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VANET’s Security, Privacy and Authenticity: A Study

Conference Paper · January 2021

DOI: 10.4108/eai.16-5-2020.2304038

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 VANET’s Security, Privacy and Authenticity: A
Study

Asma Parveen1, Syed Thouheed Ahmed2*, Raafiya Gulmeher1, Ruksar Fatima1

1KhajaBandae Nawaz University, Kalaburgi, India
2 Dr. T Thimmaiah Institute of Technology, Kolar, India
[email protected]

Abstract. Vehicular Adhoc Network’s (VANET) has gained popularity and fo-
cus of research in recent days, due to their distinctive characteristics like fre-
quently changing topology with predictable mobility. Much attention of Indus-
try and academia both are attracted towards VANETs. Security of data is a cru-
cial aspect of safety related applications of vehicular networks due to their dis-
tributed nature and mobility of vehicular ad hoc networks VANETs a critical
challenge arises such as collisions of uncoordinated data transmissions and un-
stable topologies. This paper presents the basic vehicular ad hoc network’s ar-
chitecture then shows research issues. This paper provides a survey of research
perspective of main aspects of VANETs such as general authentication and se-
curity techniques.

Keywords: VANETs, OBU, RSU, Secure communication

1 Introduction

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) are Mobile Adhoc networks (MANETs) with
a special type of wireless communication within short range. VANETs are self-
organizing and distributed networks which have been designed for communication
between the moving vehicles and road side infrastructures. In 2001 VANETSs were
introduced and mentioned [1] for mobile adhoc car-to-car networking and communi-
cation applications. One of the key part of the Intelligent Transportation systems
(ITS) framework is VANETs.
VANETs are being used for many applications such as providing routing infor-
mation to the other vehicles efficiently, accidents, emergency warning, , broadcasting
road conditions, and managing lane-changing etc. This wireless network technology
is a promising one which can encounter critical vehicular safety situations. Due to
these applications requirement VANETs experience fast development, as well as tran-
spires self-driving car technologies. Transmission of a secure data is crucial in
VANETs. Hence implementing data security is a critical challenge due to the frequent
and rapid change of the topology in the Adhoc networks.

ICASISET 2020, May 16-17, Chennai, India

Copyright © 2021 EAI
DOI 10.4108/eai.16-5-2020.2304038
2

Sensor devices are used to monitor the network conditions in VANET. These Sen-
sor devices are capable of transmitting the data to others vehicles and collecting rele-
vant information. Size of the sensor devices are very small, have low cost and can be
deployed in very large numbers in the VANET. Vehicles are capable of providing
themselves continuous power transmission to support functions like communication,
significant computing, and sensing[2].

2 Communication in VANETs

Fig.1.Key role of each communication type.

The various types of communication in VANETs can be divided in to four types.

Each category is closely related to components of VANETs as discussed above. Fig.
3 gives the key Role of each communication type[1]
In-vehicle communication: In VANETs research, the vehicle communication
plays a most important role, which refers to in-vehicle domain. The performance of a
vehicle such as if driver is fatigue or if he feels drowsiness, these things can be en-
counter by vehicle communication system, that gives most for driver as well as pub-
lic.
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication :With the help of Vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V) communication, the drivers can exchange the data, information and warning
messages that really assist the driver.
Vehicle-to-road infrastructure (V2I) communication :Another useful research
field of VANETsis Vehicle-to-road infrastructure (V2I) communication. With this
 3

communication, the drivers can get real time traffic and weather updates and pro-
vides monitoring and environmental sensing features.
Vehicle-to-broadband cloud (V2B) communication :With the help of Vehicle-to-
broadband cloud (V2B) communication, the vehicles can communicate each other
using wireless broadband mechanisms such as 3G/4G , because the broadband cloud
will be having both information regarding traffic and monitoring the data , such type
of communication will be most useful for tracking the vehicles and assisting to the
drivers.

