INDUS UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
MANUAL FOR TUTORIAL

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
AHMEDABAD

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 INDEX
SHEET NO. NAME OF SHEET

1 Engineering Curves-I

2 Engineering Curves-II

3 Projections of Points and Line

4 Projections of Planes

5 Projections of Solids

6 Orthographic Projections

7 Section Orthographic Projections

8 Isometric view or projections

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 SYLLABUS – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Teaching Scheme Examination Evaluation Scheme

Continuous Continuous Total
University – University –
Internal Internal
Lecture Tutorial Practical Credits Theory Practical
Evaluation- Evaluation-
Examination Examination
Theory Practical

01 04 00 03 16/40 -- 24/60 -- 100

Course Objectives:

 To know and understand the conventions and the methods of engineering drawing.
 To improve their technical communication skill in the form of communicative drawings.
 Interpret engineering drawings using fundamental technical mathematics.
 Construct basic and intermediate geometry.
 To improve their visualization skills so that they can apply these skills in developing new
products.
 Comprehend the theory of projection.
 To visualize different views of the object like front, top, side views from isometric
drawing
 To construct an isometric view from given orthographic views
 To learn nature of working links in slider crank mechanism, fourbar chain mechanism,
combined mechanism etc.
 To provide an ability to understand work on different sheet metal job by using
development of surfaces

CONTENTS

UNIT – I Hrs.

1 Introduction to engineering graphics: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their 2

Significance – Drawing Instruments and their Use – Conventions in Drawing – Lettering –
BIS Conventions- Dimensioning systems – polygons-types of lines

2 Engineering curves: Classification and application of Engineering Curves, Construction of 6

different methods of Ellipse, parabola and Hyperbola, construction of Conics, Cycloid
Curves – Cycloid, Hypocycloid, Epicycloids, Involutes and Spirals.

3 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS AND LINES: Introduction to principal planes of 6

projections, Projections of the points located in same quadrant and different quadrants,
Projections of line with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes.
True length and inclination with the reference planes.

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 UNIT – II

4 PROJECTIONS OF PLANES: Projections of planes (polygons, circle, and ellipse) with its 4
inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes, Concept of auxiliary plane
method for projections of the plane.
5 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS: Classification of solids. Projections of solids (Cylinder, 6
Cone, Pyramid, Prism) along with frustum of cone and pyramid with their inclinations to one
reference plane and with two reference planes.

UNIT – III

6 ORTHOGRAPHIC AND SECTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS: 10

Fundamental of projection along with classification, Projections from the pictorial view of
the object on the principal planes for view from front, top and sides using first angle
projection method and third angle projection method, introduction of section of objects, full
sectional view.
UNIT – IV

7 ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS: Isometric Scale, Conversion of orthographic views into 8

isometric projection, isometric view or drawing.

Text book:

1. P.J. Shah , “ A Text Book of Engineering Graphics” Publication: S.Chand

Reference Books:

2. P.J. Shah , “ A Text Book of Engineering Graphics” Publication: S.Chand

3. N.D.Bhatt , “Elementary Engineering Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, Anand
4. P.D.Patel, “ Engineering Graphics” Publication: Mahajan
5. A text book of Engineering Drawing by R.K.Dhawan, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
6. A text book of Engineering Drawing by P.S.Gill, S.K.Kataria & sons, Delhi

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 INTRODUCTION
(In sketchbook)

1. Title block
2. Draw polygon of 50 mm sides (Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon, and Octagon).
3. Types of Lines
4. Types of dimessioning

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 SHEET-1
ENGINEERING CURVES-I
(Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola)

SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 4)

(1) Draw an Ellipse having major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm. Use Concentric Circle method.

(2) Draw an Ellipse having major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm. Use Arc of Circle method.

(3) Draw parabola with base 100 mm and axis 50 mm, 70⁰ inclined from base by using
parallelogram method.

(4) Draw a curve having eccentricity 3:2, the focus F of which is at a distance of 50mm from the
directrix. Draw the curve and Name the curve.

ASSIGNMENT-1
(1) Define: (i) Ellipse (ii) parabola (iii) Hyperbola

(2) Construct Ellipse to be inscribed in a parallelogram of dimension 100 mm and 50 mm. 75° inclined

with horizontal

(3) Draw a parabola by Rectangle method with base 100 mm and height 60 mm.

(4) Draw an Ellipse having major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm. Use Oblong method.

(5) If Base is 130 mm and axis length 85 mm, draw parabola by rectangle method.

(6) Draw the parabola by Tangent method with base = 120 mm and Axis length =85 mm.

