COComplex numbers notes

compiled BY EMMANUEL ZIVANAYI

0717256148/0774459409

TOPIC OBJECTIVES
 Perform simple arithmetic of a complex number
 Finding the modulus and argument of the complex
number
 Represent a complex number on an Argand diagram
 Express complex numbers in polar form and
exponential form
 Perform operations with complex numbers in polar
form and exponential form
 Derive anD prove De Moivre’s theoreM
 solving equations using De Moivre’s theoreM
 prove trigonoMetrical iDentities using De Moivre’s
theorem
 Loci on argand diagrams
 Solving polynomials with real coefficients and non
– real roots atleast one

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

A complex number is the opposite of real number and it is expressed in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 where 𝑖 is the
square root of 1. Thus

𝑖 2 = −1

√−1 = 𝑖

For example

√−4 = √4 × √−1

=2 ×𝑖

= 2𝑖

Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers

The same way you simplify the algebraic expression is the same way we operate the complex numbers

(𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 ) + (𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝑖(𝑏1 + 𝑏2

(𝒂𝟏 + 𝒊𝒃𝟏 ) − (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒊𝒃𝟐 )

= (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒃𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐 )
Example1

Given that 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧1 = 5 − 2𝑖. Find

(a) 𝑧 + 𝑧1

(b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧

(c) 2𝑧1 + 𝑧

Suggested solutions

(a) 𝑧 + 𝑧1 = (2 + 3𝑖 ) + (5 − 2𝑖)

= 2 + 5 + 𝑖(3 − 2)

= 7+𝑖

(b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧 = (5 − 2𝑖) − (2 + 3𝑖)

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 = (5 − 2) + 𝑖(−2 − 3)

= 3 − 5𝑖

(c) 2𝑧1 + 𝑧 = 2(2 + 3𝑖) + (5 − 2𝑖)

= 4 + 6𝑖 + 5 − 2𝑖

= 9 + 4𝑖

The Conjugate of a complex number

-If the complex number is denoted by 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

-Then the conjugate of 𝑧 is denoted by 𝑧 ∗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑧

Thus 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

∴ 𝐼𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

Important Results of Conjugate of a complex number

The division and multiplication of a complex

MULTIPLICATION
Expand the brackets and simplify

Remember that 𝑖 2 = −1

Example 1

Given that 𝑧 = √3 + 2i and 𝑧2 = 1 − 𝑖. Find 𝑧. 𝑧

Suggested solution

𝑧. 𝑧 = (√3 + 2𝑖)(√3 − 2𝑖)

= √3(√3 − 2𝑖) + 2𝑖(√3 − 2𝑖)

= 3 − 2√3𝑖 + 2√3𝑖 − 2𝑖 2

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

= 3 − 2(−1)

=5

b) 𝑧. 𝑧1 = (√3 + 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)

= √3(1 − 𝑖) + 2𝑖(1 − 𝑖)

= √3 − √3𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 2𝑖 2

= √3 − 2(−1) + (−√3 + 2)𝑖

= (√3 + 2) + (−√3 + 2)𝑖

DIVISION
Division of complex numbers requires the use conjugate

Example 1
𝑧
Simplify 𝑧1 ,where 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 1 − 2𝑖
2

Solution Multiply the denominator and

the numerator with the
3 + 4𝑖 (3 + 4𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖) conjugate of the denominator i.e
=
1 − 2𝑖 (1 − 2𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖) 1+2i

3 + 4𝑖 + 6𝑖 + 8𝑖 2
=
1 − 2𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 4𝑖 2
−5 + 10𝑖
=
5

= −1 + 2𝑖

𝑧
Given that 𝑧1 = −3 + 5𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = −3 + 𝑖. Find 𝑧1
2

Solution

𝑧1 −3 + 5𝑖
=
𝑧2 −3 + 𝑖

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 (−3 + 5𝑖)(−3 − 𝑖)
=
(−3 + 𝑖)(−3 − 𝑖) Remember that

