Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering

ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

1. Derivation
The equations of motion for MDOF systems of n degrees of freedom under ground acceleration and no damping:
[M]{ x␒␒ } + [K]{ x } = - { m }x␒␒g (1.1)
Where:
k11 k12 ⋯ k1n
k k
[K] = 21 22
⫶ ⋱
(1.2)
kn1 knn

m1
m2
[M] = (1.3)
⋱
mn

m1
m2
{m} = (1.4)
⋮
mn
Natural modes of vibration is in absence of external excitation:
[M]{ x␒␒ } + [K]{ x } = 0 (1.5)
Assuming, that vibration is some constant mode shape { 𝜙 } that only varies sinusoidally with time:
{ x } = { 𝜙 }sin(ωt) (1.6)
↓

{ x␒␒ } = - ω 2 { 𝜙 }sin(ωt) = - ω 2 { x } (1.7)

Substituting (1.7) in (1.5):

-ω 2 [M]{ x } + [K]{ x } = 0 → [K] - ω 2 [M] { x } = 0 (1.8)

(1.8) is an eigenvalue problem, and solutions to { x } are only non-trivial when the determinant is zero:

det [K] - ω 2 [M] = 0 (1.9)

The charactersitic polynomial of (1.9) has n roots (or eigenvalues) ω12 ω22 ω32 ... ωn2 where n is the number of degrees of
freedom. Each root ωi2 corresponds to a particular solution (or eigenvector) { 𝜙 }i to the vector { x } in (1.8), that is, by using (1.8):

[K] - ω12 [M] { 𝜙 }1 = 0

[K] - ω22 [M] { 𝜙 }2 = 0

(1.10)
⫶

[K] - ωn2 [M] { 𝜙 }n = 0 → [K]{ 𝜙 }n = ωn2 [M]){ 𝜙 }n

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

The n set of equations (1.10) can be assembled in matrix form:

[K][𝜙] = [M][𝜙][Ω] (1.11)
Where:
[𝜙] = { 𝜙 }1 { 𝜙 }2 ⋯ { 𝜙 }n (1.12)
ω12
ω22
[Ω] = (1.13)
⋱
ωn2

The solution to equation (1.1) is then generally a linear combination (superposition) of all modes (1.12) each scaled by a scaler
yn (t) that varies with time:

{ x(t)} = { 𝜙1 }y1 (t) + { 𝜙2 }y2 (t) + ... + { 𝜙n }yn (t)

{ x } = [𝜙]{ y } (1.14)
Where [𝜙] is (1.12) and:

y1
y
{y} = 2
⋮
yn

Similarly:
{ x␒␒ } = [𝜙]{ y␒␒ } (1.15)

Subsituting (1.14) and (1.15) in (1.1):

[M][𝜙]{ y␒␒ } + [K][𝜙]{ y } = - { m }␒␒xg (1.16)

Premultiplying (1.16) by [𝜙] T :

[𝜙] T [M][𝜙]{ y␒␒ } + [𝜙] T [K][𝜙]{ y } = - [𝜙] T { m }x␒␒g (1.17)

(1.17) can be rewritten as:

M * { y␒␒ } + K * { y } = - [𝜙] T { m }x␒␒ g (1.18)

Where modal mass M *
and modal stiffness K *
have only terms on the diagonal (uncoupled):

M * = [𝜙] T [M][𝜙] (1.19)

K * = [𝜙] T [K][𝜙] (1.20)

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Equation (1.1) can be seen as collection of SDOF systems (1.18) when transformed to the normal coordinate system { y }. That is
expansion of (1.18) yields:

m1* y␒␒ 1 + k1* y1 = - { 𝜙1 } T { m }x␒␒ g

m2* y␒␒ 2 + k2* y2 = - { 𝜙2 } T { m }x␒␒ g

mn* y␒␒ n + kn* yn = - { 𝜙n } T { m }x␒␒ g (1.21)

kn*
Denoting Ln = { 𝜙n } T { m } and dropping the minus sign. Any equation (1.21) can be put in the form (while ωn2 = ):
mn*

