LESSON 5: ROCKS

LEARNING COMPETENCY/IES:

1. Identify common rock-forming

minerals using their physical and
chemical properties. S11/12ES-Ia-9

2. Classify rocks into igneous,

sedimentary, and Metamorphic.
S11/12ES-Ib-10
OBJECTIVES:
1. identify the three types of
rocks;

2. classify rocks as to igneous,

sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks;

3. appreciate the importance of

rocks in our daily life
ACTIVITY 1:
Word Cryptogram Directions: To come up with the correct answer for
each number, unscramble the letters by placing the correct letter
sequence in the shaded box. Use number boxes to complete the
answer to the riddle below.

1.

2.
3.

4.
 Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where
mantle meets the liquid outer core.

A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or

more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are
held together by chemical bonds. Grains can be different in
color, texture, and sizes.

Geologists then group rocks into three categories based

on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and metamorphic
rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.

Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were

formed.
•GEOLOGIST: a scientist who studies the solid,
liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes
Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as
the processes that shape them.

•PETROLOGIST: a scientist who are concerned

with the origin, small-scale structure, and
composition of rocks.
Three Types of Rocks 1. Igneous Rock-
formed from
hardening and
crystallization of
magma or molten
material that
originates deep
within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:

A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms

when magma makes its way to
Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small (fine
grained) since the cooling process is
fast.

B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly

beneath the Earth surface and are
created by magma. The intrusive igneous
rocks have very large crystals (coarse
grained).
 2. Sedimentary Rocks-
when rocks are
Three Types of Rocks weathered they produce
particles of sand, shells,
pebbles and other
fragments of material
that are easily eroded
and settle down to
various sedimentary
environment forming
layers over time. When
these sediments become
hard and cemented
forms SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS.
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1. CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. These
rocks are formed from the breakdown
material of other rocks that are eroded.
The small pieces that break off during
erosion will settle in oceans, rivers or
lakes. Over time and with enough
pressure these pieces will be compressed
and cemented together to form a larger
rock.
EXAMPLES OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
EXAMPLES OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Types of clastic sedimentary rocks. Source: Karla Panchuk (2018) CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, Photos by James
St. John and R. Weller/ Cochise College. Click the image for more attributions.
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
2. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCK.
These rocks are commonly found in the
ocean. Heat from the sun causes the
mineral rich water to evaporate and
leaves material behind. One example is
the formation of halite. The evaporation
process leaves behind the salt which
then hardens.
Rock salt is the name of
a sedimentary rock that
consists almost entirely
of halite, a mineral composed
of sodium chloride, NaCl. It
forms where large volumes of
sea water or salty lake water
evaporate from an arid-climate
basin -- where there is a
replenishing flow of salt water
and a restricted input of other
water.
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3. ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Are
formed from fossil remains of dead
organisms such as bone and shells, which
are cemented together and formed into
rock. Limestone is rich in calcium. Chert
is rich in silica. Coal is formed when
plants die and buried deep in earth, and
put under great pressure.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ElTorcal0408.jpg/12
00px-ElTorcal0408.jpg
 Limestone, or calcium
carbonate, is the
common rock found
throughout the world.
Oldest and perhaps
slightly overlooked,
limestone is very much
part of our everyday
life. It may be hidden
with your walls, in the
water you drink, the
food you consume, or in
the cosmetics.
• Coal is a combustible black or
brownish-black sedimentary
rock, formed as rock
strata called coal seams. Coal is
mostly carbon with variable
amounts of other elements,
chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen,
and nitrogen.

• Coal is formed when dead plant

matter decays into peat and is
converted into coal by the heat
and pressure of deep burial over
millions of years.
 Three Types
of Rocks
3. Metamorphic Rocks-
which are formed when a
rock is exposed to extreme
pressure (during
earthquake) and heat (ex.
during volcanic eruption)
which causes the minerals
in the rock to change into
different minerals.
• Marble: A non-foliated metamorphic rock produced from
the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone.

• Anthracite: A non-foliated metamorphic rock made

from plant debris due to exposure to high heat and
pressure. Most of the oxygen and hydrogen from
anthracite have been driven off.

• Gneiss: A foliated metamorphic rock has a banded

appearance and is made up of coarse mineral grains. It
contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. Gneiss is
produced by medium to high-grade metamorphism.
• Hornfels: A fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock with no
specific composition. The process of contact metamorphism
produces it.