9 + 3𝑖 − 15𝑖 − 5𝑖 2 𝒛. 𝒛 = (𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒚)𝟐

=
(−3)2 + 12
Also 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏

14 − 12𝑖
=
10
7 6
= − 𝑖
5 5

THE MODULAS AND ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Complex numbers just like real numbers can be represented by the points on a plane

The point P(𝑥, 𝑦) in the plane of coordinates with axes 0𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0𝑦 represents the complex number

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and the number is uniquely represented by that point

The diagram of points in the Cartesian coordinates representing the complex number is called an
Argand diagram

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒆𝒔 P(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠

If the complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is denoted by z, hence 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, |𝑧|𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 as the distance from the
origin 0 to the point P representing z. Thus |𝑧| = 0𝑃 = 𝑟.

The modulus is given by

|𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

The argument of z, arg𝑧 is defined as the angle between the line 0P and the positive 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 usually is
in the range −𝜋 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 ≤ 𝜋

The argument of a complex is given by

𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥

Usefull notes when finding the argument of a complex number

 The argument of a complex number is determined by the position of the complex number
on the argand diagram
 Angles below the negative axes are negative on a clockwise direction
 Angles below the axes are negative
𝒚
 First find 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 |𝒙| where 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 are the absolute values(ignore the signs and
take 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 as positive values)
 The principal argument is determined by the position of complex in the argand diagram
 Consider the diagrams below

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

Angles of complex numbers in the first quadrant

Imaginary - axes

𝜽=𝜶

𝜶 Real – axes

Angle of a complex number in the second quadrant

𝜽 = 𝝅 − 𝜶 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜶

𝜶 𝜽

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

Angles of a complex in a third quadrant

𝜽 =∝ −𝝅 𝒐𝒓 ∝ −𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝛼 𝜃

Angles of a complex in the fourth quadrant

𝜽 = −𝜶

Worked past exam questions

Zimsec June2019 Paper 1

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 4−8𝑖
The complex 𝑢 = 𝑖
.

i) Express 𝑢 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

ii) Find the magnitude of 𝑢 and the argument of 𝑢

iii) Sketch 𝑢 on an argand diagram

solution
4−8𝑖
i) 𝑢 =
𝑖

(4 − 8𝑖)(−𝑖)
=
𝑖(−𝑖)

−4𝑖 + 8𝑖 2
=
−𝑖 2
−8 − 4𝑖
=
1

= −8 − 4𝑖

𝑖𝑖) |𝑧| = √(−8)2 + (−4)2

= √80

= 4√5

4
arg(𝑢) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
8

Since 𝑢 is in third quadrant

∴ 𝜃 = 𝛼−𝜋
4
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝜋
8

= −2.68 (3. 𝑠. 𝑓)

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

iii) sketch of 𝑢 on an argand diagram

Imaginary - axes

−8 Real axes

4√5

−4

Zimsec November 2021 Paper 1

If 𝑝 = −4 + 3𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = −1 + √3𝑖

a) calculatethe modulus of ,

i) 𝑝 [2]

ii) 𝑞 [2]

b) find i) the argument of 𝑞 [2]

ii) 𝑝𝑞 2 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 [3]

𝑝
iii) 𝑞 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 [3]

solution

i) |𝑝| = √(−4)2 + (3)2

=5

10

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 2
ii) |𝑞| = √(−1)2 + (√3)

=2

b (i) 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑞

since 𝑞 is in second quadrant 𝜃 = 𝜋−𝛼

√3
𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1

2𝜋
𝜃=
3

iii) 𝑝𝑞 2 = (−4 + 3𝑖)(−1 + √3𝑖)2

= (−4 + 3𝑖)(1 − 2√3𝑖 − 3)

= (−4 + 3𝑖)(−2 − 2√3𝑖)

