WAPDA issued out the feasibility study.
The Feasibility Study was revised by WAPDA in 1985. Moreover, National Engineering
Services Pakistan (NESPAK) carried out engineering studies, economic evaluation of the project
and issued a project preparation report in September 1992. Whereas, the PC-1 Pro forma was
prepared by WAPDA July, 2001. In a meeting held on 7 th June, 2001, Executive Committee of
National Economic Council (ECNEC) included the Mirani Dam Project, Turbat, in the Vision
2025. And on 28th February, 2002, the Project was approved by Executive Committee of
National Economic Council (ECNEC). Mirani Dam Project’s Evaluation and Short Listing of
Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Contract took place in February, 2002. And
the Negotiations with preferred Bidders were held in June 04, 2002. Finally, the Award of
Contract to Mirani Dam Joint Venture took place in June 11, 2002. Mirani Dam Project was to
be completed and operational by June 30, 2005 according to the original PC-1, however, after the
contract was awarded to Mirani Dam Joint Venture, the new date of commencement of project
was decided as June 8, 2002. As per contract, Mirani Dam Project was scheduled to be
completed within the time period of 48 months on June 7, 2006. But Mirani Dam Project was
completed in July, 2007, with a delay of one year (Jehangir J. , 2018).

Budget
On 2nd February, 1990, when the construction of Mirani Dam Project on the turnkey basis was
signed between the Government of Balochistan and the Soviet delegation, the construction of the
dam at the cost of US$ 152 million was decided but it depended on the approval of ECNEC and
Ministry of Finance. However, this quote presented by the Russians was not accepted by the
Ministry of Water and Power. In addition, as per the PC-1 the cost for construction of Mirani
Dam Project was Rs. 5,861 million. When Executive Committee of National Economic Council
(ECNEC) held a meeting on 7th June, 2001 Mirani Dam Project was approved with initial
allocation of Rs. 800 million for 2001-02. Later, the project was approved by the ECNEC on

7
28th February, 2002 with a total cost of Rs. 5,811 million including foreign component of Rs.
2,297 million. So, Mirani Dam Project was approved by the ECNEC on 28th February, 2002
with Local costs of Rs. 3,514 million, Foreign component of Rs. 2,297 million, therefore, the
total budget allocated to this project was Rs. 5,811 million (Jehangir J. , 2018).

Legal Requirements
Mirani Dam must provide clean drinking water to the residents of Turbat and Gwadar all around
the year, so the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) sets a particular drinking
water standards that Mirani Dam water must meet. Mirani Dam must also abide by the laws laid
by the Irrigation Manual Order (2006), since it provides water for irrigation purposes throughout
the year, therefore, it must follow all the guidelines provided so that an effective infrastructure is
operational at all times. In addition, Mirani Dam also needs to follow all the rules and regulations
under Balochistan Water and Sanitation Authority Act (1989), therefore, Mirani Dam is under
obligation to follow all the health standards advised by this act in order to safeguard its water
resources and water supply system from sources of infectious diseases or pollution as water is
used for domestic of consumption as well. Moreover, under the Balochistan Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) Policy, Mirani Dam must ensure availability of water at all
times while ensuring constant strive for future development, carry out proper assessment of
water resources and practice water monitoring for any contaminations, with proper management
of water demand (Kfouri, 2016). Also, Mirani Dam must also follow all the necessary measures
recommended by the Dam Safety Organization (DSO) WAPDA, which carries outs performance
audits of the dams by thoroughly inspecting the dam sites and gives out certain set of
recommended corrective measures which are important to be implemented for the safety of the
dam. In 2014, DSO gave some suggestions in order to improve the safety of the dam, which
costed around Rs.13.25 million but years had gone by and no work had been done to put the
suggestions provided by DSO regarding the safety of the dam into action. In 2017, the matter
was reported to the Ministry of Water and Power, and in defense the management of Mirani Dam
Project replied that they have received the approved design of remedial works from WAPDA and
that they will put these works into execution and it will be completed shortly. Later an audit was
carried out that gave warnings to the management that in order to avoid damages to the dam, the
execution of the remedial works needs to expedite in the shortest possible time. Furthermore, a
loss of Rs. 1.31 million was reported in 2013 during the performance audit of the Mirani Dam. In

8
case of any loss due to theft of material; Section-III of WAPDA guidelines for Enforcing
Responsibility for Losses due to Fraud, Theft or Negligence of Individuals (1982) must be
implemented, this states that all losses which involve public money must include investigation by
the officer who is in charge of those assets so that the cause of the loss could be fixed with the
compensation of the amount involved. Therefore, FIR was registered with the concerned Police
Station, however, no inquiry took place for fixing the loss. The matter was not taken seriously,
due to which it was taken to the Ministry of Finance, in defense the management said that the
FIR has been registered against culprits to find the lost material. It was recommended that
management of Mirani Dam Project established an inquiry committee to investigate into the
matter themselves and not solely rely on the police (Jehangir J. , 2018).

