Propoven - Kabi
Propoven - Kabi
Propoven - Kabi
3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS
induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia in adults, adolescents and children > 3 years.
sedation for diagnostic and surgical procedures, alone or in combination with local or regional anaesthesia in
adults, adolescents and children > 3 years.
sedation of ventilated patients > 16 years of age in the intensive care unit
Propofol 2% must only be given in hospitals or adequately equipped day therapy units by physicians trained in anaesthesia or
in the care of patients in intensive care.
Circulatory and respiratory functions should be constantly monitored (e.g. ECG, pulse oxymetry) and facilities for maintenance
of patient airways, artificial ventilation, and other resuscitation facilities should be immediately available at all times.
For sedation during surgical and diagnostic procedures Propofol 2% should not be administered by the same person
conducting the surgical or diagnostic procedure.
The dose of Propofol 2% should be individualised based on the response of the patient and premedications used.
Supplementary analgesic agents are generally required in addition to Propofol 2%.
Posology
Induction of anaesthesia:
Most adult patients aged less than 55 years are likely to require 1.5 to 2.5 mg propofol/kg bodyweight.
In patients over this age and in patients of ASA grades III and IV, especially those with impaired cardiac function, the
requirements will generally be less and the total dose of Propofol 2% may be reduced to a minimum of 1 mg propofol/kg
bodyweight. Lower rates of administration of Propofol 2% should be used (approximately 1 ml of the 20 mg/ml emulsion
(20 mg propofol) every 10 seconds).
Maintenance of anaesthesia:
For maintenance of anaesthesia generally doses of 4 to 12 mg propofol/kg bodyweight/h should be given. A reduced
maintenance dose of approximately 4 mg propofol/kg bodyweight/h may be sufficient during less stressful surgical procedures
such as minimal invasive surgery.
In elderly patients, patients in unstable general conditions, patients with impaired cardiac function or hypovolaemic patients
and patients of ASA grades III and IV the dosage of Propofol 2% may be reduced further depending on the severity of the
patient's condition and on the performed anaesthetic technique.
Induction of anaesthesia:
For induction of anaesthesia Propofol 2% should be titrated slowly until clinical signs show the onset of anaesthesia.
The dose should be adjusted according to age and/or bodyweight. Most patients over 8 years of age require approximately
2.5 mg/kg bodyweight Propofol 2% for induction of anaesthesia. In younger children, dose requirements may be higher (2.5 –
4 mg/kg bodyweight).
Anaesthesia can be maintained by administering Propofol 2% by infusion to maintain the depth of anaesthesia required. The
required rate of administration varies considerably between patients but rates in the region of 9-15 mg/kg/h usually achieve
satisfactory anaesthesia. In younger children, dose requirements may be higher.
For ASA III and IV patients lower doses are recommended (see also section 4.4).
To provide sedation during surgical and diagnostic procedures, doses and administration rates should be adjusted according
to the clinical response. Most patients will require 0.5 - 1 mg propofol/kg bodyweight over 1 to 5 minutes for onset of sedation.
Maintenance of sedation may be accomplished by titrating Propofol 2% infusion to the desired level of sedation. Most patients
will require 1.5 - 4.5 mg propofol/kg bodyweight/h. The infusion may be supplemented by bolus administration of 10 – 20 mg
propofol (0.5 – 1 ml Propofol 2%) if a rapid increase of the depth of sedation is required.
In patients older than 55 years and in patients of ASA grades III and IV lower doses of Propofol 2% may be required and the
rate of administration may need to be reduced.
Sedation for diagnostic and surgical procedures in children over 3 years of age
Doses and administration rates should be adjusted according to the required depth of sedation and the clinical response. Most
paediatric patients require 1 – 2 mg/kg bodyweight propofol for onset of sedation. Maintenance of sedation may be
accomplished by titrating Propofol 2% infusion to the desired level of sedation. Most patients require 1.5 - 9 mg/kg/h propofol.
Administration of propofol by a target controlled infusion (TCI) system is not advised for sedation in the intensive care unit
(ICU).
Duration of administration
The duration of administration must not exceed 7 days.
Method of administration
Propofol 2% is administered undiluted intravenously by continuous infusion. Propofol 2% should not be given by repeat bolus
injection for maintenance of anaesthesia.