= 8 + 8√3𝑖 − 6𝑖 + 6√3

= (8 + 6√3) + (8√3 − 6)𝑖

𝑝 −4+3𝑖
iii) =
𝑞 −1+√3𝑖

(−4+3𝑖)(−1−√3𝑖)
=
(−1+√3𝑖)(−1−√3𝑖)

4+4√3𝑖−3𝑖+3√3
= 4

4 + 3√3 (4√3 − 3)𝑖

= +
4 4

11

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

MODULUS ARGUMENT

 |𝒁𝟐 | = |𝒁|𝟐 arg(𝒛𝒏 ) = 𝒏 ×argz

 |𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟏 | × |𝒛𝟐 | arg(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝒓𝒈(𝒛𝟏 ) + 𝒂𝒓𝒈(𝒛𝟐 )

𝒛 |𝒛 | 𝒛
 |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟏 | arg(𝒛𝟏 ) = 𝒂𝒓𝒈(𝒛𝟏 ) − 𝒂𝒓𝒈(𝒛𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Worked exaples

If 𝑢 = 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 1 + √3𝑖 . Find the modulus and argument

i) 𝑤 5

ii) 𝑢2 𝑤 4

𝑢2
iii) |𝑤 2 |

solutions

i) |𝑤| = √(1)2 + (√3)2

=2

∴ |𝑤 5 | = |𝑤|5

= 25

= 32

12

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 √3
arg(𝑤) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1
𝜋
=
3

∴ arg(𝑤 5 ) = 5 × 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑤
𝜋
=5×
3

𝑖𝑖) |𝑢| = √(1)2

|𝑢2 𝑤 4 | = |𝑢2 | × |𝑤 4 |

= |𝑢|2 × |𝑤|4 = 12 × 24

= 16

𝜋
arg(𝑢) =
2

𝜋
2

0 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑎𝑟𝑔|𝑢2 𝑤 5 | = 𝑎𝑟𝑔|𝑢2 | + 𝑎𝑟𝑔|𝑤 4 |

= 2 × arg(𝑢) + 4 × arg(𝑤)

13

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝜋 𝜋
= 2× +4×
2 3

4𝜋
=𝜋+
3

7𝜋
=
3

𝑢2 |𝑢2 |
ii) | 2 | = |𝑤 2 |
𝑤

|𝑢|2
=
|𝑤|2

(1)2
=
(2)2

1
=
4

𝑢2
𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = arg(𝑢2 ) − arg(𝑤 2 )
𝑤2

= 2 × arg(𝑢) − 2 × arg(𝑤)
𝜋 𝜋
=2× −2×
2 3
2𝜋
=𝜋−
3
1
= 𝜋
3

14

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 PROBLEMS INVOLVING COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝑰𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 = 𝒄 + 𝒊𝒅,

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏

𝒂=𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃=𝒅

The idea behind this concept

If 𝒂 and 𝒃 are real , the complex on the left hand

side is equal is equal to the right hand side, so the
real parts can be equated and the imaginary parts
can also be equated

Worked examples

Find the complex number 𝑧 satisfying the equation

(3 − 4𝑖)𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 = 13 + 2𝑖

Suggested Solution

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ( 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧)

(3 − 4𝑖)(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) − (1 + 𝑖)(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) = 13 + 2𝑖

𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

3𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑖 + 3𝑏𝑖 − 4𝑏𝑖 2 − 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 2 = 13 + 2𝑖

𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ − 1 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑖(−5𝑎 + 4𝑏) = 13 + 2𝑖

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠

2𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 13

−5𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 2

15

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 3.