3 Security and privacy

Now a day’s lot of personal information and vehicular trajectory data are stored us
hybrid broad applications,which can disclose individual habits, activities and trails of
system connection. The threats such as exploitation of messages or traces the trajec-
tory of vehicles by attacker have to be overcome before communication architecture
in VANETs is deployed to increase the reliability ,dependability and individual`s
acceptance of the VANETs system,
Formerly many approaches have been proposed to address the security and privacy
issues. Most of the literatures pay more attention to two important aspects such as
architecture of VANETs and communication over it[20].

3.1 Security goals

The objectives to guarantee or secure VANETs are same as that for securing any
system. The fundamental point is to give verification, trustworthiness, accessibility,
privacy, and non-renouncement. Verification is affirmation that their conveying ele-
ment is the one that it professes to be and empowers a hub to guarantee the personali-
ty of their imparting hub. Main task is to check , vehicle status i.e whether it is ap-
proved or not. It is vital that the hub getting information is sent from a substantial
sender. Privacy manages the security of information from unapproved disclosure.
Classification of information guarantees that the information is n't spilled or revealed
to unapproved hubs or vehicle in the system. For eg.the data being transmitted is from
enrolled vehicles . Revelation of this information may prompt recognizable proof of
essential data. Integrity is especially vital for basic security. Data can be deleted or
turned out to be out of reach, bringing about loss of accessibility. This implies indi-
viduals who are approved to get data can't get what they require.

Accessibility guarantees that the frame work , works appropriately and their
administration is given to approved clients alone when it is required. An opponent
refuse any assistance to legitimate hubs by stick their channel, by disturbing their
routing rules, by depleting battery of intensity, and so forth. For eg. At essential time
the services are given to vehicle by unit of road side . The elements involved in ex-
change of data are being participated in all or part of the transmission are provided a
protection against rejection.. For eg. Subsequent to communicating something specif-
4

ic, the vehicle ought not deny having those sent message is called as sender non-
renouncement. Additionally after getting a message, the vehicle should not deny hav-
ing those gotten message is called as recipient non-renouncement [16].

3.2 Authentication Techniques in VANETs

Authentication is nothing but verification of a user’s identity before granting per-

mission for the access to the network. It is considered to be one of the basic require-
ment of defense against intruders.
There are different methods used to authenticate messages sent over the
VANETs”:
Node level authentication proves that the message is originated from certain node.
Group level authentication proves that the message is originated from a certain
group of nodes.
Unicast authentication proves the message is sent to only one node.
Multicast authentication proves the message is sent to many nodes[18].
Broadcast authentication proves that the message is sent to all nodes in the net-
work.

On the bases of trust, advanced signature and symmetric cryptography authentication

techniques in VANETs are as follows. Trust based confirmation methods are Trust
Extended Authentication Mechanism (TEAM) and Chameleon Hashing for shared
and unknown validation. Validation methods in view of advanced signature are Ellip-
tic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and Challenge Response Authentica-
tion utilizing Digital Signatures. Finally authentication techniques based on symmet-
ric cryptography are Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant authentication (TESLA)
and TESLA++.

4 Related work

4.1 The security, privacy and authenticity of VANETs

[10]The authors proposed a new security architecture mainly focusing on

providing security to the wireless communication part of the system in the vehicles
and on improving users privacy. Hence different from architecture it mainly focuses
on secular vehicular communication algorithms and schemes[7,11]. A communication
scheme proposed by Raya and Hubaux deals with the communication parties estab-
lishes sharing session key for longer time secure communication. Applications that
are non-safety related are ignored whereas the application related to safety are given
more importance in this scheme[5,12]. In[11], the authors mainly focuses on a
scheme that was proposed by Raya and Hubaux for advanced secure communication,
that extends the session key which can be used in applications that are non-safety
 5

related and uses two session keys namely group keys and pairwise keys. In[13] ,the
authors explains several security solutions which have been proposed in depth,like
CA ,signature of group and VPKI.

