Business Analytics QB

Introduction to Python, Data and Control Systems

Module-1: Introduction to Python Program (8 Hours)
Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Define the term "debugging" in the context of programming.
● Explain the significance of computer hardware architecture in programming.
● Differentiate between a word and a sentence in programming.
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Describe the process of installing Python on a computer system.
● Discuss the role of comments in Python programming with an example.
● Explain the concept of flow of execution in Python programs.
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Elaborate on the motivation and creativity aspects in Python programming.
● Analyze the importance of terminology in programming languages.
● Discuss the learning journey of a programmer in Python.

Module-2: Variables, Expressions, and Statements (8 Hours)

Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Define and give examples of each data type: int, float, Boolean, string, and list.
● Explain the concept of precedence of operators in Python.
● What is the purpose of modules in Python programming?
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Discuss the flow of execution in a Python program with examples.
● Describe the concept of a function and its use in Python.
● How are parameters and arguments different in Python functions?
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Create a Python program that uses variables, expressions, and statements to perform a
specific task.
● Explain the role of functions in modularising code with a real-world example.
● Discuss the significance of modules in large-scale Python programming projects.
Module-3: Control Flow, Loops, and Conditionals (8 Hours)
Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Define Boolean values and operators in Python.
 ● Differentiate between conditional, alternative, and chained conditional statements.
● What is the purpose of the "break" and "continue" statements in Python loops?
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Explain the concept of iteration in Python with examples of "while" and "for" loops.
● Discuss the use of conditional statements (if-else) in Python programs.
● How can you use the "while" loop to create an infinite loop in Python?
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Develop a Python program that uses conditional statements and loops to solve
problems.
● Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using "for" and "while" loops in Python.
● Explain the concept of a chained conditional in Python with a practical example.
Module-4: Functions, Arrays, and Fruitful Functions (8 Hours)
Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Define and provide examples of fruitful functions in Python.
● Differentiate between local and global scope in Python functions.
● Explain the concept of recursion with a simple Python example.
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Discuss the importance of return values in Python functions.
● Explore the usage of string slices and immutability in Python.
● How can you access elements of an array in Python?
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Develop a Python program that uses recursion to solve a specific problem.
● Explain the concept of array mutability and its implications in Python.
● Discuss the role of fruitful functions in writing modular and reusable code.
Module-5: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries (10 Hours)
Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Provide examples of list operations in Python.
● Explain the concept of tuple assignment in Python.
● What are the key operations and methods associated with dictionaries in
Python?
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Discuss the mutability of lists in Python with examples.
● Explain the aliasing and cloning of lists in Python.
 ● How can you use list comprehension in Python to create a new list?
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Develop a Python program that extensively uses lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
● Explain the concept of tuple comprehension with a practical example.
● Discuss the advantages and use cases of dictionaries in Python programming.
Module-6: Files, Exception, Modules, Packages (8 Hours)
Section A: 3 Marks Questions
● Explain the process of reading and writing text files in Python.
● Discuss the significance of error handling and exceptions in Python
programming.
● What are modules and how are they used in Python?
Section B: 7 Marks Questions
● Develop a Python program that reads data from a file and handles exceptions.
● Discuss the role of various built-in modules like datetime, time, and math in
Python.
● Explore the concept of packages in Python with examples.
Section C: 10 Marks Questions
● Create a Python program that utilizes multiple modules to perform a complex
task.
● Discuss the importance of proper error handling in large-scale Python projects.
● Explore the usage of Python packages in real-world applications.
 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS
Module-1: Introduction to Data Mining and Exploratory Data Analysis
3 Marks Questions:
● Define Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and its significance in data mining.
● List and briefly explain three real-life applications of classification problems.
● Explain the concept of Euclidean Distance in the context of numerical summarization.
● What are the key tools used for displaying relationships between two variables in
EDA?
● Provide a brief overview of R scripts and mention a specific library used for
visualization.
7 Marks Questions:
● Discuss the nature of problems addressed by data mining in real-life scenarios,
using two examples.
● Explain the role of Mahalanobis Distance in exploratory data analysis, with an
illustration.
● Elaborate on the measures of similarity and dissimilarity in the context of data
analysis.
● Compare and contrast tools used for displaying single variables and tools for
displaying more than two variables.
● Create a sample R script using the ggplot2 library to visualize a dataset with
multiple variables.
10 Marks Questions:
● Illustrate the steps involved in the exploratory data analysis process using a real-world
example.
● Discuss the importance of numerical summarization in the context of data mining.
● Critically evaluate the role of visualization tools in exploring and understanding
complex datasets.
● Develop an R Markdown document that includes both code and textual explanations
for a data visualization task.