(7) Motor car head lamp parabolic reflector is having an aperture (opening) of 175 mm and a depth of
135 mm. Draw the shape of the reflector.

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 SHEET-2

ENGINEERING CURVES-II
(Cycloid, Hypocycloid, Epicycloids, Involutes, Spirals)
SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 4)

(1) Construct the involute of a hexagon having sides 20 mm.

(2) A rolling circle of r = 27 mm radius is rolling outside a directing circle of R = 81 mm radius without
slip, point P is at the contact point of two circles. Draw the locus of point P for one revolution of
the rolling circle.

(3) Draw an Archimedean spiral of 1.5 convolutions, the greatest and least radius being 60 mm and
20 mm respectively.

(4) A circle of 25 mm radius is rolling on a straight line without slip. Point P is at the point of contact
between generating circle and directing line. Draw the locus of point P and name the curve.

(5) A stick, of length equal to the circumference of a semicircle, is initially tangent to the semicircle
of the right side of it. This stick now rolls over the circumference of a semicircle without sliding till
it becomes tangent on the left side of the semicircle. Draw the loci of two points of this stick.
Name the curve. Take R = 42 mm.
(6) Construct the Archemedian Spiral of two convolutions. The largest radius is 100 mm and the
smallest radius is 20 mm.

(7) A point O moves towards another point O, 75 mm from it, and reaches it during 1 1⁄4 revolution
around it in clockwise direction. Its movement towards O is uniform with its movement around it.
Draw the curve traced out by the point P and name it.

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 ASSIGNMENT-2

(1) Define: (i) cycloid (ii) Hypocycloid (iii) Epicycloid (iv) involute.

(2) A circle of 30 mm radius is rolling on a straight line without slip. Point P is at the point of contact
between generating circle and directing line. Draw the locus of point P and name the curve.

(3) Construct 3 convolution of the involute of 10 mm long line.

(4) A circle of 30 mm dia. Rolls on a vertical line for a half revolution and then on a horizontal line for
another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on the circumference of the circle.

(5) Show graphically that the hypocycloid is a straight line. When diameter of rolling circle is half of the
directing circle.

(6) Draw an Involute for a semi-circle of radius 25 mm.

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 SHEET – 3
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS & LINES
SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

1) Draw the projection of given points on a common reference line.

i. A, 25 mm above H.P. and 35 mm in front of V.P.

ii. B, 30 mm above H.P. and 40 mm behind V.P.
iii. C, 20 mm below H.P. and 45 mm behind V.P.
iv. D, 35 mm below H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P.
v. E, 45 mm above H.P. and in V.P.
vi. F, 30 mm below H.P. and in V.P.
vii. G, on H.P. and 35 mm in front of V.P.
viii. H, on H.P. and 25 mm behind of V.P.

2) A line AB, 75 mm long, has its end A 20 mm below H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P. The end B is 50
mm below H.P. and 65 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of line AB and find its
inclinations with H.P. and V.P. find apparent inclinations with H.P. and V.P. Also find PL and
EL of line AB.
3) A line PQ has its end P, 15 mm above H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P. The end Q is 60 mm
above H.P. The distance between the end projectors is 55 mm. The line is inclined to H.P. by
25°. Draw the projections and find its inclination with V.P. and true length of line PQ. Also
find EL, PL and apparent angles with H.P. and V.P.
4) A line AB, 65 mm long, has its end A 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. The end B is
40 mm above HP and 65 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and show its
inclination with HP and VP, also find apparent inclination with HP and VP and find Elevation
length and Plan length of line AB.

(4) A line CD has its end C is 15 mm above H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P. The end D is 60 mm above
H.P. The distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. The line is inclined to H.P. by 25°. Draw
the projections and find its inclination with V.P. and true length of line CD. Find EL, PL and
apparent inclinations with H.P. and V.P.

(5) A straight line AB has its end A 10 mm above HP and end B 50 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the
projections of line AB, if it is inclined to H.P. by 30° and V.P. by 45° and it is 50 mm long.

(6) A line AB is 80 mm long. It is inclined at an angle of 45° to the HP and 30° to the VP. The end A is
20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the line AB. Find the elevation
length and the plan length of the line. Determine the apparent inclinations of the line AB with HP
and VP.

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 ASSIGNMENT-3
(1) Draw the projections of the following points on the same X-Y line

(i) Point A in V.P. , 30 mm below HP

(ii) Point B in HP, 20 mm in front of VP
(iii) Point C 38 mm above HP and 38 mm behind VP.
(iv) Point D 25 mm below HP and 45 mm behind VP.
(v) Point E on HP and on VP
(vi) Point F 35 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP.
(vii) Point G on VP , 35 mm above HP.