Ln
y␒␒ n + ωn2 yn = x␒␒ g (1.22)
mn*

If x␒␒g can be represented as a function, then closed form solutions can be obtained. However, ground acceleration x␒␒g is often a
time history recorded over discrete time intervals that can not be represented as a mathematical formula. In such case,
numerical methods are resorted to. One way to solve for response, is by discretizing x␒␒g to short impulses and then superpose the
responses generated from all impulses. To do this, we first recall the response of free undamped vibration:
x␒ (0)
x(t) = x(0)cos(ωn t) +
ωn
sin(ωn t) (1.23)

From Netwon's law, the force is the change in momentum. For a constant mass:
d
F=m v → Fdt = mdv (1.24)
dt

Where Fdt is the impulse, for a unit impulse:

1
mdv = 1 → dv = (1.25)
m

dv is the change in velocity:

dv = v(t + dt) - v(t) (1.26)
Taking the initial velocity v(t) at the beginning of impulse to be zero. Therefore, (1.24) becomes:
1
m ⋅ v(t + dt) = 1 → v(t + dt) = (1.27)
m

For an impulse at t = 𝜏 , (1.27) gives the initial velocity that the impulse causes in the aftercoming free vibration state t > 𝜏 .
Thus, setting x␒ (0) = m1 in (1.23) while x(0) = 0 and denoting the response to unit impulse h(t - 𝜏) :

1
h(t - 𝜏) =
mωn
sin(ωn t) (1.28)

For an impulse of value F(𝜏)d𝜏 at time 𝜏, the response is then:

F(𝜏)
F(𝜏)h(t - 𝜏)d𝜏 =
mωn
sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.29)

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Response to all such impulses is then obtained by integration which leads to Duhamel's integral:
t 1 t F(𝜏)
x(t) = ∫ F(𝜏)h(t - 𝜏)d𝜏 = ∫ sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.30)
0 ωn 0 m

Noting that for earthquakes F(𝜏) = mx␒␒g (𝜏) . Therefore (1.30) becomes:
t
1
x(t) = ∫ x␒␒g (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.31)
ωn 0

Differentiating (1.31) with respect to t to get velocity:

t
x␒ (t) = ∫ x␒␒ g (𝜏)cos(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.32)
0

To get acceleration, we reall that:

x␒␒(t) = - ωn2 x(t) (1.33)

Substituting (1.31) in (1.33):
t
x␒␒(t) = - ωn ∫ x␒␒ g (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.34)
0

For the maximum (spectral) values for response (dropping negative signs):
t
1
x(t)max = Sd = ∫0 x␒␒g (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.35)
ωn max

t
x␒ (t)max = Sv = ∫0 x␒␒g (𝜏)cos(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.36)
max

t
x␒␒(t)max = Sa = ωn ∫ x␒␒g (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.37)
0 max

Integral in (1.35) and (1.36) are exactly the same except for the trignometric fucntion. It has been shown that bracketed
integral in (1.35) and the spectral velocity integral (1.36) differ very little numerically (see Dynamics of Structures - Ray
Clough, Page 577). Therefore we define the integral in (1.35) be:
t
Spv = ∫0 x␒␒g (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏 (1.38)
max

Spv is denoted psueodo-velocity and is very close to the spectral velocity (1.36) except for very long Tn . Therefore, (1.35) is:
1
Sd =
ωn
Spv (1.39)
Similarly, (1.37) is denoted psuedo-acceleration, which - in this special case - is equal to spectral-acceleration (since undamped
motion is assumed):
Spa = Sp = ωn Spv (1.40)

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Returning to (1.22), the solution to it in view of Duhamel's integral (1.31):