Resource Availability
Mirani Dam is located on the Dasht River, situated in Makran division of Balochistan. Two
rivers; Nihing River and Kech River converge into Dasht River which flows into the Arabian Sea
near Jiwani. The downfall is that both of these rivers are seasonal rivers which are supplied with
water through rainfall during summers and melting snow from the mountains located upstream.
Mirani Dam aims to store water during the summer season and control flooding, it also needs to
provide clean drinking water to the cities of Turbat and Gwadar. Since Mirani Dam solely
depends on the non-perennial rivers, the availability of water creates a great concern during the
period of droughts, as these can last up to five years at times. Another concern is of increasing
rate of sedimentation, which has caused the failure of the functionality of many reservoirs
located in Balochistan, even though Mirani Dam was originally designed as a 30-year-old
operational project, issue of sedimentation may decrease its life span if efforts are not made in
eradicating this matter of concern (DAWN, 2003). In June 2007, due to extremely heavy rainfall
and a cyclone both rivers of Nihing and Kech received increased inflow from several small rivers
due to which Dasht River received so much water that Mirani Dam’s reservoir capacity was full
and it did not have the capacity for any more inflow which resulted in the two rivers pounding
backwards in all directions, due to which all the villages within 35kms of the Mirani Dam fell
victim of flash flooding, there was no proper contingency plan to deal with this situation, since
the management of Mirani Dam Project lacked proper resources in order to execute a feasible
plan, in addition, at one point, WAPDA engineers were considering to break one spillway using
a fuse plug so that more water could be passed through it but this idea was not put into action

9
since it was risky and could have burst the dam body which would have resulted in an even
deadlier disaster (Memon, 2007). Moreover, water availability is greatly affected by variations in
temperature and rainfall. Fluctuations in the frequency and intensity of droughts, floods and
disruptions in the ecosystem effects water quality greatly. According to Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) by 2020, productivity of rain fed agriculture could be decreased by
50%. For Mirani Dam, climate parameters of; rainfall, humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed and
overall temperature of the surrounding area can result in severe water resource availability
constraints, with parameters of temperature and precipitation having immense importance. The
average annual rainfall is reported to be around 4.2 inches for the catchment in which Mirani
Dam is situated. In summers the temperature raises up to 38 Degree Celsius and in winters the
temperature can vary between 3-17 Degree Celsius. In Balochistan droughts and floods are quite
common, whereas, droughts are more common than floods, but the damage caused by the flood
effects the GDP adversely. Therefore, it is very important to store the floodwater in the reservoir
of Mirani Dam, so it can be useful for the dry periods, providing water for irrigation and drinking
purposes. Moreover, Balochistan is located in such a region, that out of all agro-ecological zones
in Pakistan, Balochistan, experiences the highest climate change vulnerability index ranking. In
addition, Mirani Dam is situated in a location which is prone to earthquakes, and Balochistan has
the historic records of several disastrous earthquakes, however, the management does not carry
out performance audits regarding checking its safety for earthquakes since resources have been
allocated to deal with issues related to floods and finances. Lastly, all the money related matters
of Mirani Dam must be addressed according to the WAPDA Accounting and Financial
Reporting Manual since WAPDA uses funds from Public Sector Development Programme
Budget given out by the Government of Pakistan in matters related to dam financing (Jehangir
J. , 2018). To conclude, as the climate of Balochistan is subject to frequent change, and dams’
structure have become more vulnerable. No proper automated monitoring system for rain and
floods is available to the management of Mirani Dam, it relies on figures and averages of
precipitation provided by rainfall maps which are quite meaningless. Since Balochistan is located
in an arid zone of Pakistan, the amounts and frequency of flood water is an unknown resource,
therefore, attention is required in areas regarding automation of monitoring and abandoning the
reliance on rainfall maps since these are based on unverified models testing a particular
hypothesis rather than accepting that in real time things can vary from situation to situation.

