Seminar Report
Seminar Report
Seminar Report
On
SMART GRID
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Engineering
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
KALYANI B
1MJ20EE008
June 2024
Engineering A Better Tomorrow
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar work entitled “Smart Grid” carried out by Ms. Kalyani B, USN
1MJ20EE008 a bonafied student of MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of the Visveswaraiah
Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental
library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.
External Viva
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2.
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Engineering A Better Tomorrow
DECLARATION
I, Kalyani B (1MJ20EE008) student of eighth semester B.E, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the technical seminar titled
“Smart Grid” has been presented by me and submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the year 2024.
Place: Bengaluru
Date:
Signature:
Name: Kalyani B (1MJ20EE008)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accomplishes the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who make it possible.
I am thankful to The Management of MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for their
continuous support and encouragement for carrying out the seminar work.
I would like to thank The Principal, MVJCE, Bengaluru for the encouragement and valuable
suggestions.
I would like to express our gratitude to The Vice Principal, MVJCE, Bengaluru, for constant
encouragement throughout the course.
I would like to express our sincere gratitude to The Controller of Examination, MVJCE,
Bengaluru, for persistent guidance.
I would like to thank Dr. Shima Ramesh Maniyath, Assistant Professor and HOD, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MVJCE, Bengaluru, for being a constant support and
providing all the facilities that was needed in the seminar work.
I avail this opportunity to express profound sense of gratitude and thank to our guide. I would like
to thank Dr. M Elencheziyan, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, MVJCE, Bengaluru, for her wholehearted support, suggestions, and invaluable advice
throughout Technical Seminar and for the help in the preparation of this report.
I am in debt to the support of all the teaching and non-teaching members of Department of EEE,
MVJCE, for their kind help and co-operation, throughout the seminar.
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ABSTRACT
The discourse extends beyond the merits, scrutinizing the inherent challenges associated with
smart grid deployment, such as cybersecurity concerns and infrastructure complexities.
Furthermore, it extrapolates on the trajectory of smart grids in the context of future energy
landscapes, exploring their potential to revolutionize energy consumption patterns and
contribute to a more sustainable and resilient power infrastructure.
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Index:
1. Certificate i
2. Declaration ii
3. Acknowledgement iii
4. Abstract iv
5. Introduction 1
6. Literature survey 4
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1. INTRODUCTION
A smart grid is an advanced and integrated electrical grid that leverages modern technology to
enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution.
Unlike traditional grids, smart grids utilize digital communication and automation to optimize the
flow of electricity, monitor real-time data, and respond dynamically to changes in demand and
supply.
A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor
and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity
demands of end users. Smart grids co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid
operators, end users and electricity market stakeholders to operate all parts of the system as
efficiently as possible, minimizing costs and environmental impacts while maximizing system
reliability, resilience, flexibility and stability. Most of the technologies involved have already
reached maturity, and so tracking investments provides insights on levels of deployment. The
concept of smart grids has its roots in the late 20th century, gaining momentum as technology
advanced and concerns about the efficiency and sustainability of traditional energy grids grew.
Here's a brief overview of the history of smart grids.
Early Concepts (1990s): The idea of applying digital technology to improve the efficiency of
power grids emerged in the 1990s. Researchers and industry experts began exploring ways to
integrate communication and control systems into existing power infrastructure.
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California Energy Crisis (2000-2001): The energy crisis in California highlighted the need for
better management of electricity distribution. This period underscored the limitations of traditional
grids and sparked increased interest in developing more intelligent and responsive systems.
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): In the early 2000s, the deployment of Advanced
Metering Infrastructure, including smart meters, gained traction. These devices enabled two-way
communication between utilities and consumers, providing real-time data on energy consumption.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009): The U.S. government allocated substantial
funding for smart grid projects as part of the economic stimulus package. This financial support
accelerated the deployment of smart grid technologies across the United States.
