Cell & Binomial Nomenclature

AICA HEART LEXIS
MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL

EUKARYOTES &
The cell structure consists of components with
PROKARYOTES specific functions that are essential to carry out
MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY LECTURE life’s processes.
CATEGORIES OF MICROBES 1. Nucleus
Largest organelle
Separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear

envelope.
Contains the DNA that code for proteins needed

for cell function.
WHAT IS A CELL? The cell structure consists of components with

specific functions that are essential to carry out
Cells are the basic building blocks of life and are life’s processes.
a fundamental component of our modern
definition of life and living things. 2. Cell Membrane
THE CELL THEORY Also referred to as Plasma Membrane
The cell theory states that: Thin flexible barrier that separates the inside
from the environment outside
1. All living things are made of one
or more cells. Regulates what can pass in and out of the cell.

2. Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in living The cell structure consists of components with
things. specific functions that are essential to carry out
life’s processes.
3. All cells come from other cells.
3. Cytoplasm
Cyto- = “cell”; -Plasm = “something molded”
The cell structure consists of components with
specific functions that are essential to carry out Where most functions of the cell are carried out
life’s processes.
Contains cytosol and organelles.
1. Nucleus
TYPES OF CELLS
2. Cell Membrane
EUKARYOTES
3. Cytoplasm
• Cells that have membranebound
organelles.
PROKARYOTES
AICA HEART LEXIS
• Cells that do not have 3. Intermediate filaments

membrane-bound organelles.
EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL
EUKARYOTES
• Plant cells are also eukaryotes,
• Cells that have membranebound but plant cells contain some
organelles. organelles that are not found in
animal cells.
• Eukaryotes = “true nuclei”
• May be single-celled or
multicellular.
• Examples include plant and

animal cells.
EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL
1. Cell wall: rigid wall outside the

plasma membrane. It provides
CELL ORGANELLES the cell with extra support.
2. Chloroplast: captures light and

energy and converts it into
chemical energy.
3. Chlorophyll: green pigment

found inside the chloroplast.
4. Plastids: organelles that store

things such as food in the plant
cell.
PROKARYOTES
• Cells that do not have

membrane-bound organelles.
CYTOSKELETON • Genetic material DNA in
There are three major types of filaments make prokaryotes is not bound within
up the cytoskeleton: a nucleus.
1. Actin filaments 2. Microtubules • DNA is less structured in

prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.
AICA HEART LEXIS
• DNA is bound to protein and

linear.
• Reproduce via mitosis and

meiosis.
• Larger
PROKARYOTES
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
TWO GROUPS OF PROKARYOTES
• DNA is naked and circular.
BACTERIA
• Found everywhere and can • Reproduce via binary fission.
cause disease.
• Smaller
• Some are helpful for digestion
and other functions.
• Examples are Escherichia coli

and Staphylococcus aureus.
ARCHAEA
• Unique life form
• Capable of living indefinitely in

extreme environments, such as END OF LESSON 2
hydrothermal vents or arctic ice
PROKARYOTES
THEIR KEY DIFFERENCES
EUKARYOTES
BINOMIAL
• Has nucleus NOMENCLATURE
MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY LECTURE
• Has membrane-bound
organelles. TAXONOMY
 Greek word: “taxon” = arrangement

AICA HEART LEXIS
The classification of organisms in an ordered BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

system indicates a natural relationship.
 Each organism is assigned with two
 Linnaean Classification names:
A formal system proposed by The genus is the first and is always capitalized.
Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. The specific epithet (species name) follows and
is not capitalized.
TAXONOMY
Example:
 Includes:
Staphylococcus aureus
Identification - the process of studying and
recording the identical and distinguishing Escherichia coli
features.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Nomenclature - the process of assigning names
to the various taxonomic ranking of each living
organism.
Classification - the orderly arrangement of

organisms into groups that shows evolutionary
relationships. RULES
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION 1. All the scientific names of organisms are
usually Latin. Hence, they are written in
1. Morphological characteristics
italics.
Shape, color, size, arrangement of bacterial cells.
2. There exist two parts of a name. The
2. Biochemical tests first word identifies the genus, and the
second word identifies the species.
Used for the identification of bacterial species
based on the differences in the biochemical 3. When the names are handwritten, they
activities of different bacteria. are underlined or italicized if typed. This
is done to specify its Latin origin.
3. Serological tests
4. The name of the genus starts with a
Used to detect viral & bacterial antigens
capital letter and the name of the
and antibodies (IgG and IgM), to help
species starts with a small letter.
diagnose diseases and check immune status.
THREE DOMAINS
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION The Intuitive
Method 1. Eukarya
 A microbiologist who is thoroughly 2. Archaea

familiar with the properties of the
organisms will decide that a particular 3. Bacteria
organism represents a species or genus.
AICA HEART LEXIS
BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Cocci
EUKARYA
2. Bacilli
 4 Main Kingdoms:
3. Spirilla
Fungi Plantae
4. Vibrios
Protista Animalia
5. Spirochetes
ARCHAEA
 Main Kingdom:
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
Archaebacteria
 Has THICK peptidoglycan layer in their
cell wall.
BACTERIA GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

 Main Kingdom:  Has a THIN peptidoglycan layer in their
Eubacteria cell wall.
AICA HEART LEXIS
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
ACID FAST BACTERIA
 Able to resist decolorization by acids.
 Acid fastness is a physical property that

gives a bacterium the ability to resist
decolorization by acids during staining
procedures.
END OF LESSON 3
BACTERIA WITHOUT CELL WALL
 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
 Do not make the precursors of

peptidoglycan.

Cell & Binomial Nomenclature

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AICA HEART LEXIS

MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL

CATEGORIES OF MICROBES 1. Nucleus

Separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear

Contains the DNA that code for proteins needed

MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL

WHAT IS A CELL? The cell structure consists of components with

THE CELL THEORY Also referred to as Plasma Membrane

MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL

• Cells that do not have 3. Intermediate filaments

• Examples include plant and

EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL

1. Cell wall: rigid wall outside the

2. Chloroplast: captures light and

3. Chlorophyll: green pigment

4. Plastids: organelles that store

• Cells that do not have

1. Actin filaments 2. Microtubules • DNA is less structured in

• DNA is bound to protein and

• Reproduce via mitosis and

• Examples are Escherichia coli

• Capable of living indefinitely in

THEIR KEY DIFFERENCES

 Greek word: “taxon” = arrangement

The classification of organisms in an ordered BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Classification - the orderly arrangement of

 A microbiologist who is thoroughly 2. Archaea

BACTERIA GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

ACID FAST BACTERIA

 Able to resist decolorization by acids.

 Acid fastness is a physical property that

BACTERIA WITHOUT CELL WALL

 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

 Do not make the precursors of

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