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖

Zimsec November 2014

13
The complex number 𝑧 satisfies thwe equation 𝑧 + 2𝑧 = −2+3𝑖

Find

i) 𝑧 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
1
ii) modulus and argument of 𝑧

suggested solution

13
𝑧 + 2𝑧 =
−2 + 3𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ; 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏

13(−2 − 3𝑖)
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) + 2(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) =
(−2 + 3𝑖)(−2 − 3𝑖)

−26 − 39𝑖
3𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 =
13
3𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = −2 − 3𝑖

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3𝑎 = −2

−2
𝑎= ;
3
𝑏= 3

16

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 −2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑧 = + 3𝑖
3

−2 2
ii) |𝑧| = √( 3 ) + (3)2

√85
=
3
Example

(1+𝑖)4
Simplify (2−2𝑖)3 , giving your answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

Suggested solution

(1 + 𝑖)4 (1 + 𝑖)4
=
(2 − 2𝑖)3 23 (1 − 𝑖)3

(1 + 𝑖)4
=
8(1 − 𝑖)3

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 + 𝑖) ≡ 𝑖(1 − 𝑖)

𝑖 4 (1 − 𝑖)4
8(1 − 𝑖)3

(1 + 𝑖)
=
8
1 1
= + 𝑖
8 8

17

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

POLYNOMIALS IN COMPLEX NUMBERS
If the roots 𝜶 and 𝜷 of a quadratic equation are complex , are always complex conjugate pair

Given any complex root of a quadratic equation you can find the equation

If the equation 𝒂𝒙𝒏 + 𝒃𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒄𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒌 has 𝒏 roots 𝜶, 𝜷 and 𝜸,… then the

𝒃
Sum of the roots = −
𝒂

𝒄
Sum of products of all possible pairs of roots =
𝒂

𝒅
Sum of products of all possible combination of roots taken three at a time, and so on −
𝒂

(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒌
Product of 𝒏 roots =
𝒂
Worked examples

Example 1( June 2023 Zimsec Paper 1)

Given that 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

i) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 [2]

ii) argument of 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 [2]

b) (i) Solve the equation 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 53 = 0, expressing in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑎, 𝑏𝜖𝑅

(ii) State the sum and poduct of the roots of 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 53 = 0

Suggested solution

a(i) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (3 − 1) + (4𝑖 − 𝑖)

= 2 + 3𝑖
𝑦
ii) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 )

3
𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2

= 0.98297

= 0.98𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠

18

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

b(i) 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 53 = 0

−𝑏 ± √(𝑏)2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑧=
2𝑎

4 ± √42 − (2 × 1 × 53)
=
2(1)

4 ± √16 − 212
=
2

4 ± √−196
=
2
4 ± 14𝑖
=
2
= 2 ± 7𝑖

𝑧 = 2 + 7𝑖 𝑜𝑟 2 − 7𝑖

ii) Product and Sum of the roots

𝑏
𝑠𝑢𝑚 = − 𝑎

4
𝑠𝑢𝑚 = − (− )
1
(−1)𝑛 𝑘
=4 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 =
𝑎
(−1)2 × 53
=
1
= 53

Example 2 (zimsec 2018 paper 1)

The equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 has 2𝑖 as one of its roots. Find the other roots. [3]

Suggested solution

The other root is the conjugate which is −2𝑖

19

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝑥2
Since the sum of the roots = coefficient of − 𝑥 3

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝛽

2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝛽 + 2𝑖 − 2𝑖 = − (− )
1

𝛽=2

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑖

ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2019 PAPER 2

The equation

𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 = 0

has a root 1 − 𝑖,

find the other three roots. [6]

𝒔𝒖𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6

𝐼𝑓 1 − 𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 1 + 𝑖

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦

𝑁𝑜𝑤

−4
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = − ( )
1

=4

∴1+𝑖+1−𝑖+𝑥+𝑦 = 4

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 … … … … (𝑖)

20

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 3
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 =
1
=3

𝑁𝑜𝑤:

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑖) + 𝑥(1 − 𝑖) + 𝑦(1 + 𝑖) + 𝑦(1 − 𝑖) + (1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) = 3

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑖 + 2 = 3

𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 3

𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖)

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑖) 𝑥 = 2−𝑦

Sbustituting equation (i) into equation (ii)

𝑦(𝑦 − 3) + 2(2 − 𝑦) + 2𝑦 = 1

2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 4 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 1

𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0

𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0

𝑦(𝑦 − 3) + 1(𝑦 − 3) = 0

(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 3) = 0

𝑦 = −1 𝑜𝑟 3

𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 … … . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝑥 = 2 − (−1) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 − 3

𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 − 1

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (1 + 𝑖), 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1

21

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

THE POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

In the diagram alongside 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 )

𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. If 𝑃 is the point representing

the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, it follows r

that 𝑧 may be written in the form

𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. This is called the polar, or 𝜃

Modulus-argument, of a complex number

A complex number may be written in the form

𝒛 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽), where
|𝒛| = 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒛 = 𝜽

Example1

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

|𝑍| = √12 + 12

|𝑍| = √2

1
𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1
𝜋
𝜃=
4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑍 = √2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 4

22

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN POLAR FORM

𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑁 𝑇𝐻𝐴𝑇 𝑍1 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃1 ) & 𝑍2 = 𝑟2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛) 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑍1 × 𝑍2 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]

𝑍1 ÷ 𝑍2 = 𝑟1 ÷ 𝑟2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]

Example1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑍1 × 𝑍2 𝐼𝑓 𝑍1 = 2 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 3 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 3 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 6 )

SOLUTION

𝑍1 × 𝑍2 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]

𝜋 𝜋
6 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 )
2 2

Example2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑍1 ÷ 𝑍2 𝐼𝑓 𝑍1 = 9 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 3 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 )
2 2 4 4

SOLUTION

𝑍1 ÷ 𝑍2 = 𝑟1 ÷ 𝑟2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
9 ÷ 3 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( − ) + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( − ))
2 4 2 4

𝜋 𝜋
3 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 )
4 4

23

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

LOCI ON ARGARND DIAGRAMS

A locus is a path traced out by a point subjected to certain restrictions. Paths can be traced out
by points representing variable complex numbers on an argand diagram just as they can in
other coordinate systems.

Consider the simplest case first, when the point P represents the complex number z such that
|z| = k. This means that the distance of P from O is a constant and so P trace out a circle

|z| = k represents a circle with centre O and radius k

Im

0 Re

If instead |Z – Z1| = k, where Z1 is a fixed complex number represented by the point A on an

Argand Diagram, then |Z – Z1| represents the distance AP and is constant. It follows that P must
lie on a circle with centre 𝑧1 and radius k.

24

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 |z – z1| = k represents a circle with centre z1 and radius k

Im

Z1

0 Re

|𝑍 − 𝑍1 | ≤ K represents a bold circle which is shaded inside and |𝑍 − 𝑍1 | < 𝐾 Represents a doted circle
which is shaded inside

For |𝑧 − 𝑧1 | ≤ 𝑘, where k is the radius.

𝑍1

25

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 For |𝑍 − 𝑍1 | < 𝐾 where k is the radius

𝑍1

|𝑍 − 𝑍1 | = |𝑍 − 𝑍2 | represents a straight line.It is the perpendicular line joining 𝑍1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2

𝒁𝟏

𝒁𝟐

|𝑍 − 𝑍1 ≤ |𝑍 − 𝑍2 || represents straight line but also the half sector which is bisected by this line

𝒛𝟐

𝒛𝟏

26

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

arg(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝛼 represents the half line through the point 𝑧1 inclined at an angle 𝛼 on the positive direction of 0𝑥

𝑧1 𝛼

𝛼 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) ≤ 𝛽 represents the angle between which lies between 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 so that the region wanted can be
on or within two half lines

𝑧−𝑧
Arg(𝑧−𝑧1 ) ≤ 𝜃 represents an arc with end points 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝜃.You should draw an arc from
2
𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .

NB: When 𝜃 is positive draw the line going clockwise and when 𝜃 is negative draw an arc going anticlockwise

𝑧1 𝜃

𝑧2

27

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

WORKED EXAMPLES

Sketch on an argand diagram the loci represented by

𝜋
a) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑍) = − 12

𝜋
b) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑍) − 1 > 4

Suggested solutions

𝜋
a) The complex represents a line from the origin inclined at below the x –axis
12

𝜋
12

𝜋
b) this is the locus of 𝑧 such that anticlockwise at 𝑧 = 1 is more than 4

NB: Note that the angle goes as far as 𝜋 onliy.