10
Lastly, at the time of the construction of Mirani Dam, large number of people were employed
mainly from the districts of Gwadar and Kech, however, after its completion, a lot of people
cannot be employed to look after the maintenance of the dam since it is costly. So, Mirani Dam
is facing a lot of issues that must be addressed as soon as possible, one of the major problem
being it producing a lot of silt-laden run off which will decrease its lifespan as per non-
government hydrologists (Haider, 2008).

Organizational Structure
Mirani Dam is run by an executing agency by the name of WAPDA, which is an autonomous
and a legal body that is under the administrative control of the Federal Government of Pakistan.
The main objective of WAPDA is the development of hydropower and water resources of
Pakistan in an efficient manner. WAPDA consists of one chairman who is currently; Lieutenant
General Muzammil Hussain (Retd) and consists of three main wings: Water, Power and Finance.
Under Member (Water) comes GM (Finance) Water, GM (C&M) Water, GM (HRM), GM
Planning, GM TS, GM CDO etc. Under Member (Power) comes GM (Coordination) Power, GM
(Hydel) Dev., GM (Hydel) Operations, GM (Training), GM (Finance) Power etc. Under Member
(Finance) comes GM Finance (Coordination) and GM (CCC). Overall there are G.M. (HRD),
Secretary WAPDA, PSO to Chairman, GM (M&S), MD (Admin) under which comes DG (MS),
and DG (Law), whereas, DG (Services) and DG (Recruitment) comes under G.M. (HRD)
(WAPDA, 2020). Moreover, the employees working in WAPDA must apply through a proper
channel, they should be tax payers, they must be qualified from reputable institutes, must have
some work experience, their views must be aligned with the mission and vision of WAPDA to be
considered fit for hiring, and once hired they must work towards the improvement of the
performance of the company. Moreover, employees from various engineering backgrounds
including; civil, mechanical, computer, and electrical etc. make up this organization including
employees from legal and finance departments. In addition, offices of WAPDA are found
operating throughout Pakistan. Secondly, NESPAK provides management consultancy services
to WAPDA. NESPAK was established as a private company by the Pakistani government with
the aim of creating capable engineers, and to be self-reliant in engineering consultancy so that
foreign consultants are replaced. NESPAK was involved in the engineering studies, project
preparation report, as well as the economic evaluation of the Mirani Dam Project and the PC-1, it
also designed the dam along with the spillways, its irrigation system, and estimated the cost of

11
project etc. Currently its chairman is Dr. Tahir Masood, and the organizational structure of
NESPAK includes; a Research and Development Cell under a Convener, Technical Coordination
Division under an EVP, Business Development Division under a GM, Finance and Accounts
Division under a GM/CFO, Human Resources Division under a GM, and Overseas Division
under a GM etc. It also consists of a Project Management Division, which is further divided into;
Water and Agriculture Division under a GM, Monitoring and Quality Control Division under a
GM, Power and Mechanical Division under a GM, Highways and Transportation Engineering
Division under a GM, Environmental and Public Health Engineering Division under a GM,
Construction Management Division under a GM, Structural Engineering Division under a GM,
Disaster Management and Reconstruction Division under a GM. Moreover, some specialized
services include; Surveying and Mapping under a GM, RAP and HSE Audits under a GM, Dam
Inspection under a GM, and Seismotectonic Studies under a GM. Some of the specialty divisions
include; Building Services Division under a GM, Contracts Division under a GM and Internal
Audit (Finance) under a Manager (NESPAK, 2020). Out of the three Mirani Dam Joint Venture
firms (Sarwar and Company, Izhar Construction and DESCON) which participated in the
construction of the Mirani Dam, WAPDA now maintains the Mirani Dam with the help of its
contractor, Dascon firm, which is operating and monitoring the Mirani Dam as well as any
construction related work is now done by it. Similarly, from NEAC Management Consultants,
now only NESPAK, provides consultancy to WAPDA. It is important to note that, Mirani Dam
Project is being run by 3 separate organizational bodies. However, WAPDA is the main body of
the entire project having the final say or making various main decisions of approval or
disapproval. Likewise, NESPAK, is responsible for all the matters regarding the designing of the
Mirani Dam Project, its role isn’t to decide whether to start a new dam project, they must only
provide consultancy services and should recommend designs of the reservoirs and spillways etc.
since their role isn’t beyond this. Similarly, any major decision made by the construction firm
regarding the construction by; Sarwar and Company, Izhar Construction and DESCON, must
first be approved by the concerned authorities at WAPDA before that decision can be taken to
the implementation and execution stage. The present organizational structure of the Mirani Dam
Project can lead to serious coordination problems among different organizations which can cause
miscommunication, delay in decision making, organizations exhibiting inefficiency, practicing
the blame game and alignment of the mission and vision of all of the firms involved in the

