396

Network Theory

Therefore
2.2 3.84 0.36/-106.2 0.36 /106.2
+
V(s) =--+
S
s+3 (s +3)2 + 8-j4 s+ j4
Taking inverse Laplace Transform we get,
-106.2°)
v(t) = 2.2e-3t 4 3.84te-3t +0.72 cos(4t

Verification:
Putting t=0 in the above equation
v(0) =2.2+0+0.72 cos(-106.2°)
- 2.2-0.2 =2V

(The same quantity is given in the problem)

5.8 Waveform synthesis

The three important singularity functions explained in section5.3 are very useful as builin.
blocks in constructing other waveforms. In this section, we illustrate the concept of wavefo
synthesis with a number of exmaples, and also determine expressions for these waveforms.
EXAMPLE 5.24
Express the voltage pulse shown in Fig.5.37 in temms of unit step function and then fnd VI
du(t)
Also fnds£ dt

u()

0 2 3 4 5
Flgure 5.37

The pulse shown in Fig. 5.37 is the gate function. This function may be regarded as aStepfunction
that switches on at t = 2 secs and switches off at t = 4 secs
 Lapioce Transform | 397

,)

1 3
1 2 3 5

-5

Figure 5.37(0)

do(t)
dt

Referringto Figs. 5.37 and 5.37 (a), we can write 5

v(t) = v(t) + 2(t)

v(t) = 5u(t- 2) 5u(t - 4)
5 5 -4s 5
Hence, V(s) = e-2s - -e
1 2 3 4
S
5
-el
Taking the derivative of v(t), we get Figure 5.37(6)

du(t)
dt = 5[6(t - 2) - 6(t- 4)]

Fig. 5.37(6) shows the graph of du(t)

dt
We canobtain Fig. 5.37(b) directlyfrom Fig. 5.36 by observing that at t =2seconds, there is
asudden rise of 5V leading to58(t - 2).Similarly, at t = 4 seconds, a sudden fall of 5V leading
to -56(t - 4).
We know the Laplace trasnform pair

2{6(t - a)} =e sf{8(t)}

=e

Hence. dt
398 Network Theory

EXAMPLE 5.25 interms oftheunit step.

Fig.5.38
Express the current pulse iin
Find: () 2{i(t)} ()£{fi()dt}.
i)

2
0

-5

Figure5.38

+ 5

1 2
1 0
-5

-10

Figure 5.39(a)

|i0+i,0) i) i(t)
+
5 5

2 1 2 3 4 0 2 3

-5 -5

Flgure 5.39(6)
Referring to Figs. 5.39 (a) and (b), using the principle of synthesis, we can write
i(t) =ii(t) + i2(t) + is(t)
= 5u(t) - 10u(t -
2)+5u(t - 4)
 Laplace Transtorm399
Nlalaetransform of the above
equation yields
5 l0
I(s) = 2 5

1- +e

Le ft) =i()£t
then.
f(t) =| 5u(t) - 10u(t -2) +5u(t - 4)jdt
= 5r(t) - 10r(t - 2) + 5r(t -
4)
- fi(t) + fa(t) + fs(t)
The function f1(t) is a ramp of slope = 5 as shown in Fig. 5.39 (c).
To
sdre= -10, the etect of this addition is,we get a ramp of slope= 5 -10this, if we add a ramp
= -5 for t > 2secs
pe encounter the next ramp. Att 4 seconds, if we add a ramp with a slope of
+5, the net
sire beyondt = 4 seconds is -5+5=0. Thus figure f(t) is drawn as shown in Fig. 5.39 (d).

slope
slope = 5 slope = -5
+

2 1 0 1 2 3

slope
=-10
Figure 5.39(c)

2{f()} = F(s)
=£{5r(t) - 10r(t - 2) +5r(t -4)}
5 10 -2s 5 4

5
1-2e +e-da
400 Network Theory

slope = 5

2 3 4
0 3

A)

2 3 4
0

Figure 5.39(d)

EXAMPLE 5.26
singularity functions. Then find 2{v(t)}.
Express the sawtooth function in terms of
v()

Figure 5.40

There are three methods to solve this problem.