Ln t
yn = ∫ x␒␒ (𝜏)sin(ωn (t - 𝜏))d𝜏
* 0 g (1.41)
ωn mn
The maximum spectral displacement in normal coordiantes (yn )max can be obtained by using (1.38):
Ln
(yn )max = (Spv )n (1.42)
ωn mn*
Maximum displacement vector for the mode n in material coordinates can be obtained by recalling (1.14):
Ln
{ xn }max = { 𝜙n } (Spv )n (1.43)
ωn mn*
Therefore, for the whole set of equations (1.43):

L1
(Spv )1
ω1 m1*
L2
(Spv )2
{ x1 }max { x2 }max ⋯ { xn }max = { 𝜙1 } { 𝜙2 } ⋯ { 𝜙n } ω2 m2* (1.44)
⋱
Ln
(Spv )n
ωn mn*

Or more compactly:

Ln
[x]max = [𝜙] (Spv )n (1.45)
ωn mn*

(1.45) can also be written by using (1.39):

Ln
[x]max = [𝜙] (S d ) n (1.46)
mn*

The maximum vector of static forces developed can be obtained for a mode n, and recalling that { xn }max = { 𝜙n }(yn )max :
{ fs max }n = [K]{ xn }max = [K]{ 𝜙n }(yn )max (1.47)
Recalling (1.10), then (1.47) becomes (after dropping the minus sign):

{ fs max }n = ωn2 [M]{ 𝜙n }(yn )max (1.48)

Substituting (1.42) in (1.48) and simplifying:

Ln
{ fs max }n = [M]{ 𝜙n } ωn (Spv )n (1.49)
mn*
Recalling (1.40), (1.49) becomes:
Ln
{ fs max }n = [M]{ 𝜙n } (Spa )n (1.50)
mn*

Page 5/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

The set of all n equations (1.50) can be put in the form:

L1
(Spa )1
m1*
L2
(Spa )2
{ f1 }max { f2 }max ⋯ { fn }max = [M] { 𝜙1 } { 𝜙2 } ⋯ { 𝜙n } m2* (1.51)
⋱
Ln
(Spa )n
mn*

Noting that [M] = [W] / g ,(1.51) can then also be written as:

L1 (Spa )1
m1* g
L2 (Spa )2
{ f1 }max { f2 }max ⋯ { fn }max = [W] { 𝜙1 } { 𝜙2 } ⋯ { 𝜙n } m2* g (1.52)
⋱
Ln (Spa )n
mn* g

2. Assignment Problem
Given:

0.029395 -0.08145 0.114848 -0.12193 -0.101087 0.057082

0.057082 -0.12193 0.081451 0.029395 0.114848 -0.10109
0.081451 -0.10109 -0.057082 0.114848 -0.029395 0.121934
[𝜙] =
0.101087 -0.02940 -0.121934 -0.05708 -0.081451 -0.11485
(2.1)
0.114848 0.057082 -0.029395 -0.10109 0.121934 0.081451
0.121934 0.114848 0.10187 0.081451 -0.057082 -0.0294

200 20.39
200 20.39
200 20.39
{W} =
200
tonf → {m} =
20.39
ton (2.2)
200 20.39
200 20.39

20.39
20.39
20.39
[M] =
20.39
ton (2.3)
20.39
20.39

Page 6/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Mode Tn (sec) ωn2 (rad / s) 2

1 0.522602 144.55
2 0.177642 1251
3 0.11089 3210.5
4 0.084157 5574.1
5 0.071142 7800.3
6 0.064878 9379.2

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

20 20 20

15 15 15
Height (m)
Height (m)

Height (m)
10 10 10

5 5 5

0 0 0
−0.1 0 0.1
0
0.05
0.1

−0.1
0
0.1
x (m) x (m) x (m)

Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6

20 20 20

15 15 15
Height (m)
Height (m)

Height (m)

10 10 10

5 5 5

0 0 0
−0.1
0
0.1
−0.1
0
0.1

−0.1
0
0.1

x (m) x (m) x (m)

Page 7/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Response Spectrum
Tn (sec) Spa / g