When Propofol 2% is infused, it is recommended that equipment such as burettes, drop counter, syringe pumps (including TCI
systems) or volumetric infusion pumps should always be used to control infusion rates.
Propofol 2% is a lipid containing emulsion without antimicrobial preservatives and may support rapid growth of
micro-organisms.
The emulsion must be drawn aseptically into a giving set immediately after opening the syringe. Administration must
commence without delay.
Asepsis must be maintained for both Propofol 2% and infusion equipment throughout the infusion period. Co-administration
of other medicinal products or fluids added to the Propofol 2% infusion line must occur close to the cannula site using a
Y-piece connector or a three-way valve. For instructions on co-administration of the medicinal product, see section 6.6.
Propofol 2% and any infusion equipment containing Propofol 2% are for single administration in an individual patient. After
use remaining solution of Propofol 2% has to be discarded.
As usual for fat emulsions, the infusion of undiluted Propofol 2% via one infusion system must not exceed 12 hours. After 12
hours, the infusion system and reservoir of Propofol 2% must be discarded or replaced if necessary
To reduce pain on the injection site, lidocaine may be injected immediately before the use of Propofol 2% (see section 4.4).
Muscle relaxants like atracurium and mivacurium should only be administered after flush of the same infusion site used for
Propofol 2%.
If Propofol 2% is injected into a vein by electric pumps, appropriate compatibility should be ensured.
1) Take out the syringe from the packaging and shake it.
2) Insert the plunger rod by screwing it clock-wise into the syringe.
3) Remove the tip cap from the syringe and connect the infusion line, needle or cannula to the syringe. Get rid of the air
bubble (a small bubble can remain) and the ready-to-use syringe will be installed in the pump or administered manually.
Propofol 2% may be administered by a Target Controlled Infusion system incorporating appropriate Target Controlled Infusion
software. Users must be familiar with the infusion pump users' manual, and with the administration of Propofol 2% by Target
Controlled Infusion.
The system allows the anaesthetist or intensivist to achieve and control a desired speed of induction and depth of anaesthesia
by setting and adjusting target (predicted) plasma and/or effect-side concentrations of propofol.
Different modalities of the various pump systems should be considered i.e. the Target Controlled Infusion system might
assume that the initial blood propofol concentration in the patient is zero. Therefore, in patients who have received prior
propofol, there may be a need to select a lower initial target concentration when commencing Target Controlled Infusion.
Similarly, the immediate recommencement of Target Controlled Infusion is not recommended if the pump has been switched
off.
Guidance on propofol target concentrations is given below. In view of interpatient variability in propofol pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics, in both premedicated and unpremedicated patients the target propofol concentration should be titrated
against the response of the patient in order to achieve the depth of anaesthesia required.
A lower initial target concentration should be used in patients over the age of about 55 years and in patients of ASA grades 3
and 4. The target concentration can then be increased in steps of 0.5 – 1.0 microgram/ml at intervals of 1 minute to achieve a
gradual induction of anaesthesia.
Supplementary analgesia will generally be required and the extent to which target concentrations for maintenance of
anaesthesia can be reduced will be influenced by the amount of concomitant analgesia administered. Target propofol
concentrations in the region of 3–6 microgram/ml usually maintain satisfactory anaesthesia.
The predicted propofol concentration on waking is generally in the region of 1.0 – 2.0 microgram/ml and will be influenced by
the amount of analgesia given during maintenance.
4.3 Contraindications
Propofol is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to propofol or any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Propofol 2% contains soya oil and should not be used in patients who are hypersensitive to peanut or soya.
Propofol must not be used in patients of 16 years of age or younger for sedation for intensive care (see section 4.4).
Propofol should be given by those trained in anaesthesia (or, where appropriate, doctors trained in the care of patients in
Intensive Care).
Abuse of and dependence on propofol, predominantly by health care professionals, have been reported. As with other general
anaesthetics, the administration of propofol without airway care may result in fatal respiratory complications.
When propofol is administered for conscious sedation, for surgical and diagnostic procedures, patients should be continually
monitored for early signs of hypotension, airway obstruction and oxygen desaturation.