Method 1:
The function vj(t) is a ramp function of slope = +5. This slope +5 should continue till t 2
second. Hence at t= lsecond, a ramp of slope t = -5 is added to v(t). The gre
vn(t) +v2(t) is shown in Fig. 541(a). Next, to vn(t) +v2lt), astep of -5V is aded a
second.
Hence, u(t) =v(t) +v2(t) + vg(t)
= 5r(t)- 5r(t - 1)- 5u(t - 1)
5 5 5
V(s) =2f()} = -e-s

5
se
 Laplace Transform|401

Siope
=5

2 0
2

Figure 5.4\(a)
v,()+0,()

+ 5

1 2 0 2 2

-5

Figure 5.41(6)

Method 2:
This method involves graphical manipulation.

,(0) D() =v,() u,)

X
5

0 2
0 2 1 2

Figure 5.41(c)
 402 Network Theory where
through the origin 1S y = mz,
straight line passing 5.41(c), we can write
Ihe equation of a (t) = 5t. From Fig. F
line. This allows us to write v
v(t) = vn(t)v2(t)
u(t - 1))
= 5t(u(t) -
=5tu(t)- 5tu(t - 1) 1)
5tu(t) 5(t- 1+ 1)u(t -
= 1)- 5u(t - 1)
5(t - 1)u(t -
= 5tu(t) -
5r(t) - 5r(t - 1) 5u(t- 1)
=
5 -9e-]
Hence, V(s) =
Method 3:
U,()=u(-tt1)
,(0=5t)
5
X

0 2
1
1 2

Figure 5.41(d)

This methodalso involves graphical manipulation. We observe from Fig. 5.41(d) that v(t) s
multiplication of aramp function and a unit step function.
Thus, v(t) =vi(t)v2(t)
= 5r(t) (u(-t+ 1)]

1 2
2 2
-1

Figure 5.41(e)
 Laploce Transtorm 403

Fig.
5.41(e), we can write
Fm
v2(t) =3(t) +va(t)
v2(t)= 1- u(t - 1)
u-t+ 1)=1- u(t - 1)
Hence.
v(t) = 5r(t) {1 - u(t- 1)
= 5r(t)- 5r(t)u(t - 1)
Weknowthat. r(t) = tu(t)
Hence.
v(t)= 5r(t) 5tu(t)u(t - 1)
=5r(t) - 5(t - 1+ 1)u(t)u(t - 1)
= 5r(t) - 5(t - 1)u(t)u(t - 1) - 5u(t)u(t - 1)
Pleasenotethat, u(t)u(t-
1) = u(t- 1) (Refer Fig. 5.41()]
u(t) u(t-)
u(t) u(t-1)

X
1

0 1 2
1 2 2

Figure 5.41()

Thus, v(t) = 5r(t) 5(t 1)u(t - 1) - 5u(t - 1)

= 5r(t) - 5r(t - 1) - 5u(t - 1)
5
Hence, V(s) | 1 - e -se )
=

EXAMPLE 5.27
Given the signal t<0
3,
-2, 0<t< 1
zt) = t>1
2t-4,

Express z(t) in terms of singularity functions. Alsofind {(t)}.

SOUION
The signal z(t) may be viewed as follows:
) in the interval, t <0. z(t) may be regarded as 3u(-t)
u(t - 1) and
u) nthe interval, 0 <t<l.z(t) may be viewed as -2\u(t) -
) Tor t >1, z(t)may be viewed as (2t -4)u(t - 1)
404 Network Theory

3u(-) - 2 (u(t) - ult - 1)) +(2t -4)u(t - 1)

Thus, a(t) = 2tu(t -1)
2u(t) + 2u(t -1) +
z(t) =3(1- u(t)) -l+1)u(t- ])
=3-5u(t) 2u(t -1)+ 2(t 1)u(t -
Aut -1)
- 1) +2
=3-5u(t) 2u(t - 1) +2(t -1) 2u(t
=3-5u(t) +2r(t -1)
z(t) contains a constant 3 for -oo <t<
(t)}cannot be foundbecause
signal).
EXAMPLE 5.28
then find F(s).
Express f(t) in terms of singularity functions and

0 1 2 3

-3

Figure 5.42

Tofind f(t) for 0< t<2:

Equation of the straight line 1is
y-y1 32-y1

Here, y is f(t) and z is t.

