A

SEMINAR REPORT ON

“CLOUD COMPUTING”
SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY IN THE
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE

OF

THIRD YEAR OF ENGINEERING

(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Abhishek Gorakshnath Hulule Exam No. 72218725E

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Priyanka S. Patil

DEPARTMENT OF IT ENGINEERING
SKN SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,
LONAVALA-410401

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

CLOUD COMPUTING
2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING
SKN SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,
LONAVALA-410401

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar report entitle

“CLOUD COMPUTING”

Submitted by

Mr. Abhishek Gorakshnath Hulule Exam No:72218725E is a bonafide

work carried out by him under the supervision of Prof. Priyanka S. Patil and it is
submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University,
for the award of the degree of Third year of Engineering (IT Engineering).

Prof. Priyanka S. Patil Prof. P.D. Halle

Guide Head,
Department of IT Engineering Department of s IT Engineering

Dr. M.S. Rohokale

Principal,
SKN Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science, Pune – 48

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CLOUD COMPUTING

Place : Lonavala Date

:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Prof. Priyanka S. Patil for helping me out in selecting the
topic and contents, giving valuable suggestions in preparation of Seminar report and
presentation.

I am grateful to Prof. P.D.Halle, Head of IT Department, for providing healthy

environment and facilities in the department. He allowed us to raise our concern and
worked to solve it by extending his co-operation time to time.
Goal makes us to do work. Vision is more important than goal which makes us to
do work in the best way to make work equally the best. Thanks to Principal, Dr. M.S.
Rohokale for his support and vision.

Consistent achievement requires boost on consistent interval basis. Management

has given full support and boosted us to be consistent and achieve the target. Thanks to
management for their support.

Thanks to all the colleagues for their extended support and valuable guidance .I
would like to be grateful to all my friends for their consistent support, help and guidance.

Abhishek Gorakshnath Hulule

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Contents
1 .Introduction . . . ... ... ... ... 5

2 .Cloud Computing Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 Types of Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Cloud Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Advantages of using Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

3 .Motivation towards Cloud in recent time. . . ... ... 10

4 .Cloud Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid
Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility
Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Types of utility cloud services . . . . . . . . . . . .13

5 .Popular Cloud Applications: A Case study … … 17

5.1 Amazon EC2 and S3 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2 Google App-Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 .Cloud Computing Application in Indian context … . 19

6.1 E-Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 Rural development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

7 .Conclusion … … … … … … … …22

8 .Reference … … … … … … … …23

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1. Introduction
Cloud computing is a recently developing paradigm of distributed
computing. Though it is not a new idea that emerged just recently. In 1969
L. Kleinrock anticipated, “As of now, computer networks are still in their
infancy. But as they grow up and become more sophisticated, we will
probably see the spread of ’computer utilities’ which, like present electric
and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the
country.” His vision was the true indication of today’s utility based
computing paradigm.
One of the giant steps towards this world was taken in mid 1990s
when grid computing was first coined to allow consumers to obtain
computing power on demand. The origin of cloud computing can be seen as
an evolution of grid computing technologies. The term Cloud computing
was given prominence first by Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt in late 2006
(may be he coined the term) . So the birth of cloud computing is very recent
phenomena although its root belongs to some old ideas with new business,
technical and social perspectives.
From the architectural point of view cloud is naturally build on an
existing grid based architecture and uses the grid services and adds some
technologies like virtualization and some business models. In brief cloud is
essentially a bunch of commodity computers networked together in same or
different geographical locations, operating together to serve a number of
customers with different need and workload on demand basis with the help
of virtualization.
Cloud services are provided to the cloud users as utility services like
water, electricity, telephone using pay-as-you-use business model. These
utility services are generally described as XaaS (X as a Service) where X can
be Software or Platform or Infrastructure etc. Cloud users use these services
provided by the cloud providers and build their applications in the internet
and thus deliver them to their end users.
So the cloud users don’t have to worry about installing, maintaining
hardware and software needed. And they also can afford these services as
they have to pay as much they use. So the cloud users can reduce their
expenditure and effort in the field of IT using cloud services instead of
establishing IT infrastructure themselves.