(2) A line PQ 60 mm long has its end P on V.P. and end Q on H.P. Line is inclined to H.P. by 60° and V.P.
by 30° and it is 20 mm away from the profile plane. Draw projections of the Line.

(3) A line PQ 70 mm long has its end P in VP and Q in HP. Line is inclined to HP by 60° and VP by 30°. Draw
the projections

(4) A straight line AB has its end A 10 mm above HP and 15 mm infront of V.P. End B 50 mm in front of
the V.P. Draw the projections of line AB, if it is inclined to H.P. by 30° and V.P. by 45° and it is 50 mm
long.
(5) The top view of 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm, while the length of its front view is 50 mm. Its
one end A is in the H.P. and 12 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projection of line AB and its
inclination with H.P. and the V.P.

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 SHEET – 4
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

(1) Draw the projection of a circle of 70 mm diameter resting on H.P. on a point A of

the circumference. Plane is inclined to H.P. such that the plan of it is an ellipse of
minor axis 40 mm. The plan of the diameter, through the point A, is making an
angle of 45° with the V.P. measure the angle of the plane with the H.P.

(2) A regular hexagonal plate 30 mm side is resting on one of its corners in H.P. The
diagonal through that corner is inclined at 40˚ to H.P. and diagonal is inclined at 30˚
to V.P. Draw the projection of Hexagonal plate.

(3) A regular pentagonal plate, of 35 mm sides, has one of its corners in H.P. The plane of
the pentagon is inclined at 30° to the H.P. The side of the pentagon which is opposite
to the corner, which is on H.P. is inclined at 45° to V.P. Draw the projections of the
plate.

(4) A square plate having size 40 mm, is resting on V.P. with one of its corner . The plane
is inclined to V.P. by 40°. The diagonal passing through the point which is on V.P. ,is
inclined at 30° to the H.P. Draw its projection.

(5) A semicircular plate of 80mm diameter has its straight edge in the VP and inclined at
45 to HP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with the VP. Draw its
projections.

(6) A pentagon of 40 mm side is resting on one of its corners on the V.P. The edge
opposite to that corner makes an angle an angle of 30° to the H.P. The surface of the
pentagon is inclined at 45° to the V.P. Draw its projections.

(7) A thin rectangular plate of 60 × 30 mm has its shorter side in the VP and inclined at
30° to the HP. Project top view, if its front view is a square of 30 mm long side.

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 ASSIGNMENT-4

(1) A thin hexagonal lamina of 30 mm side with a central hole of 30 mm diameter is resting on
H.P. on one of its corner. Draw the projections of lamina when diagonal through resting
corner is 30° to both H.P. and V.P.

(2) A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter is resting on H.P. on a point A of the circumference, with
its plane inclined at 45° to H.P. and the diameter through point A makes 30° with V.P. Draw
projections of the lamina.

(3) A regular hexagonal plane with side 40 mm is resting on one of its sides. Draw the projections
of the plane when it is inclined at 30° to H.P. and the side on which it rests on H.P. makes 45°
with V.P.

(4) A regular hexagonal plane with side 40 mm is resting on one of its sides. Draw the
projections of the plane when it is inclined at 30° to H.P. and the side on which it rests on H.P.
makes 45° with V.P.

(5) An elliptical plane with major axis 70 mm and minor axis 50 mm is inclined to H.P. such that
the top view of the plane is circle. Draw the projections of the plane when the major axis is
inclined at 30° to the V.P. Find the inclination of the plane with H.P. Use concentric circle
method to draw the top view of the plane in the initial stage.

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5

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 SHEET – 5
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

(1) A cone, diameter of base 50 mm and height 60 mm, is resting on H.P. on a point of
its periphery of base with the axis making angle of 30° with the H.P. and 45° with
V.P. Draw the projection of the cone when apex is away from observer.

(2) A pentagonal prism is resting on one of the corner of its base on HP. The longer edge
containing that corner is inclined at 45° to the HP. The plan of prism axis makes an
angle of 30° to the VP. Draw the projections of solid. Height of prism is 60 mm and
side 30 mm.

(3) A hexagonal pyramid is resting on one of the corner of its base on HP. The corner edge
containing that corner is inclined at 45º to the HP. The plan of pyramid axis makes an
angle of 30º to the VP. Draw the projections of solid. Height of pyramid is 60 mm and
side 30 mm.