3 (0,3)
Hence, straight line l
(30)
f(t)-3 -33
t-0 2-0 1
2f(t) 6 = -6t -3 straghrit
f(t) =3-3t (2,-3)

Figure54
 laplace lranstorm | 405

<t<3:
)for2
Here.
f(t) +3 0+3
3-2

f() +3 3t-6
f(t)34 -9
Hene
3- 31, 0<t<2
f(t) = 3t-9, 2<t<3
0, otherwise
may also be written as:
Theabove cquation
f(t)=|8-3| |u (t) - u(t- 2)) +(34 -9) (u (t - 2) - u(t - 3))
= 3u(t) - 3u(t- 2) - 3tu (t) + 3tu(t - 2) + 3tu (t - 2)
-3tu(t -3) -9u(t -2) +9u (t - 3)
ft) =3u (t) 12u ( -2) - 3tu(t) + 6tu(t - 2) - 3tu (t -3) +9u (t --3)
=3u (t) - 12u(t -2) - 3tu(t) + 6(t -2+2) u(t - 2)
-3(t - 3+3) u(t - 3) +9u(t -3)
=3u (t) - 12u (t - 2) - 3tu (t) + 6(t - 2) u(t - 2)
+12u (t - 2) - 3(t -3) u(t -3) -9u(t - 3) +9u(t -3)
f(t) = 3u(t) 3tu (t) + 6(t-2) u(t -2) -3(t3) u(t-3)

Hence, F(9) =2f (0)}

3 3 6 -28 3 -34

EXAMPLE 5.29
Express the function f(t) shown in Fig. 5.44 using singularity functions and then find F(s).
)

--2

Figure 5.44
 406 Network Theory

f)
SOLUTION Fig. 5.45(a) is
Equation of the straight line shownin EXAMPL
Findthei
-2+1
fi(t) + 1
t- 1 2 1
fi(t) + l = - t 1
-1

fi () = -t
(1,-1)
’
between 1 and2. -2
values t lying
The above equation is for the
This could be expressed, by writing
straight line(22
f(t) = fi(t) g(4)
Figure 5.45(0)
SOLUTIO
Metho

-2

Figure 5.45(b)

’ f(t)=-tlu(t- 1) u(t - 2)]

=-(t- 1+1) u(t -1) + (t - 2+ 2) u(t - 2)
=-(t-1) u(t - 1) -- u(t- 1) + (t- 2) u (t - 2) + 2u(t-2)
=-r(t- 1) u(t - 1)+ r(t- 2) + 2u (t - 2)
Hence,
F (s) = L{f (t)}
1
1
e-e-*+e4 -2s 2 -2s
S
 Laplace Transforrm | 407

AAMPLE 5.30
Laplacetransform of the function f(t) shown in Fig. 5,46.
the
Find
f)

Figure 5.46

ROLUTION
Method1:

+1

+1

-14
Figure 5.47(a)

We can write, f(t) = fa t) + fB (1)

= sin tu (t) + sin T (t - 1) u (t- 1)
e8

Hence. F(9) = L{f(O)}= i+t

[1+e]
 408 Netwok eoy

Method 2:

Figure 5.47(b)

Graphically, we can manipulate f(t) as

f(t) = fc(t) g(t)
=sin nt (u (t) - u(t - 1)]
= sin ztu(t) - sin tu (t- 1)
- sin rtu (t) - sin at (t -1+1) [u (t - 1))
=sin mtu (t) - sin ( (t- 1) + T)u (t- 1)
=sin ntu (t) + sin (t- 1) u (t- 1)
Hence. F(s)=L{f ()} = +
s2