12
Mirani Dam Project which is also a big issue as it can cause further problems (Jehangir J. ,
2018). Also, all the firms involved in the Mirani Dam Project have certain job descriptions and
job specifications which makes its organizational structure, therefore, an employee working at
the functional level cannot perform the duties of a corporate level employee, since an employee
working at the functional level will have certain goals to fulfill and will not be responsible for
the decisions that a CEO needs to make, mostly the organizational structure of the firms involved
in the Mirani Dam Project is such that only one CEO exists in the whole organization, followed
by one GM for a single division or unit etc. (WAPDA, 2020). Moreover, all the firms involved in
Mirani Dam Project consider themselves to be very prestigious firms, they claim to be well
known for what they do like NESPAK in the provision of their outstanding consultancy services
and DESCON’s expertise in the infrastructure construction in Pakistan, so their aim is to
maintain their reputation through excellent workings on the Mirani Dam Project since these
firms do not compromise on the quality of work and their good reputation as this is a part of their
organizational policies which ultimately shapes its organizational structure. However, some
articles propose that Mirani Dam Project was designed by very mediocre planners, who are
known for their history of planning and designing projects and dams which led to unsuccessful
operations in the province of Balochistan. These remarks were made after the occurrence of a
deadly flood when Mirani Dam reservoir was not able to sustain extra amount of water coming
in from the Nihing and Kech rivers due to Cyclone Yemyin which led to flash flooding in the
surrounding areas of these rivers and destroyed thousands of houses in the areas of Nasriabad,
Nodiz and Kosh Kalat, leaving many people homeless (Memon, 2007). In addition, even though
dam was originally built to provide water for irrigation purposes, locals claim that dam was
constructed so that water can be provided to Gwadar’s industrial and residential areas, these
people also fear that the government might increase the height of the dam as it is experiencing
increasing silting problems which will increase the severity of future floods in the nearby areas.
Thus, it can be seen that the locals have been suffering a lot since the construction of the Mirani
Dam, moreover, the PC-1 of Mirani Dam project has been kept a secret and even the official
local irrigation department representatives have no access to the PC-1 of the Project. This clearly
indicates that in the project design, planning and execution, some stakeholders’ participation has
been given no significance (Memon, 2007). This phenomenon is considered quite common when
it comes to public sector projects, as a result serious design mistakes take place which results in

13
loss of lives of the locals and wastage of resources. Even 90 years ago, according to the
feasibility study conducted by British authorities, it was suggested that construction of small
dams should take place on river Dasht, Nihing and Kech but WAPDA still decided to construct
this mega project, which isn’t that beneficial and is prone to destruction of the surrounding areas
(DAWN, 2003).

Vendor Management Approach

After Mirani Dam Project was accepted by Executive Committee of the National Economic
Council (ECNEC) Pakistan, Evaluation and Short Listing of Engineering, Procurement and
Construction (EPC) Contract began. After short listing some of the firms, Negotiations with the
preferred Bidders were done, the result of which was on June 11, 2002, Award of Contract was
given to 3 local firms for the construction of the Mirani Dam Project under the name of Mirani
Dam Joint Venture. Therefore, WAPDA followed proper procedures and took adequate
measures to find appropriate contractors. Sarwar and Company, Izhar Construction and
DESCON were a part of the Mirani Dam Joint Venture (Jehangir J. , 2018). Sarwar and
Company, is a reputable Pakistani civil engineering firm which has taken part in the construction
of several buildings, motorways, and dams etc. moreover, it is known to exhibit expertise in
building complicated and large infrastructure projects (Sarwar and Company, 2020). Secondly,
Izhar Construction, is popular for using successful innovative operations for construction, it has
also taken part in the construction of numerous commercial and industrial buildings and has
completed large infrastructures projects successfully. They are considered to be the first ones to
introduce and use Precast and Pre-Stressed Concentrate solutions in Pakistan (Izhar
Construction, 2020). Lastly, DESCON firm, is one of the most prestigious constructions as well
as engineering service providers in Pakistan, which has taken part in the construction of many
commercial, industrial and residential infrastructures projects in Pakistan (DASCON
CONSTRUCTION, 2020). Since Mirani Dam Project was a mega scale project, in terms of other
smaller dams, the management’s approach was such that it should hire more than one contractor
but enough so that all of the contractors are manageable overall. Also, WAPDA wanted to hire
local firms for the purpose of the construction of the Mirani Dam Project, and local firms were
given preference since WAPDA wanted that the construction of the dam is done through a joint
venture so later the Award of Contract was given to 3 local firms for the construction of the dam
under the name of Mirani Dam Joint Venture which included; Sarwar and Company, Izhar