• Mariposite: A metamorphic rock that contains green mica minerals

imparting a green color. The green mica usually accounts for a small
percentage of the rock. The significant percentage consists of
quartz, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, or barite.

• Novaculite: A dense, hard, fine-grained, siliceous, non-foliated

metamorphic rock developed from sediments deposited in marine
environments where organisms such as diatoms are presented.
• Quartzite: A non-foliated metamorphic rock produced
through the metamorphism of sandstone. It is composed
primarily of quartz.

• Phyllite: A foliated metamorphic rock that is made up

mainly of very fine-grained mica. The surface is typically
lustrous and sometimes wrinkled.

• Schist: A foliated metamorphic rock containing significant

amounts of mica, allowing the rock to split into thin
pieces. Schist is produced by medium to high-grade
metamorphism.
• Skarn: Also known as tactite, it is a non-foliated metamorphic
rock. It forms when carbonate rocks near a magma body are
altered by contact metamorphism and metasomatism.

• Slate: A foliated metamorphic rock formed through the

metamorphism of shale. It is a low-grade metamorphic rock
that breaks into thin and fragile pieces.

• Soapstone: A non-foliated to weakly foliated sedimentary rock

that is soft, dense, and heat-resistant. Soapstone is a rock that
consists primarily of talc with varying amounts of other
minerals such as micas, chlorite, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and
carbonates.
 How Are Metamorphic Rocks Formed
The three main agents that cause metamorphism are –
• High Temperatures: It is found deep inside the Earth’s crust.
• High Pressure: Due to the massive weight of overlying layers
of sediments, stresses caused by plates colliding during the
formation of mountain building and also due to plates sliding
past each other.
• Chemical Changes: It is caused by the presence of hot fluids
and vapors.
• Metamorphism does not cause the complete melting of the initial
rock. It only causes changes to a rock by heat or pressure. The
rearrangement of the mineral crystals forms metamorphic rock.

https://www.sciencefacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/How-are-Metamorphic-Rocks-Formed.jpg
There are two ways in which metamorphic rocks are made. The two
types of metamorphisms are named and described below:
1. Contact Metamorphism: Occurs when magma comes in contact with
an already existing body of rock. When it forms, the current
temperature in rocks rises and becomes infiltrated with magma fluid.
The area affected is usually small, from 1 to 10 kilometers.
Contact metamorphism produces non-foliated rocks such as marble,
quartzite, and hornfels.
2. Regional Metamorphism: Caused by geologic processes such as
mountain-building. When exposed to the surface, these rocks bear the
extreme pressure that causes the rocks to bend and break. Regional
metamorphism typically produces foliated rocks produces rocks such as
gneiss and schist.
 Uses of Metamorphic Rocks

• Quartzite and marble are used for making buildings and

artworks. Quartzite is also used in building railroad tracks.

• Schist and slate are sometimes used in landscape materials.

Schist is also used in garden decoration, paving, and sometimes
in sculpture making. Slate is good roofing material. It is used for
decorative gardening stones, as a base for snooker tables, and as
a writing board in the Victorian classroom.

• Gneiss is used to make countertops, headstones, and walls and

floors in commercial buildings.
ACTIVITY 2:
Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
PERFORMANCE TASK 1: POSTER IN A4 SIZE
ECONOMIC AND MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ROCKS
Using the Internet, research three types of rock uses (igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic) and state their respective economic
and medical significance in our present society.
TYPES OF ROCKS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE
IGNEOUS

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC
RUBRICS:
ACCURACY OF CONTENT 25
PRESENTATION & WRITING DYNAMICS 25
TOTAL 50 PTS.
References:
Acledan et.al. 2016. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School pp.28-30. Mutya
Publishing House Inc. Araneta University Vill., Malabon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
https://eartheclipse.com/science/geology/limestone.html
https://geology.com/rocks/rock-salt.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
https://res.cloudinary.com/dtpgi0zck/image/upload/s--mzZDAgV---
/c_fill,h_580,w_860/v1/EducationHub/photos/metamorphic-rock-isua.webp
https://www.sciencefacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Metamorphic-Rocks-
768x802.jpg
https://www.sciencefacts.net/metamorphic-rocks.html