As with other sedative agents, when propofol is used for sedation during operative procedures, involuntary patient movements
may occur. During procedures requiring immobility these movements may be hazardous to the operative site.
An adequate period is needed prior to discharge of the patient to ensure full recovery after use of propofol. Very rarely the use
of propofol may be associated with the development of a period of post-operative unconsciousness, which may be
accompanied by an increase in muscle tone. This may or may not be preceded by a period of wakefulness. Although recovery is
spontaneous, appropriate care of an unconscious patient should be administered.
Propofol induced impairment is not generally detectable beyond 12 hours. The effects of propofol, the procedure, concomitant
medications, the age and the condition of the patient should be considered when advising patients on:
• The advisability of being accompanied on leaving the place of administration
• The timing of recommencement of skilled or hazardous tasks such as driving
• The use of other agents that may sedate (e.g, benzodiazepines, opiates, alcohol.)
Delayed epileptiform attacks may occur even in non-epileptic patients, the delay period ranging from a few hours to several
days.
Cardiac, circulatory or pulmonary insufficiency and hypovolaemia should be compensated before administration of propofol.
Propofol should not be administered in patients with advanced cardiac failure or other severe myocardial disease except with
extreme caution and intensive monitoring.
Due to a higher dosage in patients with severe overweight the risk of haemodynamic effects on the cardiovascular system
should be taken into consideration.
Propofol lacks vagolytic activity and has been associated with reports of bradycardia (occasionally profound) and also asystole.
The intravenous administration of an anticholinergic agent before induction or during maintenance of anaesthesia should be
considered, especially in situations where vagal tone is likely to predominate or when propofol is used in conjunction with
other agents likely to cause a bradycardia.
Epilepsy
When propofol is administered to an epileptic patient, there may be a risk of convulsion.
In epileptic patients delayed epileptiform attacks may occur, the delay period ranging from a few hours to several days.
Before anaesthesia of an epileptic patient, it should be checked that the patient has received the antiepileptic treatment.
Although several studies have demonstrated efficacy in treating status epilepticus, administration of propofol in epileptic
patients may also increase the risk of seizure.
Paediatric population
The use of propofol is not recommended in newborn infants as this patient population has not been fully investigated.
Pharmacokinetic data (see section 5.2 of the SmPC) indicate that clearance is considerably reduced in neonates and has a very
high inter-individual variability. Relative overdose could occur on administering doses recommended for older children and
result in severe cardiovascular depression.
Propofol 2% is not recommended in children < 3 years of age since the 20 mg/ml strength is difficult to be adequately titrated
in small children due to the extremely small volumes needed. The use of Propofol 2% 10 mg/ml should be considered in
children between 1 month and 3 years of age if a dose less than e.g. 100 mg/h is expected.
Propofol must not be used in patients of 16 years of age or younger for sedation for intensive care as the safety and efficacy of
propofol for sedation in this age group have not been demonstrated (see section 4.3).
The following appear to be the major risk factors for the development of these events: decreased oxygen delivery to tissues;
serious neurological injury and/or sepsis; high dosages of one or more of the following pharmacological agents -
vasoconstrictors, steroids, inotropes and/or propofol (usually at dose rates greater than 4 mg/kg/h for more than 48 hours).
Prescribers should be alert to these events in patients with the above risk factors and immediately discontinue the propofol
when the above signs develop. All sedative and therapeutic agents used in the intensive care unit (ICU), should be titrated to
maintain optimal oxygen delivery and haemodynamic parameters. Patients with raised intra-cranial pressure (ICP) should be
given appropriate treatment to support the cerebral perfusion pressure during these treatment modifications.
Treating physicians are reminded if possible, not to exceed the dosage of 4 mg/kg /h.
Appropriate care should be applied in patients with disorders of fat metabolism and in other conditions where lipid emulsions
must be used cautiously.
It is recommended that blood lipid levels should be monitored if propofol is administered to patients thought to be at
particular risk of fat overload. Administration of propofol should be adjusted appropriately if the monitoring indicates that fat
is being inadequately cleared from the body. If the patient is receiving other intravenous lipid concurrently, a reduction in
quantity should be made in order to take account of the amount of lipid infused as part of the propofol formulation; 1.0 mL of
Propofol 2% contains approximately 0.1 g of fat.