International Adoption (2010s): In the following decade, countries worldwide started adopting
smart grid technologies. Europe, for instance, focused on integrating renewable energy sources into
the grid, while Asia explored smart grid solutions to address rapid urbanization and increasing
energy demand.
Paper[1] The document discusses the hierarchical structure of science and technology innovation
indicators, particularly focusing on the State Grid Corporation's benchmarking index system and the
provincial company's benchmarking index system. It emphasizes the importance of scientific and
technological innovation in the power industry, highlighting the correlation between technological
innovation, digital construction, and the construction of a smart grid. The paper also mentions the
improved TrustRank-ISM model and its application in constructing the hierarchy diagram of Fujian
power grid science and technology innovation category index system structure. Additionally, it
acknowledges the funding support from State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd. and State Grid
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Fujian Economic Research Institute for the research project. The conclusion emphasizes the role of
technological innovation and digital construction in improving the reliability and intelligence of the
power grid and promoting sustainable development in the power industry.
Paper [2] The document discusses the proposed framework architecture for integrating smart city
applications, water metering, street lighting, and other IoT devices using MQTT-SN protocol. It
explains the limitations of "pure" MQTT in sensor networks and the features of MQTT-SN that
overcome these limitations. The document also covers the integration of MQTT-SN networks with
an MQTT broker through a gateway, allowing applications based on "pure" MQTT to be deployed
on MQTT-SN networks without modification. Additionally, it provides insights into the backhaul
layer, Wi-SUN layer, and the performance assessment of the smart grid's actual performance.
Furthermore, it addresses known issues such as the long network restart period following an energy
blackout and ways to minimize energy dissipation by applications requiring frequent
communication exchanges. The document concludes with a list of references related to smart grids,
wireless communication networks, IoT, and smart city applications. Plants create both
carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water. Animals take up those
carbohydrates and oxygen and utilize them as an energy source and release carbon dioxide and
water. Then this cycle starts again. Since the carbon dioxide is recycled in this system, the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does not increase. If electrical energy could be directly
acquired from this cycle, we could obtain more environmentally friendly energy than that from
fossil fuels. Furthermore, renewable energy sources such as glucose (which is present in plants and
therefore abundantly available) have an extremely high energy density. Batteries containing heavy
metals pose a danger to both the environment and human health. Bio batteries that have been
developed in recent years need to be placed in separate compartments for waste separation. But in
the near future, it may be possible to completely avoid metals in our batteries.
The Smart Grid is a combination of hardware, management and reporting software, built atop
an intelligent communications infrastructure. In the world of the Smart Grid, consumers and
utility companies alike have tools to manage, monitor and respond to energy issues. The flow of
electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way conversation, saving consumers money,
energy, delivering more transparency in terms of end-user use, and reducing carbon emissions.
Modernization of the electricity delivery system so that it monitors, protects and automatically
optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements – from the central and distributed generator
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through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building
automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their
thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices. The Smart Grid in large,
sits at the intersection of Energy, IT and Telecommunication Technologies.
Smart Grid refers to an improved electricity supply chain that runs from a major power plant all
the way inside your home. In short, there are thousands of power plants throughout the United
States that generate electricity using wind energy, nuclear energy, coal, hydro, natural gas, and a
variety of other resources. These generating stations produce electricity at a certain electrical
voltage. This voltage is then “stepped-up” (increased) to very high voltages, such as 500,000 volts,
to increase the efficiency of power transmission over long distances.
Once this electrical power gets near your town or city, the electrical voltage is “stepped-down”
(decreased) in a utility substation to a lower voltage for distribution around your town or city. As
this electrical power gets closer to your home, it is stepped-down by another transformer to the
voltage you use in your home. This power enters your home through your electrical meter. The
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voltage in your home is typically 110-120 volts for most appliances, but may also be 220-240 volts
for an electric range, clothes dryer, or air conditioner.