1+e]
EXAMPLE 5.31
Find the Laplace transform of the signal z(t)
shown in Fig. 5.48.
x(1)

+1

0 1

Figure 5.48
 Laplace Transforrn 409

-1

Kgl)

+1

2 3
-1

Figure 5.49

Mathematically, we can write z(t) as

z (t) = zA (t) TB (t)
sin T(t - 1) u (t - 1)- sin (t -3) u(t -3)
g ² es
Hence, L{r (t)} = X (s) = es

g²+ 2 e -e3]

EXAMPLE 5.32
Keter the waveform shown in Fig. 5.50. The equation for the waveform issin tfrom 0to , - sint
1
tom Tto 2r. Show that the Lapalce transform of this waveform is F (s) =
+1 coth ()
f)

2T 37

Figure 5.50
410 Network Theory

SOLUION be
ft) is a periodic wavefornm with a period T = TSeConds. Let fi(t)
transform of f(t) and f () are he
described over only one period. The

F(s) =
Laplace
E(s)
1-e-sT
waveion.
related as
5.51(b), we can write
Let us now proceed to find E,ls). From Fig.
fi(t) = fa (t) + fa (1)
= sintu(t) + sin (t -- 7) u(t- 1)
1 1+
Fi (s) = s²+1 +
s2 + 1
(1+ e-*) T
s2 +1 2
F (9) F (s)
Hence, F(s) = 1-e-sT 1-e-S Figure 5.5l(o)
(1+e-)
F (s) = (s2 +1) (1-e-r)
es/2 + e-1s/2]
1 2
=

s² +1 es/2 ers2 - ea/2

2
-]

1 cosh (
F (s) = $2 + 1
sinh
1
coth
g2 4 1

2T

EXAMPLE 5.33 Figure 5.5l(b)

Find the Laplace transform of the pulse shown in Fig.
5.52

0 2 3

Figure 5.52
 Laplace Transform | 411
RKUION
describeFig. 5.52
can
He mathematically as
f0-.
f (t) = Vo
-Vot +3V,, 0<t<2
expressionfor f(t) for 2 2<t<3
The
Equationof astraight line 2<t<3 is obtianed as follows :
between two points is given by
y-y1 y2-y1
presentcoontext, y= ft),z
nthe t=t,(z1,u) =(2, VY) and (z2,y2) =(3,0)
f(t) - V
Hence,
t-2
0-Vo
3-2
f (t) =-V,t +3V%
The time domain expression for f(t) between t = 0
manipulation as
and 3 could be written using graphical

f(t) = V[u (t) - u(t- 2)] + (-V,t +3V] [u (t -2) - u(t - 3)

The first term on the right-side of the above equation defines f(t) for 0 < t < 2 and
the
second term on the right-side defines f(t) for 2<t<3.

f(t) = Vou(t)-Vou(t -2) V,tu t-2) + Votu(t - 3) + 3V%u(t-2) -3V,u(t - 3)

= Vou (t) - Vou(t- 2) - V% (t -2+2) u(t - 2)
+V.(t-3+3) u(t -3) + 3V,u(t -2) - 3V,u(t -3)
- V,u(t) - Vult-2) - Vo(t-2) u(t-2) 2V,u(t - 2) +Vo(t- 3) u(t -3)
+3Vou(t-3) +3V,u(t - 2) -3Vou(t - 3)
=Vsu(t)- Vo(t - 2) u(t -2) + V, (t- 3) u(t -3)
’ f()= Vou(t) - Var (t - 2) + Vor(t-3)

Hence, F(s) = 2S(0))

-ge+ V
EXAMPLE 5.34
Consider aStaircase waveform which extends to infinity and at t = nto jumps to the value n +1,
being a Superposition of unit step functions. Determine the Laplace transform of this waveform.
412 Network Theory