𝜋
The broken line indicate strict inequality
4

𝜋
4

28

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

Follow up exercise

Sketch on a single diagram the locus represented by

5𝜋 𝜋
a) 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 < 6
𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg(𝑧 − 4) > 4

b) |𝑧 − 3𝑖| ≤ 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30° ≤ arg(𝑧 − 2𝑖) ≤ 90°

−2𝜋
c) |𝑧 + 2 + 2𝑖| ≤ 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝜋 ≤ arg(𝑧 + 1) ≤
3

−𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d) 4
< arg(𝑧 + 2 − 2𝑖) < 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 > 3

29

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

De Moivre’s Theorem

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛.

USING DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM TO EVALUATE POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1

Simplify
𝜋 𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 )3

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
6 6
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

=0+𝑖

=𝑖

EXAMPLE 2

Find (√3 +)10 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

Solution

30

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 2
r = √(√2) + (1)2

=2

1
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
√3
𝜋
𝜃=
6
𝜋 𝜋
√3 + 𝑖 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
6 6
10 𝜋 𝜋
(√3 + 𝑖) = 210 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )10
6 6

1 √3
= 1024 ( − 𝑖)
2 2

= 512 − 𝑖512√3

EXAMPLE 3
1
Find in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
(−2+2√3𝑖)3

Solution

(−2 + 2√3𝑖)−3

2
𝑟 = √(−2)2 + (2√2)

=4

2 √3
𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2

31

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 2𝜋
=
3
2𝜋 2𝜋 −3
∴ = 4−3 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3
1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= (cos (−3 × ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−3 × ))
64 3 3

1
= (cos(−2𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−2𝜋))
64
1
= (1 + 𝑖0)
64
1
=
64

APPLICATION OF DeMOIVRE’S THEOREM IN ESTABLISHING TRIGONOMETRIC

IDENTIES

Example1

Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Solution

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 (𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

32

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙, 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3cos θ(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)

= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛

EXAMPLE 2

ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2011 PAPER 2

4𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃−4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 = based on de Moivre’s theorem
1−6𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃

ii) Hence find the first four values of for which

𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 − 6𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 1 = 0 [10]

Solution

𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑟𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚, 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)4

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑖 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠

𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 = 𝑖(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)

4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
33

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃−4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 = as required
1−6𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃

𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 = 1 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)

𝜋
𝜃=
4
1
∴ 𝜃 = (𝑛. 𝜋 + 𝑝𝑣)
4
1 𝜋
𝜃 = (𝑛. 𝜋 + )
4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
𝜃= ; ; ;
16 16 16 16

34

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 EXPRESSING DOUBLE ANGLES IN FORM OF 𝑪𝑶𝑺𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝜽 ONLY
1 1
If 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑧 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑧
1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑧
1
𝑧− = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑧
1
𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧

IMPORTANT RESULTS TO NOTE

1 1
𝑍+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ; 𝑧𝑛 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
𝑍 𝑧𝑛
1 1
𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑧𝑛 − = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑧𝑛

EXAMPLE 1

Express 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 multiple angle of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

solution

1 5
(𝑧 + ) = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)5
𝑧

5
1 5
32𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (𝑧 + )
𝑧

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
= 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 4 ( ) + 10𝑧 3 ( ) + 10𝑧 2 ( ) + 5𝑧 ( ) + ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

35

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 1 1 1
32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 + 10 ( ) + 5 ( 3 ) + 10𝑧 + 10 ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 1 1
32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = (𝑧 5 + 5
) + 5 (𝑧 3 + 3 ) + 10 (𝑧 + )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 5(2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) + 10(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
16