0 0.25
0.04 0.625
0.23 0.625
0.4 0.355114
0.7 0.248016
0.8 0.190549

Response Spectrum

0.6

0.5
S​pa​(m/s​2​)

0.4

0.3

0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

T​n​(sec)

Psuedo-accelaration
Mode Tn (sec) Spa / g Spa m / sec 2

1 0.522602 0.311 3.05430

2 0.177642 0.625 6.13125
3 0.11089 0.625 6.13125
4 0.084157 0.625 6.13125
5 0.071142 0.625 6.13125
6 0.064878 0.625 6.13125

Page 8/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

2.1. Maximum Floor Displacements:

144.55
1251
3210.5
ω2 =
5574.1 (2.4)
7800.3
9379.2
From (1.39) and (1.40), spectral displacement is:
1
(S d ) n = (Spa )n (2.5)
ωn2
As given:

3.05430
6.13125
6.13125
{ Spa } =
6.13125 (2.6)
6.13125
6.13125

Performing element-wise division of (2.6) over (2.4):

3.05430 ÷ 144.55 0.021197

6.13125 ÷ 1251 0.004901
6.13125 ÷ 3210.5 0.00191
{ Sd } =
6.13125 ÷ 5574.1
=
0.0011
m (2.7)
6.13125 ÷ 7800.3 0.000786
6.13125 ÷ 9379.2 0.000654

Recalling that Ln = { 𝜙n } T { m } . Therefore:

{ L } = [𝜙] T { m } (2.8)
Substituting (2.1) (transposed) and (2.2) in (2.8):

10.312
-3.3015
1.8140
{L} =
-1.1093
(2.9)
-0.6572
0.3086

Obtaining modal mass matrix M* by substituting (2.3) and (2.1) in (1.19) and :

m1*
1
m2*
1
m3* 1
M * T
= [𝜙] [M][𝜙] = =
1
= [I] (2.10)
m4*
1
m5*
1
m6*

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Ln
Calculating the matrix of diagonal elements (S d ) n using (2.7), (2.9) and (2.10):
mn*

L1
(S d ) 1
m1*
L2
(S d ) 2
m2*
0.217962
L3
(S d ) 3 -0.01619
m3* 0.003465
L4
=
-0.00122
(2.11)
(S d ) 4 -0.00052
m4*
0.000202
L5
(S d ) 5
m5*
L6
(S d ) 6
m6*

Finally, max displacements in material cooridnates x can be obtained by (1.46). Multiplying (2.1) by (2.11):

6.41 × 10 -3 1.32 × 10 -3 3.89 × 10 -4 1.49 × 10 -4 5.22 × 10 -5 1.15 × 10 -5

1.24 × 10 -2 1.97 × 10 -3 2.82 × 10 -4 -3.59 × 10 -5 -5.93 × 10 -5 -2.04 × 10 -5
Ln 1.78 × 10 -2 1.64 × 10 -3 -1.98 × 10 -4 -1.40 × 10 -4 1.52 × 10 -5 2.46 × 10 -5
[x]max = [𝜙] (S d ) n = (2.12)
mn* 2.20 × 10 -2 4.76 × 10 -4 -4.23 × 10 -4 6.97 × 10 -5 4.21 × 10 -5 -2.32 × 10 -5
2.50 × 10 -2 -9.24 × 10 -4 -1.02 × 10 -4 1.23 × 10 -4 -6.30 × 10 -5 1.64 × 10 -5
2.66 × 10 -2 -1.86 × 10 -3 3.5 × 10 -4 -9.94 × 10 -5 2.95 × 10 -5 -5.93 × 10 -6

Floor/Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 RSS
6 2.66 × 10 -2 -1.86 × 10 -3 3.5 × 10 -4 -9.94 × 10 -5 2.95 × 10 -5 -5.93 × 10 -6 2.66 × 10 -2

5 2.50 × 10 -2 -9.24 × 10 -4 -1.02 × 10 -4 1.23 × 10 -4 -6.30 × 10 -5 1.64 × 10 -5 2.51 × 10 -2

