Republic of the Philippines

Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

Talisay City, Negros Occidental

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

(GEC STS)

Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and
culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to
Ancient Times relate with other cultures and civilizations.
Advances in The increase in size and number of nations connoted
knowledge, skills, and increased demand for food and other basic necessities. This
technology had been condition also implied that people must be able to produce food
part of human history at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as
long before our more people struggles to share the basic necessities. The people
ancestors were fully thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to
human. We begin by increase food supplies and other survival needs without them
considering the arts, travelling more or working harder.
inventions, and Weapons and armors were important as well in the
understandings of this discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances
early period, which with other tribes. At that time, there was always a risk of conflict
might be classified as when people met others with different culture and orientations.
crafts or technology. Conflicts were common especially if different groups struggled to
The Stone Ages: Stone tools have long been the first control vital resources. Stronger nations tended to invade
recognized technology. It is almost certain that wooden tools weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. As
preceded stone by millions of years, but wood survives only in such, the development of weapons and armors for security and
exceptional circumstances. Therefore, we must begin with the protection was considered a major achievement.
stone tools first found in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Louis A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of
and Mary Leakey and others, and since found elsewhere in Africa life. The early people might have been successful in harnessing
as well. the rich resources that the world could provide, but their survival
Knowledge among hunter-gatherers: Hunting became posed a great problem. Different illnesses and diseases, both
increasingly important. People certainly learned the ways of natural and man-made hampered the full potential of a human
their prey animals. These people discovered how to control fire being. Given this predicament, science and technology played a
and began to build substantial structures with wood posts, major role in the discovery of cure to, if not the prevention of,
although some lived in caves and rock shelters. Hunting illnesses.
weapons such as the sling, the bow, the bolo, the fish hook, and Moreover, in order to integrate their needs- for better
the spear thrower, are among the technological innovations of transportation, establishment of structures for protection from
this period. human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger
The progress in technology is most clearly seen in the and stronger infrastructures- people ventured into what is now
further refinement of stone tools and in the Neolithic use of known as the field of engineering. The development in this field
many other materials. Metal tools were preceded by bone tools, allowed humans to build structures that would address their
such as needles, that could not have been easily made from specific needs and wants. Some of the structures build during
stone. Although remains of more perishable tools are scarce in the ancient times will exist today and continually awe people.
the archeological record, there is no doubt that similar progress The development in engineering also ushered in the
were being made in tools based on wood or other organic introduction of architecture. Others might see architecture as a
materials. Although most early wooden tools have vanished, mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural
some of these inventions can be seen in early drawings or designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular
engravings. civilization In the generations to come, architecture would be
In the ancient times, people were concerned with considered a status symbol among nations of how advanced
transportation and navigation, communication and record their technology is. It may also establish the identity of a nation.
keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as The people were not
health, aesthetics, and architecture. contented on beautifying
Transportation was significant during that time because only their infrastructures and
people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They surroundings. Being able to
travelled to search for food and find better locations for their prolong life with the mass
settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in production of food and
exchange for things that they lacked. Navigation assisted them advancement of medical
in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It technology, as well as raise
allowed them to return home after they discovered new places the quality of life by making complicated and difficult tasks
or completed an important trade with another group of people. easier, humans later on developed the technology to improve
Communication was also essential in their endeavors to how they look. They discovered that people looked more
discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and
communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to decorations in their body.
facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping The following discussions will tackle the different major
was also important since they needed to remember the places technological advancements during the ancient times, which
they had been to and document the trades they made with each include some of the achievement of the early civilizations such as
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the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue to were challenged to mass produce food items but elements in the
describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the environment seem uncooperative. It was difficult to get water
contemporary time. from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some
groups had scarce water supply, while others had problems with
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION flooding caused by the river.
Sumeria https://rudderresponse.pbworks.com/w/page/1 As a solution to this
(Sumer) is located on 10092543/Nile%20River%20Reading%20Investig dilemma, the Sumerians
ation
the southernmost created dikes and irrigation
tipoff ancient canals to bring water to
Mesopotamia. farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the
Sumerians are rivers. This method was considered as one of the most beneficial
known for their high engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians
degree of were able to enjoy year –long farming and harvesting, which
cooperation with one increased their food production.
another and their
desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic Sailboats
things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to developed Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation.
many things connected with science and technology. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of
transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
Cunieform Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were
One of the major able to cover large distances. However, they wanted to discover
contributions of the faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger,
Sumerians is the and boats were not enough to accommodate more people and
development of the first products. They needed a mode of transportation that did not
writing system known as require much human resource. Some sources attribute to the
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/432908582 cuneiform. It is a system Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing
912054304/ that utilizes word, demands. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading
pictures and triangular as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology.
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and
then left to dry. Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep Wheel
records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. In the latter part of
their history, the Sumerians
Uruk City were able to invent the wheel
Another important contribution of the Sumerians is the City of since the specialized tools
Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be needed to create it were https://sumeriancivilizationhonors.weebly.co
the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. already available. The first m/accomplishments-and-inventions.html