Adding new transmission lines will help the utilities get more power from the power plants to your
home. However, many communities don’t want new power lines in their areas. In addition, adding
new capacity, although needed, will not increase the reliability of all the old electrical equipment
reaching the end of its useful life. What is needed is a new approach that significantly increases the
efficiency of the entire electrical delivery system. This approach will not only increase reliability,
but will also reduce energy in the delivery process and thereby reduce greenhouse house emissions.
We call this new approach Smart Grid.
The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis, control, and communication
capabilities to the national electrical delivery system to maximize the throughput of the system
while reducing the energy consumption. The Smart Grid will allow utilities to move electricity
around the system as efficiency and economically as possible. It will also allow the homeowner and
business to use electricity as economically as possible. You may want to keep your house set at 75
degrees F in the summer time when prices are low, but you may be willing to increase your
thermostat to 78 degrees F if prices are high. Similarly, you may want to dry your clothes for 5
cents per kilowatt-hour at 9:00 pm in stead of 15 cents per kilowatt-hour at 2:00 pm in the
afternoon. You will have the choice and flexibility to manage your electrical use while minimizing
your costs.
Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies already used by electric utilities but adds
communication and control capabilities that will optimize the operation of the entire electrical grid.
Smart Grid is also positioned to take advantage of new technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles, various forms of distributed generation, solar energy, smart metering, lighting
management systems, distribution automation, and many more.
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Alstom Grid is a key player to supply Utilities with the technology to adjust and balance energy
consumption to energy production with a real-time two-way management of electricity and
information.
Our solutions allow the integration of renewable energies and a more efficient electrical
transmission and distribution across the whole energy grid.
Alstom’s Smart Grid components and engineered solutions give the capacity to analyse, monitor
and control Utilities electrical assets and devices at all times, 24/7, including load factor and other
grid conditions with digital elements and simultaneous communications technologies installed
throughout their electrical network.
This combined subset of interconnections and communication devices added to software permits
Utilities to better react to incidents.
At the heart of the Smart Grid revolution, these solutions also provide immediate benefits in many
eco-city projects, thus enabling end-consumers to benefit from better energy consumption and
sharing, at the heart of the smart cities.
By adding automation, information and communication expertise to the existing power grid
infrastructure, Alstom Grid’s state-of-the-art integrated technologies – Substation Automation
Solutions, Network Management System and Smart Power Electronics - offer grid operators,
governments, consumers and all energy chain stakeholders, a set of strategic solutions to churn
existing grids into a more sustainable, flexible and efficient electrical network system; allowing:
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o New services like the ability to endorse local green energy consumption and
optimization
o Real-time assessment of system conditions and anomalies caused by bad weather
conditions, catastrophes
o Quick network repair by anticipation and isolation enabling a rapid restoration of current
with adaptive reconfigurations.
o An increased end-users involvement converting “customers” into “prosumers”.
Measuring and controlling consumption leads to better usage adjustments and cost
management, influencing how and when energy is consumed. Local production and
storage can completely change the consumer role.
Alstom Grid’s interoperable and IEC 61850 compliant solutions allow achieving high level
availability and reliability of the network.
It also permits full integration with the control room network monitoring and Smart Grid
applications such as stability, wide area protection plans, and online condition monitoring.
Moreover, using the IEEE P1547.8 Standard to build the grid establishes a common technical
platform where distributed resources and interconnected applications proffer an interoperable
Smart Grid and an optimized execution of the network.
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of
electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors there are numerous competing
taxonomies and no agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible
categorization is given here.
Reliability
The smart grid will make use of technologies, such as state estimation, that improve fault
detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians. This
will ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters or
attack.
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Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured
multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity
was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a
new problem: if the current flow or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any
particular network element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network
elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage. A
technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
The economic impact of improved grid reliability and resilience is the subject of a number of
studies and can be calculated using a US DOE funded methodology for US locations using at
least one calculation tool.