● Explain the significance of exploratory data analysis in making informed business
decisions.
Module-2: Statistical Learning, Model Selection, and Cross Validation
3 Marks Questions:
 ● Define prediction accuracy and explain its importance in statistical learning.
● Differentiate between training error and test error in the context of model complexity.
● Briefly explain the concept of overfitting and the bias-variance trade-off.
● What is cross-validation, and how does it address the limitations of a holdout sample?
● Provide an example of K-fold cross-validation and its advantages.
7 Marks Questions:
● Discuss the role of model complexity in prediction error, providing examples.
● Explain the steps involved in the three-way split of training, validation, and test data.
● Compare and contrast random subsampling and K-fold cross-validation.
● Provide a detailed explanation of leave-one-out cross-validation with a practical
example.
● Critically evaluate the effectiveness of cross-validation in model selection.
10 Marks Questions:
● Elaborate on the challenges associated with overfitting and how cross-validation
mitigates these challenges.
● Discuss the practical implications of using cross-validation in real-world business
scenarios.
● Develop an R script that implements K-fold cross-validation for a given dataset.
● Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different model selection techniques.
● Explain how cross-validation contributes to the generalization ability of a predictive
model.
Module-3: Linear Regression and Variable Selection
3 Marks Questions:
● Define linear regression and its applications in data analysis.
● Explain the concept of point estimation in the context of linear regression.
● Provide an example of a linear model and discuss its theoretical justification.
● What are the key components of the Frequentist approach to parameter estimation?
● Summarize the main steps involved in variable selection for the linear model.
7 Marks Questions:
● Discuss the expectations and variances associated with linear methods in regression.
● Provide a practical example of linear regression and interpret the results.
● Compare and contrast parameter estimation in linear regression with other regression
methods.
 ● Develop an R script for implementing linear regression and interpreting the output.
● Critically evaluate the assumptions of linear regression in the context of data analysis.
10 Marks Questions:
● Elaborate on the significance of variance in the context of linear regression.
● Discuss the limitations of linear regression and when it might be inappropriate to use.
● Create an R script that includes both linear regression and variable selection steps.
● Evaluate the impact of outliers on linear regression and propose strategies to address
them.
● Explain the concept of bias-variance trade-off in the context of linear regression.
Module-4: Regression Shrinkage Methods and Tree-based Methods
3 Marks Questions:
● Define Ridge Regression and its purpose in data analysis.
● Differentiate between Ridge Regression and Lasso Regression.
● Explain the concept of coefficient shrinkage in the context of regression shrinkage
methods.
● What is the impurity function, and how is it used in tree-based methods?
● Briefly discuss the advantages of the tree-structured approach in regression.
7 Marks Questions:
● Compare the squared loss for Ridge Regression and traditional regression methods.
● Discuss the process of constructing a tree in tree-based methods, emphasizing
impurity.
● Explain the concept of bagging and its role in improving the performance of
tree-based models.
● Provide examples of situations where pruning in tree-based methods is beneficial.
● Develop an R script that implements Ridge Regression and includes a bagging step.
10 Marks Questions:
● Elaborate on the types of problems that Ridge Regression aims to address.
● Critically evaluate the trade-offs involved in using Ridge Regression compared to
traditional regression.
● Discuss the steps involved in constructing a decision tree and the considerations for
pruning.
● Create an R script that demonstrates the process of constructing a decision tree with
pruning.
 ● Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of bagging and random forests in the context
of regression.
Module-5: Principal Components Analysis and Classification
3 Marks Questions:
● Define Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and its role in Principal Components
Analysis (PCA).
● Explain the concept of principal components and their interpretation in PCA.
● Define the classification error rate and discuss its significance in classification
problems.
● What is the Bayes Classification Rule, and how does it relate to classification error
rate?
● Briefly describe the assumptions of logistic regression in classification.
7 Marks Questions:
● Discuss the geometric interpretation of principal components in PCA.
● Elaborate on the process of acquiring data for Principal Components Analysis.
● Compare and contrast logistic regression with linear regression in the context of
classification.
● Provide an example of binary classification and discuss the logistic regression fitting
process.
● Critically evaluate the role of principal components in reducing dimensionality.
10 Marks Questions:
● Explain the steps involved in Principal Components Analysis (PCA) with a practical
example.
● Discuss the challenges associated with classification error rate and strategies to
address them.
● Develop an R script that implements logistic regression for binary classification.
● Evaluate the performance of logistic regression in a multiclass classification scenario
(K ≥ 3).
● Compare and contrast discriminant analysis with logistic regression for classification.
Module-6: Support Vector Machines
3 Marks Questions:
● Provide an overview of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and their applications.
● Define the Support Vector Classifier and its use when data is linearly separable.
 ● Explain the role of kernel functions in handling data that is not linearly separable.
7 Marks Questions:
● Discuss the considerations when data is not linearly separable and how SVM
addresses them.
● Elaborate on the process of constructing a multiclass SVM.
● Compare the performance of SVM with linear and non-linear kernels.
10 Marks Questions:
● Evaluate the advantages and limitations of Support Vector Machines in real-world
scenarios.
● Develop an R script that implements a Support Vector Classifier for a given dataset.
● Discuss the importance of selecting appropriate kernel functions in SVM.
● Critically evaluate the transition from bagging to random forests and its advantages to
the model.