There were no building stones in the location of this city and wheels were not made for
lumber was limited, making the construction a big challenge. transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the
The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier.
from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked Farmers were able to mill grains with less efforts in less time.
bricks – a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to make
houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build The Plow
a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and Another farm technology
neighboring raiders from entering. invented by the
Mesopotamians is the
The Great Ziggurat of Ur plow. Humans evolved
Another engineering from being food gatherers
and architectural feat of the to farm cultivators.
Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat However, farmers needed
of Ur. The ziggurat, also called a technology which would
the mountain of god, was built in enable them to dig the
the same manner that they ground where seeds would
constructed the City of Uruk. https://www.ancient- be planted. The plow was
origins.net/ancient-places-asia/great-
Without much building ziggurat-ur-001767preserved Ziggurat invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks
materials, the structure was of Ur. the ground the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm
constructed using sunbaked work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could
bricks. The ziggurat served as the place of their chief god, where cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass
only their priests were allowed to enter. The temple showcases produce food without taking so much effort and time.
not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but
also the remarkable technology used to build it. As such, even
until today, people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved Great BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Ziggurat of Ur. Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders,
Irrigation and Dikes engineers, and architects. One of their major contributions is the
As population hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the
increased, so did the demand ancient world.
for food. The Sumerians
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon pieces of paper were very light that they could be carried and
Today, delivered by birds. Moreover, record-keeping was no longer a
people can only problem since documents would not take huge storage spaces.
marvel at the Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders who
beauty of the often destroyed records of the nations they invaded.
famous Hanging
Garden of Babylon Ink
from stories of When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper,
historians and engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a result, the Egyptians
paintings that invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to
portray the place. produce inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the
It was said to be a elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture,
structure made up and codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that people
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hanging-Gardens-of-
of layers upon Babylon
could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.
layers of gardens
that contained several species of plants, trees and vines. Hieroglyphics
According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar Like the Sumerians,
II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no the Egyptians also developed a
physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the system of writing using
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is also unknown. symbols, known as
Since time, immemorial, people have been debating about the hieroglyphics. Although some
existence of the said mythical place. Many said it was just a say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system
product of the creative imagination of the great King because it established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between
lacked documentation or archeological evidence. On the other civilizations, the Egyptians believed that this writing system was
hand, if it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war, provided to them by their gods. This form of writing can still be
erosion, or an earthquake. True or not, hearing the stories and seen today and remains to be a famous as the pyramids where
description of the place would be enough to inspire awe to they were found. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the
anyone. One can imagine the thick greenery decorated by modern world of the history and culture of the ancient
beautiful flowers coming from different places in the garden and Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they were
complicated design of the infrastructure. If the stories were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian
true, the Hanging Garden of Babylon may be considered as one structures.
of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of
the world that is almost impossible to replicate. Cosmetics
The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Although cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve
Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in
Egyptian civilization located in North America. Many stories tell ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.
about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure
the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with
engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other mineral galena. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing
practical things that the world now considers as essential. It is make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of
thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution holiness. At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming
of the Egyptians civilization to the modern world. multibillion industry.