[16]VANETs security is a major critical issue as the transmission of data is over

wireless network. It includes short range radios that are located on road side units,
vehicles and central authorities that are mainly held for managing the responsibilities
and their identity registration. Several academic institutions, governments and indus-
tries in various parts of the world uses projects of Vehicular Adhoc Network. But
VANETs are the most vulnerable to invaders that ranges from inactive to active at-
tacks such as eavesdropping, tampering, interfering and spamming. This paper mainly
focus on the various attacks from the VNETs and gives a most holistic protocol for
transmissions of the data in more secure manner and to detect the misbehaviors of
authorized users. In proposed work, the vehicle should first get registered with the
nearby Road Side Unit(RSU) and then authentication is provided by the RSU using
the certificate of RSU. The data is provided only after the successful authentication
otherwise it will be blocked. The plausibility checks are also used to detect author-
ized users if they send false event. The main aim behind this paper is to give a light-
weight protocol and secure data communication and the transmission against both
outsider and insider attacks. Providing lightweight protocol for secure transmission of
data against all kinds of insider and outsider attacks is the main motive of this paper.

[17] This paper proposes an approach to provide security to vehicular networks

while privacy is being maintained. This approach makes effective use of group sig-
nature with respect to public keys are maintained by members. As the signers are
unidentified in the group from which they sign so this way scheme is providing pri-
vacy. In addition, if two messages are signed by an individual, it has no link between
the messages sent by the same member of the group. In other words signers cannot
be identified, whether the sender of two messages is the same member or different
members of the group. This proposed scheme presents anonymity, aurhenticity,
accountability and data integrity.

[14]vehicle registration is done with the Certificate authority anf CA is respon-

sible for issuing keys and vehicular node registers for its identity. VANETsthat has
been using game theory for sensing attacks is not enough for security requirements.
Hence this mechanism propose recently generates appropriate framework for securi-
ty with an extended defensive mechanism support for VANETs which improves
security. The behavior of vehicles are monitored by the neighboring vehicles and
nearby RSU(Road Side Unit). A tamper proof device is attached with the vehicles
and it has to check the vehicle’s certificate validation. If a problematic certificate is
found then revocation of Certificate happens, which avoids receiving messages by
the other vehicles from the problematic certificates. Presently the responsibility of
broadcasting Certificate Revocation List (CRL) for revoking certificates and tracking
of the vehicle is of Road Side Unit (RSU). However this strategy causes burden on
RSU and consumption of control channel by CRL. In this method of certificate revo-
6

cation , it will check the validity of senders certificate upon receiving a message by
the vehicle. If sender does not hold a valid certificate then message from it will be
ignored and if the sender do not have a certificate at all then receiver reports about
the sender to the RSU. After checking the correctness of the message RSU will as-
sign sender a valid certificate (VC), or else an invalid certificate (IC) is issued by
RSU to the node and registers the ID of the vehicle to the CRL.

[15] This paper proposes two modes for basic communication -communication
between OBUs with each other and with other infrastructure Road Side Units. As the
communication between vehicles is through wireless channel, so there may many
types of attacks take place easily such as manipulation of messages, insertion of false
information etc. the system proposes Dual group key management scheme where a
group key is assigned to the set of users which can also be updated during operations.
By updating a small amount of information an addition or revocation of the user from
group in VANET is performed efficiently in this scheme. Here various services are
provided by a Trusted Expert (TE) for the online customer through Vehicular Net-
works. Hence it is necessary to maintain data confidentiality and authenticity that are
being exchanged between TE and VANET nodes. The security issue is addressed by
classifying users as unauthorized, primary and secondary by the TE. This paper pro-
poses implementation of Dual Authentication scheme for providing high level securi-
ty that prevents entering of unauthorized vehicles in the VANET.

5 Conclusion

Developing techniques ensuring Security, Privacy and Authenticity is an urgent

need for implementation of a secure communication over Vehicular Adhoc Networks
(VANETs). This paper presents a survey on VANET’s Security, Privacy and Authen-
ticity. An Introduction to VANETs architecture, including network components and
VANET’s domain view, communication types, security goals, methods and a brief
discussion on authenticity techniques. It also presents research perspective for the
vehicular ad hoc networks with respect to authentication, security and management
under larger circumstances in increasing demand of technology.

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