(4) A square prism side of base 30 mm and height 45 mm, is resting on H.P. on one of
the edges of the base. The edge on which it rests on H.P. makes 45° with V.P. The
axis of the prism makes 60° with H.P. Draw projections of the prism when base is
away from the observer.

(5) Pentagonal pyramid is having axis length 80 mm and edge of base 30. The pyramid is
resting on one of its base edges on HP. Draw the projections when the axis of the
pyramid is inclined at 30° to the H.P. and plan of axis of the pyramid makes 45° with
the V.P.

(6) A cylinder, diameter of base 60 mm and height 90 mm, is resting on H.P. on the point
of its periphery of the base. The axis of is inclined to H.P. by 30° and top view of the
axis inclined at 45° to the V.P. Draw projections of the cylinder.

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 ASSIGNMENT-5

(1) A cone diameter of base 60 mm and height 90 mm is resting on H.P. on the point of
periphery of the base. Axis of the cone makes 60° with the H.P. and 30° with the V.P. Draw
the projections of the cone, when the apex is nearer to V.P.

(2) A hexagonal prism is resting on one of its side of base (30 mm), such that axis (60 mm) is
inclined at 45° to H.P. and the side on which it is resting is inclined at 30° to V.P. Draw the
projections of Hexagonal prism.

(3) A square pyramid, side of base 50 mm and height 64 mm, is freely suspended from one of
the corners of the base. Draw its projections when vertical plane containing axis makes an
angle of 45° with the V.P.

(4) A cone, 60 mm base diameter and 80 mm long generator is resting on H.P. with one of the
points of its base. Draw projections of cone when apex is 55 mm above from the H.P. and
plan of the axis inclined at 45° to the V.P.

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 SHEET –6
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

(1) By First angle method, Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top View (iii) LHSV

(2) Draw (i) Front View (ii) Right hand side view (iii) Top View. Use third angle method

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(3) Draw (i) Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) LHSV. Use third Angle Method.

(4) Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top View (iii) LHSV. Use 1st Angle Method.

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(5) Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top View (iii) LHSV. Use 1st Angle Method.

(6) Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top View (iii) RHSV. Use 1st Angle Method.

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 ASSIGNMENT-6

(1) Draw (i) Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) RHSV by First angle (2) Draw (i) Front View (ii) Top view
method (iii) LHSV by 3rd angle method

(3) Draw (i) Front view (ii)TV (iii) LHSV by first angle (4) Draw (i) Full sectional Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) LHSV by
method Third angle method.

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(5) Draw (i) Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) RHSV by First angle (6) Draw (i) Front View (ii) Top view (iii) LHSV by first
method angle method

(7) Draw (i) Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) RHSV by First angle (8) Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top view (iii) LHSV, by first
method angle method

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 SHEET –7
SECTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

(1) By third angle method, draw (i) Elevation (ii) Full sectional LHSV

(2) Draw (i) Front view (ii) Top view (iii) Full sectional RHSV. Use 1 st angle method

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(3) Draw (i) Full Sectional Front view (ii) Top view (iii) LHSV. Use 1st angle method

(4) Draw (i) Full sectional Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) RHSV , by third angle method.

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(5) Draw (i) Full sectional Elevation (ii) Plan (iii) LHSV, by first angle method.
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 ASSIGNMENT-7

(1) By first angle method, draw (i) front view (ii) top (2) Draw (i) Full sectional FV (ii)TV (iii) LHSV, by first
view (iii) full sectional RHSV angle method

(3) By third angle method, draw (i) full sectional front (4) By third angle method, draw (i) full sectional front
view (ii) top view (iii) LHSV view (ii) top view (iii) RHSV

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 SHEET –8
ISOMETRIC VIEW OR PROJECTIONS
SHEET’S PROBLEMS (1 to 3)

1) Figure shows Elevation and Plan of an object, Draw isometric view

2) Figure shows Elevation and Plan of an object, Draw isometric view

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3) Figure shows Elevation and Plan of an object, Draw isometric projection.

4) Figure shows Elevation and Plan of an object, Draw isometric view

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5) Figure shows Elevation, Plan and side view of an object, Draw isometric view

6) Figure shows Elevation and Plan, Draw isometric view.

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 1 ASSIGNMENT-8
(1) Figure shows Elevation and Plan of an object, Draw isometric view

(2) Figure shows Front view and Top view of an object, Draw isometric projection.

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(3) Draw isometric view

(4) Draw isometric view for given Elevation and Plan

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(5) Draw isometric view

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