4 2.20 × 10 -2 4.76 × 10 -4 -4.23 × 10 -4 6.97 × 10 -5 4.21 × 10 -5 -2.32 × 10 -5 2.20 × 10 -2

3 1.78 × 10 -2 1.64 × 10 -3 -1.98 × 10 -4 -1.40 × 10 -4 1.52 × 10 -5 2.46 × 10 -5 1.78 × 10 -2

2 1.24 × 10 -2 1.97 × 10 -3 2.82 × 10 -4 -3.59 × 10 -5 -5.93 × 10 -5 -2.04 × 10 -5 1.26 × 10 -2

1 6.41 × 10 -3 1.32 × 10 -3 3.89 × 10 -4 1.49 × 10 -4 5.22 × 10 -5 1.15 × 10 -5 6.56 × 10 -3

Table 1: Maximum displacement (m)

Where each column in (2.12) represents maximum displacements for each mode shape.

Page 10/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

2.2. Maximum Column Shear

Ln (Spa )n
Obtaining maximum generated forces for each mode. Firstly, diagonal matrix of terms is calculated:
mn* g
L 1 (S d ) 1
m1* g
L 2 (S d ) 2
m2* g
3.21166
L 3 (S d ) 3
-2.06412
m3* g 1.134116
L 4 (S d ) 4
=
-0.69352
(2.13)
-0.41086
m4* g
0.192943
L 5 (S d ) 5
m5* g
L 6 (S d ) 6
m6* g

Then from (1.52), and by multiplying (2.2), (2.1), and (2.13):

17.91 33.62 26.05 16.91 8.31 2.20

34.78 50.34 18.47 -4.08 -9.44 -3.90
Ln (Spa )n 49.63 41.73 -12.95 -15.93 2.415 4.71
(fs )max = [W][𝜙] =
61.59 12.13 -27.66 7.92 6.70 -4.43 (2.14)
mn* g
69.97 -23.56 -6.67 14.02 -10.02 3.14
74.29 -47.41 22.93 -11.30 4.69 -1.13

Each column in (2.14) represents maximum forces for each mode shape. Reversing the order of (2.14) so that first row is
last floor and so on.

78.32 -47.41 22.93 -11.30 4.69 -1.13

73.77 -23.56 -6.67 14.02 -10.02 3.14
64.93 12.13 -27.66 7.92 6.70 -4.43
(fs )max =
52.32 41.73 -12.95 -15.93 2.415 4.71 (2.15)
36.67 50.34 18.47 -4.08 -9.44 -3.90
18.88 33.62 26.05 16.91 8.31 2.20

Column Shear can be cacluated by cumulating (from top to bottomm) maximum story forces.

Floor/Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 RSS
6 78.32 -47.41 22.93 -11.30 4.69 -1.13 95.18
5 152.09 -70.98 16.26 2.72 -5.33 2.01 168.74
4 217.02 -58.84 -11.40 10.64 1.36 -2.42 225.42
3 269.34 -17.11 -24.34 -5.29 3.78 2.28 271.07
2 306.01 33.23 -5.87 -9.37 -5.66 -1.62 308.06
1 324.89 66.85 20.18 7.55 2.65 0.58 332.41
Table 2: Maximum column shear (tonf)

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

18 18 18
15 15 15

Height (m)
Height (m)
Height (m)

12 12 12
9 9 9
6 6 6
3 3 3
0 0 0
−50 0 50 −20 0 20
0
100
200
300

Shear (tonf) Shear (tonf) Shear (tonf)

Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6

18 18 18
15 15 15
Height (m)

Height (m)
Height (m)

12 12 12
9 9 9
6 6 6
3 3 3
0 0 0
−10 0 10 −5 0 5 −2 0 2

Shear (tonf) Shear (tonf) Shear (tonf)