Paper or Papyrus Wig

One of the earlier Another
contributions of Egyptian cosmetic invention of
civilization was the paper ancient Egyptians is the
or papyrus. Although wig. At present, wigs are
Egypt was not the first to used to enhance the
develop a system of appearance of people
writing, they were able to who are balding or those
make writing easier for the who want to try new hair
world. Before the Egyptian trends. Meanwhile, https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-
innovation, clay tablets during the ancient traditions/changing-beauty-use-elaborate-wigs-ancient-
egypt-005484
were used. However, safe-keeping and transporting them were Egyptian times, wigs were
a major problem. Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy and worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
delicate to handle. So, bringing them to places was a major
challenge. Hence, the Egyptian invention of the paper or Water Clock/Clepsydra
papyrus was a welcome to development. Papyrus was a plant Another important
that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They were ancient Egyptian contribution is
able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on the water clock. This device
which one could write down things. Since papyrus was lighter utilizes gravity that affects the
and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry and store. This flow of water from one vessel to
invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record- the other. The amount of water
keeping and communications. People then were able to send (or its height, depending on the
letters or correspondences anywhere in the world since the method used) remaining in the
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device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In information the same way we benefit from present-day
the process, time is measured. The water clock was widely used newspapers.
as a timekeeping device during the ancient times.
Bound Books or Codex
GREEK CIVILIZATION With the
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of invention of paper,
Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of it became easier
the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on for civilizations to
philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseum and the write down
Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the everything that
world especially in the fields of science and technology. happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since
paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy
Alarm Clock much space. As a result, civilizations became fond of record-
One of the most utilized gadgets today that was keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly
invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. Although the legislated laws. Aside from Romans writing down information
alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present-day about history and politics, literature also changed form from clay
alarm clock, the purpose was just the same- to tell an individual tablets to parchments of paper. According to sources Julius
when to stop or when to start. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages
used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect
made use of water or (or sometimes small stones or sand) that the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were later
dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and
believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his longer –lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together and
lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to
The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel produce the first books or codex.
below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was
full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel Roman Architecture
which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a Roman architecture is one of the most visual
whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards contributions of the
the bottom vessel for storage and reuse. ancient Roman
Empire to the world.
Water Mill Roman architecture
Watermills were also considered as one of the most was considered a
important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. continuation of Greek
They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling architecture, hence,
of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during the resemblance.
that time. Because milling was made possible by the use of However, Roman
watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans
like became common. Watermills were considered better than were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on
mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort architectural designs established in the past. In this manner,
and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural
animals. They only required access to rivers or flowing water designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger
where a mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of infrastructures. The Romans were also able to creatively
water attached to it could be installed. redesign old architectural patterns to adapt to the new trends at
that time. This development in the field of engineering and
ROMAN CIVILIZATION architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest government so they were able to implement major projects such
political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas) aqueducts,
cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses. The
the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the
as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws. Aside way they withstood time and the harsh element of the
from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and environment. Today, people of the world still enjoy these
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman
Empire. technology.

Newspaper Roman Numerals

One of the major contributions of the Romans is the Although other number systems had already been
newspaper. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained established before the Roman numeral, these old systems could
announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the
before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in increasing rate of communication and trade among nations.
metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When paper Since the Roman Empire was expanding, it had to deal with many
was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the Romans
matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizens. In fact, devised their own number system specifically to address the
with the advent of paper, minutes of the proceedings of the need for a standard counting method that would meet their
Roman senate were done in shorthand. These documents were increasing communication and trade concerns. Although the
edited and published on the same day that they were recorded. Roman numeral is no longer widely used today due to its
This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still

4
use it over other more popular number systems, like the Hindu- hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important
Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and historical value. celebrations in China.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest References:
civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle
kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous • Mcnamara, DJ. et.al. (2018). Science, Technology & Society.
among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc.
great amount was written about ancient China partly due to its • Serafica, JP. et.al (2018). Science, Technology & Society. 1st
distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular Edition. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.
status among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the • Bunch, B. & Hellemans, A. (2004). The History of Science &
significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world. Technology. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Caoli. History of Science and Technology of the Philippines
Silk • Video: Stephen Colbert’s interview with Neil Tyson:
One of the things that connected Far East China to the https://www.youtube.com/watch
world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1
the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to
harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade.
The silk trade opened China to the outside world making way for
cultural, economic, scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap
between the western world and the middle kingdom.

Tea Production
Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling
water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed
that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea
production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor
created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.
This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with
sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of
this invention, the Chinese were able to increase their
production of tea and trade with other nations. China thus
became known for its tea exports aside from its silk products.
Tea production developed by the ancient Chinese may have
resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in
the world today.

Great Wall of China

Once considered the only man-made structure that
could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China is said
to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the
nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and
control the borders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood,
earth and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time. The structure was so
massive and strong that it was said to have literally divided China
from the rest of the world. The wall’s construction put the
nation among the powerful civilizations during the ancient times.
It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today,
with some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still continues
to be a world attraction due to its historical significance and
architectural grandeur.

Gunpowder
The gunpowder is one of the most interesting
inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed
charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an
elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could
actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to
propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless
deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by
raiders who plan to attack at a distance. The same weapons are
also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion. On the other