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Cloud is essentially provided by large distributed data centers. These

data centers are often organized as grid and the cloud is built on top of the
grid services.Cloud users are provided with virtual images of the physical
machines in the data centers. This virtualization is one of the key concept of
cloud computing as it essentially builds the abstraction over the physical
system. Many cloud applications are gaining popularity day by day for their
availability, reliability, scalability and utility model. These applications made
distributed computing easy as the critical aspects are handled by the cloud
provider itself.
Cloud computing is growing now-a-days in the interest of technical
and business organizations but this can also be beneficial for solving social
issues. In the recent time E-Governance is being implemented in developing
countries to improve efficiency and effectiveness of governance. This
approach can be improved much by using cloud computing instead of
traditional ICT. In India, economy is agriculture based and most of the
citizens live in rural areas. The standard of living, agricultural productivity
etc can be enhanced by utilizing cloud computing in a proper way. Both of
these applications of cloud computing have technological as well as social
challenges to overcome.
In this report we would try to clarify some of the ideas – Why is cloud
computing a buzzword today? i.e. what are the benefits the provider and the
users get using cloud? Though its idea has come long back in 1990 but what
situation made it indispensable today? How is cloud built? What
differentiates it from similar terms like grid computing and utility
computing? What are the different services are provided by the cloud
providers?

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2 Cloud Computing Basics

Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the
customers on-demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more
reliable, available and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself consists of
physical machines in the data centers of cloud providers. Virtualization is provided on top
of these physical machines. These virtual machines are provided to the cloud users.
Different cloud provider provides cloud services of different abstraction level. E.g.
Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level details where Google App-
Engine provides a development platform for the developers to develop their applications.
So the cloud services are divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform as
a Service or Infrastructure as a Service.
These services are available over the Internet in the whole world where the cloud
acts as the single point of access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture
addresses difficulties of large scale data processing.

2.1 Types of Cloud -

Cloud can be of three types .

1. Private Cloud – This type of cloud is maintained within an organization and

used solely for their internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big term in this
scenario. Many companies are moving towards this setting and experts consider this is
the 1st step for an organization to move into cloud. Security, network bandwidth are not
critical issues for private cloud.

2. Public Cloud – In this type an organization rents cloud services from

cloud providers on-demand basis. Services provided to the users using utility computing
model.

3. Hybrid Cloud – This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal or

external cloud. This is the scenario when an organization moves to public cloud
computing domain from its internal private cloud.

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2.2 Cloud Stakeholders -

To know why cloud computing is used let’s first concentrate on who

use it. And then we would discuss what advantages they get using cloud.
There are three types of stakeholders cloud providers, cloud users and the
end users [Figure 1]. Cloud providers provide cloud services to the cloud
users.
These cloud services are of the form of utility computing i.e. the cloud
users uses these services pay-as-you-go model.
The cloud users develop their product using these services and deliver
the product to the end users.

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2.3 Advantages of using Cloud Computing
The advantages for using cloud services can be of technical, architectural,
business etc .

1. Cloud Providers’ point of view –

(a) Most of the data centers today are under utilized. They are
mostly 15% utilized. These data centers need spare capacity just to cope
with the huge spikes that sometimes get in the server usage. Large
companies having those data centers can easily rent those computing power
to other organizations and get profit out of it and also make the resources
needed for running data center (like power) utilized properly.
(b) Companies having large data centers have already deployed
the resources and to provide cloud services they would need very little
investment and the cost would be incremental.

2. Cloud Users’ point of view –

(a) Cloud users need not to take care about the hardware and
software they use and also they don’t have to be worried about maintenance.
The users are no longer tied to some one traditional system.
(b) Virtualization technology gives the illusion to the users that
they are having all the resources available.
(c) Cloud users can use the resources on demand basis and pay
as much as they use. So the users can plan well for reducing their usage to
minimize their expenditure.
(d) Scalability is one of the major advantages to cloud users.
Scalability is provided dynamically to the users. Users get as much resources
as they need. Thus this model perfectly fits in the management of rare spikes
in the demand.