Additional precautions
Caution should be taken when treating patients with mitochondrial disease. These patients may be susceptible to
exacerbations of their disorder when undergoing anaesthesia, surgery and ICU care. Maintenance of normothermia, provision
of carbohydrates and good hydration are recommended for such patients. The early presentations of mitochondrial disease
exacerbation and of the 'propofol infusion syndrome' may be similar.
When propofol is to be aspirated, it must be drawn aseptically into a giving set immediately after opening the syringe.
Administration must commence without delay. Asepsis must be maintained for both propofol and infusion equipment
throughout the infusion period. Any infusion fluids added to the propofol line must be administered close to the cannula site.
Propofol must not be administered via a microbiological filter.
Propofol and any syringe containing propofol are for single use in an individual patient. In accordance with established
guidelines for other lipid emulsions, a single infusion of propofol must not exceed 12 hours. At the end of the procedure or at
12 hours, whichever is the sooner, both the reservoir of propofol and the infusion line must be discarded and replaced as
appropriate.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per 100 ml, i.e. essentially "sodium-free".
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Propofol has been used in association with spinal and epidural anaesthesia and with commonly used premedicants,
neuromuscular blocking drugs, inhalational agents and analgesic agents; no pharmacological incompatibility has been
encountered. Lower doses of propofol may be required where general anaesthesia or sedation is used as an adjunct to regional
anaesthetic techniques. Profound hypotension has been reported following anaesthetic induction with propofol in patients
treated with rifampicin.
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, parasympatholytic agents or inhalational anaesthetics has been reported to prolong the
anaesthesia and to reduce the respiratory rate.
A need for lower propofol doses has been observed in patients taking midazolam. The co-administration of propofol with
midazolam is likely to result in enhanced sedation and respiratory depression. When used concomitantly, a dose reduction of
propofol should to be considered.
After additional premedication with opioids, the sedative effects of propofol may be intensified and prolonged, and there may
be a higher incidence and longer duration of apnoea.
It should be taken into consideration that concomitant use of propofol and medicinal products for premedication, inhalation
agents or analgesic agents may potentiate anaesthesia and cardiovascular side effects.
Concomitant use of central nervous system depressants (e.g. alcohol, general anaesthetics, narcotic analgesics) will result in
intensification of their sedative effects. When Propofol 2% is combined with centrally depressant drugs administered
parenterally, severe respiratory and cardiovascular depression may occur.
After administration of fentanyl, the blood level of propofol may be temporarily increased with an increase in the rate of
apnoea.
Bradycardia and cardiac arrest may occur after treatment with suxamethonium or neostigmine.
Leucoencephalopathy has been reported with administration of lipid emulsions as used for Propofol 2% in patients receiving
cyclosporine.
A need for lower propofol doses has been observed in patients taking valproate. When used concomitantly, a dose reduction
of propofol may be considered.
Pregnancy
The safety of propofol during pregnancy has not been established. Propofol should not be given to pregnant women except
when absolutely necessary. Propofol crosses the placenta and can cause neonatal depression. Propofol can, however, be used
during an induced abortion.
High doses (more than 2.5 mg propofol/kg bodyweight for induction or 6 mg propofol/kg bodyweight/h for maintenance of
anaesthesia) should be avoided.
Patients should be advised that performance at skilled tasks, such as driving and operating machinery, may be impaired for
some time after use of propofol.
After administration of Propofol 2%, the patient should be kept under observation for an appropriate period of time. The
patient should be instructed not to drive, operate machinery, or work in potentially hazardous situations. The patient should
not be allowed to go home unaccompanied, and should be instructed to avoid consumption of alcohol.
Propofol induced impairment is not generally detectable beyond 12 hours (please see section 4.4).
Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia or sedation with propofol is generally smooth with minimal evidence of excitation.
The most commonly reported ADRs are pharmacologically predictable side effects of an anaesthetic/sedative agent, such as
hypotension. The nature, severity and incidence of adverse events observed in patients receiving propofol may be related to
the condition of the recipients and the operative or therapeutic procedures being undertaken.
(1)
Serious bradycardias are rare. There have been isolated reports of progression to asystole.
(2)
Occasionally, hypotension may require use of intravenous fluids and reduction of the administration rate of propofol.
