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Stylistics: LEXICAL

The document discusses different parts of speech and lexical sophistication. It defines lexical deviation, synonyms, antonyms, and the different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It also discusses contextual appropriateness and corpus-derived frequency as it relates to sophisticated vocabulary.

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Egiel Anne Rojo
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38 views79 pages

Stylistics: LEXICAL

The document discusses different parts of speech and lexical sophistication. It defines lexical deviation, synonyms, antonyms, and the different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It also discusses contextual appropriateness and corpus-derived frequency as it relates to sophisticated vocabulary.

Uploaded by

Egiel Anne Rojo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LEXICAL

LEVEL
LEXICAL DEVIATION
LEXICAL DEVIATION
Refers to the use of words or phrases that deviate from
the standard or expected vocabulary or word choice in a
particular language or context.
It involves using words in a way that goes against
common usage or established norms, often for creative or
rhetorical purposes.
LEXICAL DEVIATION
•Neologism
• Archaic laguange
• Slang
• Figurative Language
• Idioms
SYNONYMS
SYNONYMS
• Words or phrases that have a similar or
identical meaning to another word or phrase.
• Can be used to enhance our vocabulary and
make our writing or speech more varied and
interesting.
SYNONYMS
Ex.
Happy-Joyful
Big-Large
Begin-Start
Beautiful-attractive
ANTONYMS
ANTONYMS
• Words that have opposite meanings to
each other.
• Used to express contrasting ideas or
concepts.
ANTONYMS
Ex.
Hot-Cold
Happy and Sad
Young Old
Day-Night
PARTS OF SPEECH
PARTS OF SPEECH
It is the class of words and the
category where a word belongs to its
function.
NOUN
NOUN
- A word that names a person, place,
concept, or object
NOUN
SINGULAR PLURAL
- single - more than one
- requires -s form of (adding s/ -es)
verb - requires base form of
verb
NOUN
SINGULAR PLURAL
cologne colognes
glass glasses
thief thieves
child children
NOUNS
PROPER COMMON
- actual - general
names/specific
• Mahogany • tree
• Andres • man
• Bataan • province
COMMON NOUNS
• Conrete - perceived by the senses
ex. doorbell, flower, pen, music
• Abstract- cannot be perceived by the
senses ex. courage, freedom, education
• Collective - a group or collection of
people or things ex. pack,band, gang
PRONOUN
PRONOUN
Word used in place of a noun.
1. PERSONAL PRONOUN
- refer to specific persons or things and they
change their forms to indicate the different
gender, number or a person speaking.
Example:
“She is my friend.”
“We went to the park.”
2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
- Indicates ownership.

Example:
“The book is hers.”
3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
- Emphasize another noun or pronoun.

Example:
“He talks to himself.”
4. RELATIVE PRONOUN
-It introduce relative clauses, which provide
additional information about the noun
Example:
“The car that I bought is red.”
“The person who called is my sister.”
5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- Identify, point to, or refer to nouns.

It uses: THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE.


ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE
- gives additional information about the
noun.
• purple • funny • strong
• sweet • big • short
• three • few • colorful
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
- compare two - compare 3 or
-basic/no
objects or more things
comparison
persons - -est /-iest
yet
- -r/-er /-ier - most
- more
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
- sweet - sweeter - sweetest
- funny - funnier - funniest
- clean - cleaner - cleanest
- incredible - more incredible - most incredible
ADJECTIVE
ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE
- occurring before the - occurring after the
noun noun
• the yellow balloon • the balloon is yellow
• the hungry dogs • the dogs are hungry
• the shiny hair • the hair is shiny
VERB
VERB
- Expresses action or being. It’s the heart of
a sentence.
- It uses: jump, run, sing, write, become.
VERB
Example:
“She can sing,”
- the main verb is “sing,” and “can” is the
helping verb.
ADVERB
ADVERB
- modifies a verb, adj, or another
adverb
• proudly • very
• badly • well
• madly • today
ADVERB
•Verb - (He sings loudly)
•Adjective - (very tall)
•Adverb - (ended too quickly)
•Sentence - (Fortunately, I brought an
umbrella.)
ADVERB
• Adverb of Manner (manner,swiftly)
• Adverb of Frequency (rarely, everyday)
• Adverb of Degree (too, almost, fully)
• Adverb of Time ( tomorrow, yesterday)
• Adverb of Place ( here, there )
PREPOSITION
PREPOSITION
- Shows the relationship between a
noun/pronoun and other words in a sentence.
- It uses: in, on, under, between, with
Example:
“The cat is on the box.”
“She walked between the trees.”
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION
CONJUNCTION
- connect different sentences or clauses
• COORDINATING
•SUBORDINATING
• CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTION
COORDINATING
- connects two sentences that has equal
value
- FANBOYS ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so )
CONJUNCTION
For- I told her to leave, for I was very tired.
And - I like football, and I like hockey.
Nor - I have neither done the dishes nor the laundry.
But - She's 85 but she still goes swimming every day.
Or - I will eat either a hamburger or a hotdog.
Yet -The weather was cold, yet bright and sunny.
So - It was still painful so I went to see a doctor
CONJUNCTION
SUBORDINATING
- connects unequal clauses
(dependent+independent)
CONJUNCTION
SUBORDINATING
after because
although before
as despite
as if even if
as long as even though
CONJUNCTION
CORRELATIVE
- pair of words that used to
connect clauses
CONJUNCTION
CORRELATIVE
Either…or No sooner…than
Neither…nor Rather…than
Not only…but also Such…that
Whether…or
INTERJECTION
INTERJECTION
- A word or phrase used to express a feeling,
emotion, or reaction.
- It uses: Wow!, Shoot!, Ouch!, Yay!

Example:
“He won the race. Yay!”
LEXICAL SOPHISTICATION
Lexical sophistication refers to the
learner's use of sophisticated and
advanced words
Involves the use of refined and sophisticated
vocabulary, often demonstrating a deep
understanding of language. It goes beyond mere
complexity and encompasses the
appropriateness of word choice.
Although an exact definition of lexical
sophistication has yet to be
agreed upon, the construct of lexical
sophistication involves both the
depth and breadth of lexical knowledge
available to speakers, readers,
and writers (Meara, 1996, 2005a; Read, 1998).
CONTEXTUAL
APPROPRIATENESS
Using basic or advanced vocabulary
depends on what you’re writing and who
your audience is. For instance, you
wouldn’t use advanced scientific
terminology in a commercial intended for
the general population.
Thomas asked about the promotion.
Thomas inquired about the promotion.
They used all available funds.
They utilized all available funds.
The avant-garde artist synthesized disparate
elements into a sublime masterpiece that defied
conventional artistic paradigms."

The cool artist made a really awesome picture that


was different from what people usually make.
The knowledgeable researcher meticulously examined
historical artifacts, unraveling the mysteries of a
past era
The skilled performer's virtuoso display not only
demonstrated technical excellence but also created
a sublime aesthetic experience in the auditorium.
WHAT IS A SOPHISTICATED
WORD?
CORPUS-DERIVED
FREQUENCY COUNT
Corpus Derived Frequency refers to
the frequency of occurrence of words
or phrases in a given corpus, which is
a collection of texts.
Words with lower frequencies may be
considered more sophisticated or
specialized, as they are less commonly
used in everyday language.
Word frequency is the number of times a word occurs in a
text or a corpus.

Frequency has been shown to


affect lexical decision times (Kuperman et al., 2012),
indicating that
high-frequency words are processed more quickly than low-
frequency words.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PROPERTIES OF WORDS
Concreteness
Familiarity
Imageability
Age of acquisition

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