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3. Motivation towards Cloud in recent time –

Cloud computing is not a new idea but it is an evolution of some
old paradigm of distributed computing. The advent of the enthusiasm
about cloud computing in recent past is due to some recent technology
trend and business models .
1. High demand of interactive applications – Applications with
real time response and with capability of providing information either by
other users or by nonhuman sensors gaining more and more popularity
today. These are generally attracted to cloud not only because of high
availability but also because these services are generally data intensive
and require analyzing data across different sources.
2. Parallel batch processing – Cloud inherently supports batch-
processing and analyzing tera-bytes of data very efficiently.
Programming models like Google’s map-reduce and Yahoo!’s open
source counter part Hadoop can be used to do these hiding operational
complexity of parallel processing of hundreds of cloud computing
servers.
3. New trend in business world and scientific community – In
recent times the business enterprises are interested in discovering
customers needs, buying patterns, supply chains to take top management
decisions. These require analysis of very large amount of online data.
This can be done with the help of cloud very easily. Yahoo! Homepage is
a very good example of such thing. In the homepage they show the
hottest news in the country. And according to the users’ interest they
change the ads and other sections in the page. Other than these many
scientific experiments need very time consuming data processing jobs
like LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Those can be done by cloud.
4. Extensive desktop application – Some desktop applications like
Matlab, Mathematica are becoming so compute intensive that a single
desktop machine is no longer enough to run them. So they are developed
to be capable of using cloud computing to perform extensive evaluations.

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4.Cloud Architecture-
The cloud providers actually have the physical data centers to provide
virtualized services to their users through Internet. The cloud providers often
provide separation between application and data. This scenario is shown in
the Figure 2. The underlying physical machines are generally organized in
grids and they are usually geographically distributed. Virtualization plays an
important role in the cloud scenario. The data center hosts provide the
physical hardware on which virtual machines resides. User potentially can
use any OS supported by the virtual machines used.

Operating systems are designed for specific hardware and software. It results
in the lack of portability of operating system and software from one machine
to another machine which uses different instruction set architecture. The
concept of virtual machine solves this problem by acting as an interface
between the hardware and the operating system called as system VMs.
Another category of virtual machine is called process virtual machine which
acts as an abstract layer between the operating system and applications.

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Virtualization can be very roughly said to be as software
translating the hardware instructions generated by conventional
software to the understandable format for the physical
hardware.Virtualization also includes the mapping of virtual resources like
registers and memory to real hardware resources. The underlying platform in
virtualization is generally referred to as host and the software that runs in the
VM environment is called as the guest.
The Figure 3 shows very basics of virtualization. Here the
virtualization layer covers the physical hardware. Operating System accesses
physical hardware through virtualization layer. Applications can issue
instruction by using OS interface as well as directly using virtualizing layer
interface. This design enables the users to use applications not compatible
with the operating system.
Virtualization enables the migration of the virtual image from one
physical machine to another and this feature is useful for cloud as by data
locality lots of optimization is possible and also this feature is helpful for
taking back up in different locations.This feature also enables the provider to
shut down some of the data center physical machines to reduce power
consumption.

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4.1 Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing-

Most of the cloud architectures are built on Grid architecture and utilizes its
service. Grid is also a form of distributed computing architecture where organizations
owning data centers collaborate with each other to have mutual benefit. Although if
apparently seen it seems that cloud computing is no different from its originator in the
first look but there are substantial difference between them in spite of so many similarities
. The relation between Grid and cloud computing is discussed in Table 1.

4.2 Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Computing-

The cloud users enjoy utility computing model for interacting with cloud service
providers. This Utility computing is essentially not same as cloud computing. Utility
computing is the aggregation of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as
a metered service similar to a traditional public utility like electricity, water or telephone
network. This service might be provided by a dedicated computer cluster specifically
built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer. And
cloud is one of such option of providing utility computing to the users.