Page 12/15
Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

2.3. Maximum Column Moment

Column moment can be calculated by realizing:
Q×H Q×3
2M = Q × H → M = = = 1.5 Q
2 2
Where Q, H, and M are column shear, storey height, and column end moment respectively. Therefore, column moments
are:
Floor/Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 RSS
6 117.48 -71.12 34.39 -16.95 7.04 -1.70 142.77
5 228.14 -106.47 24.39 4.09 -7.99 3.01 253.11
4 325.54 -88.26 -17.09 15.96 2.05 -3.63 338.12
3 404.01 -25.67 -36.52 -7.93 5.67 3.42 406.60
2 459.01 49.84 -8.80 -14.05 -8.49 -2.43 462.09
1 487.33 100.28 30.27 11.32 3.97 0.88 498.61
Table 3: Maximum column moments (m.tonf)

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

18 18 18
15 15 15
Height (m)
Height (m)
Height (m)

12 12 12
9 9 9
6 6 6
3 3 3
0 0 0
−500 0 500 −100 0 100
−40
−20
0
20
40

Moment (m.tonf) Moment (m.tonf) Moment (m.tonf)

Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6

18 18 18
15 15 15
Height (m)

Height (m)
Height (m)

12 12 12
9 9 9
6 6 6
3 3 3
0 0 0
−10
−5
0
5
10

−4
−2
0
2
4
−20
−10
0
10
20

Moment (m.tonf) Moment (m.tonf) Moment (m.tonf)

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

2.4. Maximum Overturning Moment

Overturning moment is calculated for each mode seperately and then RSS is applied. For each mode n, overturning
moment is the sum of maximum storey forces each multiplied by the height from ground. Therefore, overturning moment
resulting from floor i at mode n:
(Mo )i = (fs max )i Hi
Where Hi is the elevation of floor i from ground. Thus, the total overturning moment at the nth mode can be calculated
by summing overturning moments for all individual floors:
number of floors number of floors

(M o ) n = ∑ (M o ) i = ∑ (fs max )i Hi (2.16)

i=1 i=1

Floor/Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 1409.79 -853.42 412.72 -203.36 84.43 -20.42
5 1106.56 -353.47 -100.01 210.32 -150.29 47.15
4 779.18 145.62 -331.89 95.01 80.32 -53.18
3 470.87 375.58 -116.53 -143.37 21.74 42.35
2 219.99 302.02 110.85 -24.46 -56.62 -23.40
1 56.64 100.87 78.15 50.74 24.92 6.61
∑ (M o ) i 4043.03 -282.79 53.29 -15.12 4.49 -0.90
i=1

Table 4: Maximum overturning moment (m.tonf)

Taking the RSS of last row:
RSS ∑ (M o ) i = 4053.29 m. tonf
i=1

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Name: Hazem Emam Kassab CES611 Wind and Earthquake Engineering
ID: 2201011 Assignment 1

2.5. Equivalent Static Method (ECP - 2011)

Check applicability conditions:
• Building is regular
• TT11 == 0.5226 sec ⩽ 2 sec Or
0.5226 sec ⩽ 4Tc = 4 × 0.23 = 0.92 sec

T1 = 0.5226 sec > 2Tc = 0.46 sec and number of floors is greater than two. Therefore, 𝜆 = 1
Base shear is:
F b = S d (T 1 ) · 𝜆 W / g (2.17)
Where Sd (T1 ) = SPa 1 = 2.8971 m / sec 2 and W / g = 20.39 × 6 = 122.34 ton . Therefore, (2.17) is:
Fb = 2.8971 × 1 × 122.34 = 354.43 tonf (2.18)

Calculation of lateral forces (distributed in proportion to mode 1):

Floor Mode 1 disp % Fi

1 0.006077 5.81% 20.59558
2 0.011801 11.29% 39.99446
3 0.016839 16.10% 57.06858
4 0.020899 19.99% 70.82653
5 0.023744 22.71% 80.46816
6 0.025209 24.11% 85.43296
Sum 100% 354.3863

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