EXAMPLE 2
1
Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
4

solution

1
2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧 −
𝑧

1 3
(2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 = (𝑧 − )
𝑧

3
1
3 2
1 2 1 3
−8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 3𝑧 (− ) + 3𝑧 (− ) + (− )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1
−8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 𝑧 3 − − 3 (𝑧 − )
𝑧3 𝑧
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = [(2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃) − 3(2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)]
8𝑖
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) shown
4

36

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

If 𝒛 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)

, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜽

Example 1

37

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

Express 2 − 2𝑖 in the form 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃

Solution

𝑟 = √(2)2 + (2)2

= 2√2
2 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
2 4
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝜋
−
4
𝜋𝑖
∴ 2 − 2𝑖 = 2√2𝑒 − 4

EXAMPLE 2

If = √3 − 𝑖 , express 𝑧 in exponential form

Solution

2
𝑟 = √(√3) + (1)2 = 2

1 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=
√3 6
𝜋
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 arg 𝑖𝑠 −
6
𝜋
∴ 𝑧 = 2𝑒 − 6 𝑖

THE CUBE ROOT OF A UNIT

38

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

The cube roots of 1 are the numbers such that when they are cubed their value is 1. They must
therefore satisfy the equation 𝑧 3 − 1 = 0. Clearly , one of the root of 𝑧 3 − 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 = 1 so that
𝑧 − 1 must be a factor of 𝑧 3 − 1. Factorising

𝑧 3 − 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) = 0

The cube roots of a unity are 1, w and 𝑤 2 , where

𝑤3 = 1

1 + 𝑤 + 𝑤 2 = 0 and the non – real roots are

−1 ± 𝑖√3
2

EXAMPLE1

Simplify 𝑤 7 + 𝑤 8 , where 𝑤 is a complex cube root of 1.

Solution

𝑤 7 = 𝑤 6 × 𝑤 = (𝑤 3 )2 × 𝑤 = 12 × 𝑤 = 𝑤

𝑤 8 = 𝑤 6 × 𝑤 2 = (𝑤 3 )2 × 𝑤 2 = 12 × 𝑤 2 = 𝑤 2

∴ 𝑤 7 + 𝑤 8 = 𝑤 + 𝑤 2 = −1

EXAMPLE 2

If 𝑤 is a complex cube root of 1, find the value of

(1 + 3𝑤)(1 + 3𝑤 2 )

Solution

(1 + 3𝑤)(1 + 3𝑤 2 ) = 1(1 + 3𝑤 2 ) + 3𝑤(1 + 3𝑤 2 )

= 1 + 3𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 + 9𝑤 3

= 1 + 3𝑤 2 + 3𝑤 + 9

= 10 + 3(𝑤 + 𝑤 2 )

39

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

= 10 + 3(−1)

=7

The 𝒏th root of a unity

The equation 𝑧 𝑛 = 1clearly has atleast one root , namely 𝑧 = 1, but it actually has many more,
most of which (if not all) are complex. Infact, if 𝑛 is odd 𝑧 = 1 is the only real root,but if 𝑛 is
even 𝑧 = −1 is also root because −1 raised to an even power is +1.

To find the remaining roots , the right – hand side of the equation 𝑧 𝑛 = 1 has to be examined.
In exponential form , 1 = 𝑒 0 because 𝑒 0 = cos 0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 1 + 𝑖0. But also , 1 = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 because

𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 1 + 𝑖0. Indeed 1 = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑘𝑖 where 𝑘 is any integer. Substituting the
right-hand side of the equation 𝑧 𝑛 = 1 by this term gives 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑘𝑖 . Taking the 𝑛th root both
2𝜋𝑘𝑖
side gives 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑛 . Different integer values of 𝑘 will give rise to different roots.
2𝜋𝑘𝑖
𝑧=𝑒 𝑛 ,

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 0 ,1 ,2, 3, … , (𝑛 − 1) . If the answer is needed in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then use

𝑛 2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧 = √𝐴 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
𝑛 𝑛

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3, … , (𝑘 − 1). Where A is a real number and n is a fraction.