4.3 Types of utility cloud services-

Utility computing services provided by the cloud provider can be classified by the
type of the services. These services are typically represented as XaaS where we can
replace X by Infrastructure or Platform or Hardware or Software or Desktop or Data etc.
There are three main types of services most widely accepted - Software as a Service,
Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service. These services provide different
levels of abstraction and flexibility to the cloud users. This is shown in the Figure 4.

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We’ll now discuss some salient features of some of these models –

1. SaaS (Software as a service) – Delivers a single application through
the web browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant
architecture. On the customer side, it means no upfront investment in
servers or software licensing; on the provider side, with just one
application to maintain, cost is low compared to conventional hosting.
Under SaaS, the software publisher (seller) runs and maintains all
necessary hardware and software. The customer of SaaS accesses the
applications through Internet. For example Salesforce.com with yearly
revenues of over $300M, offers on-demand Customer Relationship
Management software solutions. This application runs on
Salesforce.com’s own infrastructure and delivered directly to the users
over the Internet Saleforce does not sell perpetual licenses but it
charges a monthly subscription fee starting at $65/user/month .
Google docs is also a very nice example of SaaS where the
users can create, edit, delete and share their documents, spreadsheets
or presentations whereas Google have the responsibility to maintain
the software and hardware. E.g. - Google Apps, Zoho Office.

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2. PaaS (Platform as a service) – Delivers development environment as
a service. One can build his/her own applications that run on the
provider’s infrastructure that support transactions, uniform
authentication, robust scalability and availability. The applications
built using PaaS are offered as SaaS and consumed directly from the
end users’ web browsers. This gives the ability to integrate or consume
third-party web-services from other service platforms. E.g. - Google
App Engine.
3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – IaaS service provides the users
of the cloud greater flexibility to lower level than other services. It
gives even CPU clocks with OS level control to the developers. E.g. -
Amazon EC2 and S3.

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5 Popular Cloud Applications:
A Case study Applications using cloud computing are gaining
popularity day by day for their high availability, reliability and utility
service model. Today many cloud providers are in the IT market. Of
those Google App-Engine, Windows Azure and Amazon EC2, S3 are
prominent ones for their popularity and technical perspective.
5.1 Amazon EC2 and S3 Services :
Amazon Elastic Computing (EC2) is one of the biggest
organizations to provide Infrastructure as a Service. They provide the
computer architecture with XEN virtual machine. Amazon EC2 is one
of the biggest deployment of XEN architecture to date. The clients can
install their suitable operating system on the virtual machine. EC2
uses Simple Storage Service (S3) for storage of data. Users can hire
suitable amount CPU power, storage, and memory without any
upfront commitment. Users can control the entire software stack from
kernel upwards. The architecture has two components one is the EC2
for computing purposes and S3 is for storage purposes .
• Simple Storage Service:
S3 can be thought as a globally available distributed hash table
with high-level access control. Data is stored in name/value pairs.
Names are like UNIX file names and the value can be object having
size up-to 5 GB with up-to 4K of metadata for each object. All objects
in Amazon’s S3 must fit into the global namespace. This namespace
consists of a “bucket name” and an “object name”. Bucket names are
like user names in traditional email account and provided by Amazon
on first come first serve basis. An AWS (Amazon Web Services)
account can have maximum of 100 buckets. Data to S3 can be sent by
SOAP based API or with raw HTTP “PUT” commands. Data can be
retrieved using SOAP HTTP or BitTorrent. While using BitTorrent the
S3 system operates as both tracker and the initial seeder. There are
also some tools available which enables the users to view S3 as a
remote file system. Upload download rate from and to S3 is not that
much exiting. One developer from Germany reported experiencing
10-100 KBps. This rate can go up-to 1-2 MBps on the higher side
depending on the time of the day. Although the speed is not that much
fascinating it is good enough for delivering web objects and for
backup purposes although for doing computation it is not suitable.