14
Construction and DESCON. This was done to help the country to a great extent by building the
capacity of its local engineers. WAPDA also wanted to give the lead role of the project
consultancy to the local consultants so that Pakistan focuses on self-reliance of its technical
capacity so this role was awarded to NESPAK out of all the other NEAC Management
Consultants. Therefore, WAPDA looked forward to select local contractors through competitive
bidding strictly following the PPRA rules and similar related laws. This therefore, provided a
huge opportunity to a large number of Pakistani talented engineers (Jehangir J. , 2018).

15
 Project Plan
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of Mirani Dam

Mirani Dam

Average Cropping
Reservoir Dam Spillway Outlet Irrigation System
Intensity

Type Type Conduit Right

Gross Storage
diamete bank canal
Maximum Crest level r
height Left bank
Live Storage Capacity canal
Clear
Length of
waterway
Maximum crest
Conservation
Design
Level Top width Capacity

Maximum
Capacity

16
Task no. Task Duration Predecessor
Approval of Mirani Dam 20 days
1
project by ECNEC
2 Initiation by WAPDA 15 days 1
3 NEAC consultants 15 days 2
Approval 15 days
4 of 3
NESPAK
5 Project construction 1300 days
Preparing 1300 days
6 foundation of
Reservoir
7 Storage 730 days 2
Preparing the 180 days
8 foundation of
dam
dimensions 180 days
of Dam
9 (height, 6
length,
width)
10 Spillway 240 days
build 240 days
11 6,8
capacity
12 Outlet
Conduit 30 days
13 6,8,10
diameter
14 Irrigation System 120 days
Right bank 60 days
15 6,8,10,12
canal
Left Bank 60 days
16 6,8,10,12
canal

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Project Risk
Risk identification
1. Socio-Economic Destruction

Although the purpose behind constructing Mirani dam was to uplift the socio-economic
conditions of Balochistan, lack of proper planning can lead to the opposite way. The height
and storage capacity should be planned by keeping in mind the human factor. No attention
towards the local communities and residents living near the dam can disturb their daily
routine and lifestyle. According to local experts, around 50,000 people’s lifestyle was
disturbed due to the construction of Mirani Dam.

2. No Satisfied Compensation to Affected Parties

While acquiring the land for construction of the dam, the planners should be able to
compensate the owners of that land. A satisfied amount of money should be paid to the
owners of land. This planning should be done while allocating the budget for the project. No
proper compensation can lead to distress among the local communities which can further lead
to public strikes. These strikes might cause hindrance in the construction of the project. In
case of Mirani Dam, only Rs. 15,000 to 20,000 were compensated per acre, which was not
acceptable by the owners of the land and they protested against it.

3. Flood Risk

While developing the design of the dam, safety measure should the top priority. The primary
aim of Mirani Dam is to store rainwater which can cause flood. If the spillways are not
properly designed or constructed, the fear of flood will remain there and the construction of
Mirani Dam will be considered useless. This is what happened after its construction. Heavy
rainfall in 2007 caused a large scale flood, and due to narrow capacity of a single spillway,
the flood caused a huge damage to the nearby areas.

4. Over-budget

In case of failure to identify needed security measures, dams could bear extra costs which
will be required for the change in the designing process. After 2007 flood, resettlement action
plan was carried out due to which the project of Mirani dam has to bear an extra cost of Rs.
1148 million which disturbed the overall allocated budget.

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 5. Destruction of livelihood

Delta region of Dasht River was a source of livelihood for locals. Fresh water flows
downstream used to irrigate crops nearby and was habitat for shrimps. Construction of dam
will destroy the habitat of water creatures and mangroves as these crops and shrimps are
source of income for farmers living there.

6. Landscape of Balochistan

Geography of Balochistan is a bit complicated for heavy machineries; assembling,

transportation of machines etc. It takes extra labour and resources for construction planning
in that region.