NB: If the binomial equation is in the form 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑁 where A is a real negative real number and
N is a fraction, apply the formula;

𝑁 𝜋+2𝜋𝑘 𝜋+2𝜋𝑘
𝑧 = √|𝐴| [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
𝑛 𝑛

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 , … (𝑘 − 1)

EXAMPLE 1

Find in the form +𝑖𝑦 , the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 = 1

Suggested solution

𝑧4 = 1

40

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝑧 4 = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑘
2𝜋𝑘𝑖 𝜋𝑘 𝜋𝑘
𝑧=𝑒 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2
𝜋(0) 𝜋(0)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0; 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

=1

𝜋(1) 𝜋(1)
𝑘 = 1; 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

=0+𝑖

𝜋(2) 𝜋(2)
𝑘 = 2; 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

= −1

𝜋(3) 𝜋(3)
𝑘 = 3; 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

= −1

EXAMPLE 2

Find the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 + 4 = 0

Solution

𝑧 4 = −4

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

𝑛 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = √|𝐴| [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
𝑛 𝑛

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

4 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = √|−4| [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 4

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0; 1; 2 &3

41

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

 𝜋 + 2𝜋(0) 𝜋 + 2𝜋(0)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0: 𝑧0 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 1

=1+𝑖

𝜋 + 2𝜋(1) 𝜋 + 2𝜋(1)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1: 𝑧1 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 4

= −1 + 𝑖

𝜋 + 2𝜋(2) 𝜋 + 2𝜋(2)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 2: 𝑧2 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 4

𝜋 + 2𝜋(3) 𝜋 + 2𝜋(3)
= −1 − 𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 3: 𝑧3 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4 4

=1−𝑖

42

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

𝑷𝑹𝑨𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑺𝑬 𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺
1. use De Moivre’s theorem to express 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 in terms of multiples of 𝜃and hence simplify
𝜋
6
∫ (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0

2. Use Demoivre’s theorem to express

a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

b) 𝑆𝑖𝑛3𝜃 in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

3.a) The equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 has a root 1 − 𝑖 find the other 3 roots [6]
𝜋 𝜋
b)The complex number set satisfies the inequality 2 < |𝑧| < 3 and 6 < 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 < 3 sketch and
shade on an argand diagram the region represented by the inequalities [4]

c) Solve the equation 𝑧 4 − 8√3 + 8𝑖 = 0, giving your answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 correct to 2
decimal places [6]
𝜋 𝜋
4. On a single diagram shade the region defined by the inequality 6 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 4) ≤ 4 and

|𝑧 − 4| ≤ 4 [4]

b) Solve the equation 𝑧 3 = −5 + 12𝑖 [6]

43

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

c) Use Demoivre’s Theorem to show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 − 20𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 [7]

5. Solve the equations 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 5 = 0 giving the answer in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 [5]

b) On a sketch of argand diagram show the locus represent

i) |𝑧 − 1| = |𝑧 + 1| [3]

ii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 2𝑖| [3]

iii) |𝑧| ≥ |𝑧 − 2| [3]

iv) |𝑧 − 1| = 3 [3]

v) |𝑧 − 5𝑖| ≤ 1 [3]

6. Express 𝑧 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 if

a) 2𝑧 − √2 + 𝑖 = 0

b) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 − 10 = 0

c) 𝑧 3 + √2 = 𝑖

7. If √4 + 3𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 find the exact values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.

8. Show that

a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

8.a) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃

b) ∫(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃). 𝑑𝜃

44

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]

CONTACT DETAILS

0717256148/0774459409

You Tube channel: De~ Manue Solutions

CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM OF

PRESENTATION, OMMISSION AND ERRORS ARE WELCOME.
FEEL FREE TO CONTACT ME SO THAT WE IMPROVE THE
DOCUMENT TOGETHER .

PROVERBS 14VS 23

45

E. ZIVANAYI (SIR MANUE) 0717256148/0774459409 [email protected]