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• Elastic Compute Cloud:
As the name implies EC2 rents cloud of computers to the users
with flexibility of choosing the configuration of the virtual machine
like RAM size, local disk size, processor speeds etc. Machines that
deliver EC2 services are actually virtual machines running on top of
XEN platform. Users can store a disk image inside S3 and create a
virtual machine in EC2 using tools provided by Amazon. This virtual
machine can be easily instantiated using a java program and can also
be monitored. As EC2 is based on XEN it supports any linux
distribution as well as other OSs. Amazon does not promise about
reliability of the EC2 computers. Any machine can crash at any
moment and they are not backed up. Although these machine
generally don’t crash according to the experience of the users but it is
safe to use S3 to store information which is more reliable and
replicated service.
5.2 Google App-Engine:
Google App-Engine [1] is a platform for developing and
deploying web applications in Google’s architecture. This provides
Platform as a Service to the cloud users. In 2008 Google App-Engine
was first released as beta version. Languages supported by Google
App-Engine are python, java and any extension of JVM languages.
AppEngine requires developers to use only languages which are
supported by it and this is also applied with APIs and frameworks.
Now Google App-Engine allows storing and retrieving data from a
BigTable non-relational database.
AppEngine applications are expected to be request-reply based.
Google Appengine provides automatic scalability, persistent data
storage service. Data store features a query engine and transaction
capabilities. These applications are easy to scale as traffic and data
storage need to grow so the cloud user doesn’t have to worry about the
spikes in the traffic or data. These applications are generally suitable
for social networking start-ups, event-based websites catering to
seasonal
events or institutions (schools, colleges, universities, government
agencies) etc.

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6. Cloud Computing Application in Indian context :

Today most of the studies in cloud computing is related to
commercial benefits. But this idea can also be successfully applied to
non-profit organizations and to the social benefit. In the developing
countries like India Cloud computing can bring about a revolution in
the field of low cost computing with greater efficiency, availability
and reliability. Recently in these countries e-governance has started to
flourish. Experts envisioned that utility based computing has a great
future in egovernance. Cloud computing can also be applied to the
development of rural life in India by building information hubs to help
the concerned people with greater access to required information and
enable them to share their experiences to build new knowledge bases .
6.1 E-Governance :
E-Governance is an interface between Government and public
or this can be an interface between two governments or between
government and business organizations . Objectives are generally to
improve efficiency and effectiveness to serve public demand and to
save costs for online services. This requires Government to have the
will to decentralize the responsibilities and processes and start to have
faith on electronic and internet systems. E-government is a form of e-
business in governance and refers to the processes and structures
needed to deliver electronic services to the public (citizens and
businesses), collaborate with business partners and to conduct
electronic transactions within an organizational entity. This E-
Governance can be greatly improved by utility computing .
Impact of Technology in E-governance –
• 24/7 Service Model – Systems and services require high
availability. Get the citizens feel that Government is always at their
service.
• Need for Content – Web contents should be regularly
updated and the information provided to the public should be
sufficient. Respective departments should be responsible for providing
the information.
• Human Resource – Building these IT skilled resources would
need properly trained personals. This would make government to
compete with other private organizations.

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• Security – Sensitive Government data is to be highly secured.
Policies are to be taken seriously maintained and designed.
• Privacy – Personal data should be given sufficient privacy. It
can be a difficult issue if data is stored across different departments
and computer systems.

Why traditional systems are not sufficient? For maintaining

traditional systems in e-government there are many more
disadvantages.
• Application life cycle management – Applications are
generally developed in evolutionary manner and changes should be
consistent across all the departments and up gradation should be
performed when the system is functioning.
• Software licensing – Software should be licensed for each
and every department terminal. This incurs a large amount of
establishment cost.
• Scalability – Traditional centralized systems have inherent
weakness towards the aspect of scalability.
• Security – This is the most crucial aspect for e-governance.
Government information is highly sensitive. So they should be highly
secured. For the traditional systems all the systems across all the
departments should have sufficient security.
• Scalability – Cloud computing by design supports scalability.
The data centers have enough computing and storage capacity to cope
up with the spike demand.
• Modifiable – Applications hosted in cloud can be modified
internally without too much concern of the end users. Change in one
place would reflect in all the places inherently and it would be
consistent.
• Data logging – This central facility can be very useful for
locating any fault in the system. Logging can also be used for
detecting unauthorized usage checking or detecting compromization.
• Availability – Cloud services are well known for high
availability. If any data center is down for any reason there is hot
backup ready to work immediately.
• Reliability – Replication and migration of instances across
data centers make the reliability of the system very high in the cloud
scenario.