Efficiency
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The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total
load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow
varying, increment of the load if a popular television program starts and millions of televisions
will draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power consumption,
faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative
standby mode . A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer,
to reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in
the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to predict
how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional
grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid,
the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling,
prices of electricity are increased during high demand periods, and decreased during low
demand periods. It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less during
high demand periods if it is possible for consumers and consumer devices to be aware of the
high price premium for using electricity at peak periods. This could mean making trade-offs
such as cycling on/off air conditioners or running dishes at 9 pm instead of 5 pm. When
businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of using energy at off-peak times, the
theory is that they will include energy cost of operation into their consumer device and building
construction decisions and hence become more energy efficient. See Time of day metering and
demand response.
According to proponents of smart grid plans,[who?] this will reduce the amount of spinning
reserve that electric utilities have to keep on stand-by, as the load curve will level itself through
a combination of "invisible hand" free-market capitalism and central control of a large number
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of devices by power management services that pay consumers a portion of the peak power
saved by turning their device off.
Sustainability
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable
renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of
energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed feed-in
points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level, the
transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in distributed
generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant challenges to power
engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through varying the output of the more
controllable generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology
is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this
reason.
Market enabling
The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price) and
consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be
more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the critical loads will need
to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers will be able to be more strategic in when they use
energy. Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum
profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam turbines and wind turbines will
receive a varying tariff based on the level of demand and the status of the other generators
currently operating.
The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that is
sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances with a
degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat pumps)
will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by adapting demand to
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the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing
mentioned above.
Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real
time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in
these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the
life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use
energy only when it is cheapest.
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control systems
for their high value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations and
major energy users. In general information flows one way, from the users and the loads they
control back to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or fail to
varying degrees (brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The total amount of power
demand by the users can have a very wide probability distribution which requires spare
generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This one-
way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be required as
little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be costly to consumers.
Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing
actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by
either supplying or demanding devices.
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Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of business while rewarding
customers with valuable new products.
Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but the smart grid should provide
less costly energy than otherwise would be possible. As such, it will save customers money
which can be invested or consumed as they choose.
Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved reliability and better
customer control will raise satisfaction among all types of customers.
Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of
power.
Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and is aligned with the
underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to save money will
benefit society as well.
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5. DISADVANTAGE OF SMART GRID
6. CONCLUSION
Smart Grid is a concept designed to provide electricity in more efficient way by better allocating
electricity according to consumer’s wants. It integrated multiple energy sources and avoid
overgeneration as well. In foreign countries, namely the UK and USA, started to implement as
they see it as a solution of energy and environment pressure in their own country.
In Hong Kong, despite the fact that pilot scheme is running, electricity companies are not very
active in promoting Smart Grid in Hong Kong. They are still thinking of the question “Should
Hong Kong implement “smart grid” technology?” By analyzing arguments for and against
Smart Grid deployment, we concluded that Smart Grid is worth doing because of the benefits of
energy saving, positive environmental impact and long-term economic outcome. Yet, we also
discovered the drawbacks of huge expenses in short-term and the difficulties of lack of funding,
public support, problem of privacy and effectiveness. Hence, suggestion on government,
companies and citizen levels to settle the foreseeable problem to help the successful
implementation of Smart Grid.
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7. REFERENCES
1. Giancarlo Covolo Heck, Roberto Hexsel, Lourival Lippmann, Victor B. Gomes, Tiago
Santana GRID-CITY: A Framework to Share Smart Grids Communication with Smart City
Applications.
2. Han Chen, Yinan Li, Zihan Chen, Liwei He, Jian Huang Cai, Xiaofan, Jinyu. Research on the
Transmission Relationship of Grid Science and Technology Innovation Indicators under the
Smart Grid.
3. IEEE Vision for Smart Grid Communications: 2030 and Beyond Dr. Sanjay Goel Dr. Stephen
F. Bush Dr. David Bakken
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