(3)
Very rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been received where propofol has been given at doses greater than 4 mg/kg/hr
for ICU sedation.
(4)
May be minimised by using the larger veins of the forearm and antecubital fossa and/or can also be minimised by the
injection of lidocaine immediately before the use of Propofol 2%.
(5)
Combinations of these events, reported as "Propofol infusion syndrome", may be seen in seriously ill patients who often
have multiple risk factors for the development of the events, see section 4.4.
(6)
Brugada-type ECG - elevated ST-segment and coved T-wave in ECG.
(7)
Rapidly progressive cardiac failure (in some cases with fatal outcome) in adults. The cardiac failure in such cases was usually
unresponsive to inotropic supportive treatment.
(8)
Abuse of and drug dependence on propofol, predominantly by health care professionals.
(9)
Not known as it cannot be estimated from the available clinical trial data.
(10)
Necrosis has been reported where tissue viability has been impaired.
4.9 Overdose
Accidental overdosage is likely to cause cardiorespiratory depression. Respiratory depression should be treated by artificial
ventilation with oxygen. Cardiovascular depression may require lowering of the patient's head and, if severe, use of plasma
expanders and pressor agents.
5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Bradycardia and hypotension reported during induction of anaesthesia may be caused by a cerebral vagotonic effect or
inhibition of sympathetic activity. However, haemodynamics generally reverts to normal during maintenance of anaesthesia.
Paediatric population
Limited studies on the duration of propofol based anaesthesia in children indicate safety and efficacy is unchanged up to
duration of 4 hours. Literature evidence of use in children documents use for prolonged procedures without changes in safety
or efficacy.
Absorption
Propofol is bound to plasma proteins for 98%. Following intravenous administration the pharmacokinetics of propofol can be
described by a 3-compartment model.
Distribution/ Biotransformation/Elimination
Propofol is extensively distributed and rapidly cleared from the body (total body clearance: 1.5 - 2 litres/minute). Clearance
occurs by metabolic processes, mainly in the liver where it is blood flow dependent, to form inactive conjugates of propofol
and its corresponding quinol, which are excreted in urine.
After a single dose of 3 mg/kg intravenously, propofol clearance/kg body weight increased with age as follows: Median
clearance was considerably lower in neonates < 1 month old (n=25) (20 ml/kg/min) compared to older children (n=36, age
range 4 months – 7 years). Additionally, inter-individual variability was considerable in neonates (range 3.7-78 ml/kg/min). Due
to this limited trial data that indicates a large variability, no dose recommendations can be given for this age group.
Median propofol clearance in older aged children after a single 3 mg/kg bolus was 37.5 ml/min/kg (4-24 months) (n=8), 38.7
ml/min/kg (11-43 months) (n=6), 48 ml/min/kg (1-3 years) (n=12), 28.2 ml/min/kg (4-7 years) (n=10) as compared with 23.6
ml/min/kg in adults (n=6).
Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies on repeated dose toxicity or genotoxicity.
Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted. Teratogenic effects have not been observed. In local tolerance studies,
intramuscular injection resulted in tissue damage around the injection site, paravenous and subcutaneous injection induced
histological reactions marked by inflammatory infiltration and focal fibrosis.
Published studies in animals (including primates) at doses resulting in light to moderate anaesthesia demonstrate that the use
of anaesthetic agents during the period of rapid brain growth or synaptogenesis results in cell loss in the developing brain that
can be associated with prolonged cognitive deficiencies. The clinical significance of these nonclinical findings in not known.
6 PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
Shelf life of the medicinal product in its original package before opening: 2 years.
Shelf life after first opening: Medicinal product must be used immediately after first opening.
Administration systems with undiluted Propofol 2% should be replaced after 12 hours.
50ml pre-filled syringe (cyclo-olefine-copolymer) with bromobutyl tip cap, bromobutyl plunger and PP piston rod.
Co-administration of a glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for injection or sodium chloride 9 mg/ml solution for injection or
sodium chloride 1.8 mg/ml (0.18 %) solution for injection and glucose 40 mg/ml (4 %) solution for injection with Propofol 2% is
permitted via a Y-piece connector close to the injection site.
Propofol 2% must not be mixed with other solutions for infusion or injection.
PA2059/017/005
January 2024