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• Physical disaster recovery – Backup policies can be very
useful for physical disaster avoidance and this is inherent to the cloud
system. Data is stored in different physical location so that hot backup
can be provided whenever needed.
• Policy management – Polices can be managed in a
centralized fashion. This is helpful for introducing Government
policies readily unlike the present scenario.
• Legacy software – An already developed software can be
moved to cloud with minor changes some times. So the Government
doesn’t incur cost for developing applications which it already has.
• Pay model – Cloud providers’ pay-as-you-use model enables
the customer (Government) to reduce cost of deployment and control
the usage.
• Reduce power consumption – Adaptation of cloud reduces
power consumption in different offices and usage of power is
concentrated in the data center only.
6.2 Rural development
In the context of rural development cloud computing can also
be used to success for its centralized storage and computing facility
and utility based pay model. As per 72.2% of total Indian population
resides in rural areas. According to the survey conducted by “Hole in
the Wall project” computer literacy among boys and girls of age
group 8-14 in rural area varies across the regions of India. It is 40-
50% in most of the regions. So the computer literacy is not a concern
in rural India and also in it shown that learning rate is pretty high for
computer literacy. Agriculture is India’s biggest employment source,
accounting for 52% employment in India . And agricultural sector
contributes to 20% of country’s total GDP. So it is very important to
make a serious attempt to develop rural India.
Rural development can be in the form of education, agriculture,
health, culture or in any other fields. Now a days most of the villages
have some access to electricity and cellular phone. So there is
technical feasibility of establishing computer systems. But the
mentality of the people haven’t been changed that much and that’s
why the spread of personal computer is not that much significant in
the villages.

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7 .Conclusion
Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed
computing. Virtualization in combination with utility computing model can
make a difference in the IT industry and as well as in social perspective.
Though cloud computing is still in its infancy but its clearly gaining
momentum. Organizations like Google, Yahoo, Amazon are already
providing cloud services. The products like Google App-Engine, Amazon
EC2, Windows Azure are capturing the market with their ease of use,
availability aspects and utility computing model. Users don’t have to be
worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care
of by the cloud providers. They can devote more on their own domain work
rather than these administrative works. Business organizations are also
showing increasing interest to indulge themselves into using cloud services.
There are many open research issues in this domain like security aspect in
the cloud, virtual machine migration, dealing with large data for analysis
purposes etc. In developing counties like India cloud computing can be
applied in the e-governance and rural development with great success.
Although as we have seen there are some crucial issues to be solved to
successfully deploy cloud computing for these social purposes. But they can
be addressed by detailed study in the subject.

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8.References
1. Google app engine. http://code.google.com/appengine/.
2. Cloud computing for e-governance. White paper, IIIT-Hyderabad,
January 2010. Available online (13 pages).
3. Demographics of india.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_ India, April 2010.
4. Economy of india. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India,
April 2010.
5. Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, Rean Griffith, Anthony D. Joseph,
Randy H. Katz, Andrew Konwinski, Gunho Lee, David A. Patterson,
Ariel Rabkin, Ion Stoica, and Matei Zaharia. Above the clouds: A
berkeley view of cloud computing. Technical Report UCB/EECS-
2009-28, EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, Feb
2009.
6. F.M. Aymerich, G. Fenu, and S. Surcis. An approach to a cloud
computing network. Applications of Digital Information and Web
Technologies, 2008. ICADIWT 2008., pages 113 –118, August 2008.
7. M. Backus. E-governance in Developing Countries. IICD Research
Brief, 1, 2001.
8. Jaijit Bhattacharya and Sushant Vashistha. Utility computing-based
framework for e-governance, pages 303–309. ACM, New York, NY,
USA, 2008.
9. D. Chappell. Introducing windows azure. http://go.microsoft.com/,
December 2009. 26

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