BIOSTATISTICS 2 ways in using statistics:

- Application of statistics to
a variety of topics in Descriptive Statistics
biology. - concerned with the
- is defined as a science presentation,
that studies data to be organization, and
able to make a decision. summarization of data.
- to provide answers or Inferential Statistics
solutions to an inquiry. - allow us to generalize
from our sample of data
STATISTICS to a larger group of
Allow us to describe the subjects.
“average” person, to see how DATA
well the descriptions fits or - is a specific
doesn’t fit other people. measurement of a
- All about converting data variable.
into useful information. - It is the value you record
- Process where we: in your data sheet.
● Collecting data
● Summarizing CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
data
● Interpreting data • TYPE
- CATEGORICAL
Importance of statistics - QUANTITATIVE
- Enables us to (NUMERICAL)
characterize persons, ○ DISCRETE
objects, situations, and ○ CONTINUOUS
phenomena.
- explain relationships • MEASUREMENT
among variables. - QUALITATIVE
- formulate objective ○ NOMINAL
assessments and ○ ORDINAL
comparisons. - QUANTITATIVE
- make evidence-based ○ INTERVAL
decisions and ○ RATIO
predictions.
2 types of data 2 TYPES OF NUMERICAL
DATA
Numerical / Quantitative data
- the amount meaning the Discrete Data
numbers. - can have ONLY one of a
- represents amounts. limited set of values.
- A variable that contains - have values that can
quantitative data is a assume only whole
quantitative variable. numbers.
- data can be counted and
Categorical / Qualitative data has a finite number of
- data that can be added values.
into categories according
to their characteristics. Continuous Data
- represents groupings. - may take any value,
- a variable that contains within a defined range.
categorical data is a - has values that are not
categorical variable. fixed and have infinite
number of possible
CATEGORICAL DATA values.
- Data that can be added - has a decimal point.
into categories according - our precision in
to their characteristics. measuring these
- Describes categories or variables is often limited
groups. by our instruments.
- Can take on only a few - units should be provided.
possible values, for - example: Height or
example, race or cancer Weight
stage.
- Is answers to yes and no VARIABLES
questions. It is what is being observed or
measured.
NUMERICAL DATA Defined as anything that has a
- These are those quantity or quality that varies.
variables that are
measured in terms of
numbers.
2 types of Variables 4 TYPES / LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENTS
Dependent Variable
- the outcome of interest, QUALITATIVE
which should change in MEASUREMENTS:
response to some
intervention. Nominal Variable (Unordered
list)
Independent Variable - consists of two or more
- is the intervention, or named categories, with
what is being no implied order among
manipulated. categories.
- example: gender, race,
EXAMPLES: blood type
● In a study to determine
whether how long a Ordinal Variable (Ordered list)
student sleeps affects - consists of ordered
test scores. the categories, where the
independent variable is differences between
the length of time spent categories cannot be
sleeping while the considered equal.
dependent variable is - Hierarchical scale
the test score. - example: scale, rating,
education level,
● You want to compare agreement level, income
brands of paper towels,
to see which holds the Binary variable / dichotomous
most liquid. The - Can take on only two
independent variable in possible values,
your experiment would (example: biological sex)
be the brand of paper - For example: Aspirin use
towel. The dependent may be represented by
variable would be the an indicator variable that
amount of liquid will be equal to 1 If a
absorbed by the paper study participant is using
towel. aspirin and 0 if they are
not.
QUANTITATIVE PROPORTION
MEASUREMENTS: - a type of fraction in
which the numerator is a
Interval / integer / scaled subset of the
Variable denominator.
- has equal distances
between values, but no
true zero. It can
represent values below
zero.
- example: temperature,
pH, SAT score
(200-800), credit score
(300-850)

INTERVAL SCALE
- scale with values, and
there is the same
numerical distance
between each value.
- Arbitrary zero point (has
no true meaningful zero
point).
- Example: scale from
1-10 pain, temperature,
IQ

Ratio Variable
- has equal intervals
between values true zero
exists.
- example: height, weight,
distance, pulse rate, the
temperature in Kelvin - It
is a ratio variable, as 0.0
Kelvin really does mean
‘no temperature’.