SOLUTION
+
We can write,
+ u(t- 2to)
u(t-to) 5
f(t) = u(t) - + 1 -to8 -e

-+ -e
F(s) = £f())=
-t0$ 4 e 3
-|1+e 2
Let e t0s =
t
then F(s) =[1+z+
we have
From Binomial theorem,
(1-z)=1++a t
Figure 5.53
Hence, F(s) = s(1-)
1
s(1-e-tos)
EXAMPLE
(a) Find the5.35
Laplace transform of the staircase waveform shown in Fig. 5.54. (b) If this
R=112and L = lH,find the current ilal
were applied toan RL series circuit with
D()

0 2 3 4 5

Figure 5.54
(a) We can express
mathematically, the voltage waveform shown in
Fig. 5.54 as,
1, 1<t<2
2, 2<t<3
v(t) = 3, 3<t<4
4, 4 <t<5
|0, elsewhere
 Laplace Transtorm | 413

)= (u(t - 1) - u(t - 2)] +

v():
of
+3(u (t - 3) - u(t - 4))2(u(t-
+
2)
-u(t-3)|(t - 5)|
=u(t- l) + u(t-2) +u(t-3)4fu+(tu(t- 4)
-4) - Au (t - 5)
Tkingthe,Laplace transform. we get

V(s) = ete-2A
+es+e-48 -4e 5
b)Assumingallinitial conditions to be zero, the time domian circuit shown in Fig. 5.55 gets
Ito a circuit
rastomed as shown in Fig. S.56.
R=12 L=H 12

V(s)

Figure 5.55 Time Domain Circult Figure 5.56 Frequency Domain Circuit
From Fig. 5.56,we can write

V(s)
I(s) = 8+1

1 1 1 1 4 -5.s
-4s
I(s) = + -e e
s(s+1) s (s + 1) s(s+ 1) s(s + 1) s(s+ 1)

l9-|(-))()
Taking the inverse Laplace transform, we get
it) =(u(t)-eu() +[u() eu()),-t u(t) - eu()),s
+fu(t) eu(1)],--4(u (t) eu(),s
it) =[1-e-(t-1)] u(t -1) + [1 -e-(t-)] u(t -2) + [1-e-(t-3)] u(t -3)
+[1-e-(t-4)] u(t -4) -4 (1 -e-t-5)]u(t-5)
 414 Network Theory

the
durationis applied to
EXAMPLE 5.36
magnitude and 5 usec RC
Avoltage pulse of 10 V
Fig. S.57. Find the current i(t)
ifR= 102and
C= 0.05uF.
nelwWork
v()
R

10V

v()
-Sus

Figure 5.57

SOLURON

10 10
10

Sus l=5us
Figure 5.58(a)
Mathematically, we can express v(t)as follows :
v(t) =v(t) v(t)
= 10u(t) - 10u(t - to)
Hence, V(9) =2{v ()}
10 V(s) i()

Assuming all initial conditions to be zero, the

transformed network as shown in Fig. 5.58(b).
is Laplace
Figure 5.58(0)

I (9) =
R+ Cs
10(1-eoa)
R+
 Laplace Transforrn | 415

10Cs
I(s) =
s(RCs + 1)
10
(1-e ony
1
R. T(1-eon)
RC
10 1
R 1 1

RC RC
inverse Laplace transform yields
Tiking
10 10
i(t) = u (t) - R e (t) ltt-to
10
eR u(t) - 10 - . u(t - to)
R R
-(-8x10-)
i(t) = e.5 X10- u (t) e 0.5x 10-6
u(t-5x 10-6)
AMPLE 5.37
ithe Laplace transform of the waveform shown in Fig, 5.59.
v)

1 2

Figure 5.59

UION

3t, 0<t<l
2, 1<t<2
u(t- 2)]
v(t) =3t (u (t) - u (t - 1)] + 2(u(t - 1) -
=3tu (t)-3tu (t - 1) + 2u (t- 1) - 2u (t - 2)
- 2u (t - 2)
=3tu(t) 3(t- 1+ 1) u(t - 1) + 2u (t - 1)
- 1) 2u (t -2)
=3tu (t) -3(t- 1) u(t -1) - 3u (t - 1)+ 2u(t