7. Risk associated with planning of Dam area

The planning process should be aligned with the objectives of the project. If the objective is
not fulfilled, the planning will go in vain. Same was the case with Mirani dam. Initially it was
supposed to irrigate about 33200 acres of uncultivated land but only 12,500 acres of land is
provided with dam water.

8. Time Management

Time management is the key aspect of effective task management. If not properly managed,
can pose great risk for dam. Sequence of activities should be intuitively set to avoid
misamangement of task. Delay in project can cause extra cost. Mirani dam was delayed for 1
year which was due to the wrong prioritizing of tasks.

9. Security Risk

Construction requires procurement of expensive machinery and material. Proper security

measures must be taken to minimize the hazard of theft. According to audit report of Mirani
Dam, material worth Rs. 1.31 million was stolen from the dam site.

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Risk Breakdown structure

Mirani Dam

Technical External Organizational Project

Management

Socio- Over
Planning of economic Flood Risk
budget
Dam’s Area Destruction

Landscape
Destruction of Time
of Security Risk
livelihood Management
Balocistan

No Satisfied
Compensation

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 Risk Assessment Matrix
Risk Probability (P) Severity(S) Score Action to prevent
(P*S) or manage risks
Socio-economic Destruction 3 4 12 Talk to the local
communities and
offer them alternate
land
No Satisfied Compensation to 2 3 6 Provide them with
Affected Parties compensation

Flood Risk 4 5 20 Spillway

consideration needs
to be redesigned to
accommodate flood
dangers.
Over budget 4 4 16 Security measures
should be identified
to avoid extra cost
Destruction of livelihood 5 5 25 Locals can be
relocated
Provide them with
alternate lands
Agreement with
them regarding
lands and farms
where water supply
doesn’t get
impacted
Provide job
opportunities, that
can assist in
construction of dam
Landscape of Balochistan 1 2 2 Development of
major infrastructure
Risk associated with planning 3 3 9 Objectives of the
of Dam area project should be
aligned with the
planning process
Time Management 4 3 12 Subdividing task
into more
manageable
subtasks
Hiring more labor
Security risk 4 4 16 Allocate sufficient
budget for security
of material and
machines
Hiring security

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 guards at
construction area

Project Assessment
Mirani Dam is situated on the Dasht River, some 30 miles west of the Turbat district in
Balochistan's Makran Division. While the feasibility report on the Mirani Dam was
completed in 1956, the construction of the dam was postponed due to other significant events
that occurred. ("Mirani Dam," 2020)

In February 2002, the project was approved by ECNEC to be completed within four years,
but it took five years to complete them. (Javaid Jehangir, 2018) In June 2002, construction
began and the project was completed in June 2007. The Mirani Dam project, including the
foreign element of RS. 2,297 million totaled RS. 5,811 million. At the beginning of the
project, adequate surveys were not carried out, which triggered ensuing diversions/variations,
resulting in significant work delays. (Javaid Jehangir, 2018)

In June 2007, somewhere around a year after reservoir impoundment started, many villages
upstream were flooded by backwater from the Mirani dam reservoir. (Ahsan Kamal, 2017)
The economic side of the construction process was impaired to the degree that issues such as
design fault requiring supplementary spillway costing RS. 43.26 million, unauthentic payout
of RS. 1,148 million to the affected, discrepancy in percentage of engineering and
administration cost of RS. 192.55 million spoke to the likelihood that the expense of the
project may be reduced by efficacious management.

The plan has been largely completed. Effective testing of all project elements has been done.
The cost element of Mirani Dam Project was not cohesive with the plan and more expense
was incurred due to the designing/engineering defects in Dam which led to a
failure/destruction when the inadequate number of spillways caused damage to the
surrounding areas in flood and an amount totaling to RS. 1,148 million was allocated to
compensate the affected population. The approved cost of the Mirani Dam Project at initial
stage totaled to RS. 5,811 million. However, the actual cost incurred during the completion
of project was RS. 6959 million. However, due to the short-sightedness of the engineering
and design team it added an extra burden over the project cost. Once again this project proved
to be a failure in terms of cost this time.

22
Looking at the time consumed during the completion of Mirani Dam project it can be
observed that the extra time i.e. 12 months is not such a big deal for a project for Dams,
however, one year in a project of 4 years is roughly around a quarter of actual time that was
approved which justifies the fact that the project was not completed within the required time
frame.

23
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