LHYCQHF YQHBWMB^O

BMOMH CQ@HFMB MM

Ynomshehf Tnfyhwh Cr`hfmb Nbstrhbsm Msclhsm Bhjnmf ghrm Ghuf Wne

Lhpcrhf mfm gmauht uftub ononfuem shlhe shtu tu`hs ohth bulmhe prhbtmbuo bmomh cr`hfmb MM

Gcsnf Ynf`hopu ; Mrhe Fhomrhe O.Tm

Gmsusuf Clne ;

Hfgmfm (1151859991)

K^Q^THF YNFGMGMBHF BMOMH

JHB^LWHT BN@^Q^HF GHF MLO^ YNFGMGMBHF

^FMZNQTMWHT T^LWHF H@NF@ WMQWH]HTH

1919
Ynomshehf Tnfyhwh Cr`hfmb Nbstrhbsm Msclhsm Bhjnmf ghrm Ghuf Wne

H. Wukuhf

8. Ohehsm
Ohehsmswh
swh ghp
ghpht
ht onf`nt
onf`ntheum
heum prmfs
prmfsmp
mp nbstrhb
nbstrhbsm
sm

1. Ohehsmswh
Ohehsmswh ghpht
ghpht onf`nthe
onf`ntheum
um lhpmshf
lhpmshf yhf`
yhf` hgh phgh
phgh dcrcf`
dcrcf` pmshe
pmshe

4. Ohehsmswh
Ohehsmswh ghpht
ghpht onf`nth
onf`ntheum
eum juf`sm
juf`sm hlht ghf ahehf
ahehf nbstrh
nbstrhbsm
bsm

7. Ohehsmswh
Ohehsmswh ghpht
ghpht onf`nthe
onf`ntheum
um bn lhruth
lhruthf
f suhtu
suhtu zht tnrehgh
tnrehghp
p pnlhrut
pnlhrut

>. Ohehsmswh
Ohehsmswh ghpht
ghpht onomshebhf
onomshebhf bhjnmf
bhjnmf ghrm
ghrm ghuf tne onlhlum
onlhlum nbstrhb
nbstrhbsm
sm

A. Gh
Ghsh
shrr W
Wnc
ncrm
rm

Nbstrhbsm hghlhe ontcgn pnomshehf yhf` onlmahtbhf prcsns pnomfghehf shtu hthu
lname snfyhwh ghrm shtu jhsn bn yhf` lhmf anrghshrbhf prmfsmp bnlhruthf. Bnlhruthf snfyhwh
ghlho suhtu pnlhrut gmfyhthbhf snah`hm kuolhe `rho zht tnrlhrut ghlho 899 ol pnlhrut phgh
sueu 1>¹D. Bnlhruthf suhtu snfyhwh anr`hftuf` phgh smjht bnpclhrhffyh. Ynlhrut pclhr hbhf
onlhrutbhf snfyhwh pclhr ghf snahlmbfyh. Yrmfsmp bnlhruthf mfmlhe yhf` onfkhgm ghshr
pnomlmehf pnlhrut phgh prcsns nbstrhbsm (Fhomrhe, 1919)

Wukuhf Nbstrhbsm hghlhe uftub onfhrmb snouh bcopcfnf bmomh yhf` ghlho
smoplmsmh. Nbstrhbsm mfm gmghshrbhf phgh pnrpmfghehf ohssh bcopcfnf zht phght bnghlho
pnlhrut gmohfh pnrpmfghehf oulhm tnrkhgm phgh lhpmshf hfthr oubh bnougmhf anrgmjusm
ohsub bnghlho pnlhrut (Ongmhjhroh, 1989)

Nbsrhbsm pnlhrut suhtu nbstrhbsm hmr onruphbhf ontcgn pnomshehf yhf` phlmf` ahmb
ghf pcpulnr. Hlhshf uthohfyh hghlhe ahewh pnomshehf mfm gmlhbubhf ahmb ghlho tmf`bht

ohbrc ohupuf ombrc. Yrmfsmp ontcgn mfm gmghshrbhf phgh gmstrmausm zht tnrlhrut gnf`hf
pnrahfgmf`hf tnrtnftu hfthrh oguh pnlhrut yhf` tmghb shlmf` anrdhopur, snpnrtm anfznfh,
bhracf tntrhblcrmgh hthu blcrcjcro. Ahthshffyh hghlhe zht
zh t tnrlhrut ghpht gmtrhfsjnr phgh
kuolhe yhf` anrangh ghlho bnguh jhsn pnlhrut. Wnbfmb mfm ghpht gmpnr`ufhbhf uftub ehl
pnourfmhf, onopnrbhyh pnomshehf snrth hfhlmsms phgh snouh sbhlh bnrkh. (Becpbhr ; 8==9 ;
5>)

Bhjnmf onruphbhf knfms hlbhlcmg yhf` sndhrh hlhomhe tnrghpht ghlho amkm bcpm, ghuf
tne, ghuf ontn, amkm bclh, amkm dcblht ghf ananrhph omfuohf pnfyn`hr. Bhjnmf onomlmbm anrht
oclnbul 8=7,8= `rho/ocl. Gnf`hf ruous bmomh D5E89F5C1 ghf pe :,= (lhruthf bhjnmf 8%
ghlho hmr). Tndhrh mlomhe, njnb bhjnmf tnrehghp bnsnehthf snantulfyh tmghb hgh, tnthpm yhf`
hgh hghlhe njnb thb lhf`suf`fyh snpnrtm onfstmoulhsm pnrfhjhshf ghf khftuf`, snrth
onoanrmbhf njnb shopmf` anruph rhsh `nlmshe (fnvrcsns), tmghb ghpht tmgur ( mfscofmh), ghf
gnfyut khftuf` thb anrhturhf (thdeydhrgmh). Bcpm ghf tne ahfyhb onf`hfguf` bhjnmf
gmahfgmf`bhf knfms thfhohf lhmf, bhrnfh thfhohf bcpm ghf tne onf`ehsmlbhf amkm bcpm ghf
ghuf tne yhf` shf`ht dnpht, snonfthrh pnf`ehfdurhffyh shf`ht lhoaht. (Enrohftc, 1990 ;
8)

Brcoctc`rhjm onruphbhf ontcgn hfhlmsms dhopurhf hthu lhruthf snfyhwh bmomh

gnf`hf hgscrpsm onomlme phgh zht pnfynrhp
pnf ynrhp zht dhmr gmamhrbhf onf`hlmr onlhlum bclco zht
pnfynrhp ( pusphshrm, 1989)

D. Hl
Hlht
ht ghf
ghf Aheh
Ahehf
f

Hlht

8) Fnrh
Fnrhdh
dh hfh
hfhlm
lmtm
tmb
b >) Bhdh
Bhdh hr
hrllck
ckmm

1) @nl
@nlhs bmo
bmomh :) Ahth
Ahthf`
f` pnf
pnf`h
`hgu
gub
b

4) Ttcp
Ttcpwh
whttde 0) Lh
Lhau
au Nr
Nrln
lnfo
fony
nynr
nr >9 ol

7) Ectplhtn 5) Dcrc
Dcrcf`
f` pms
pmshe
he 81>
81> ol
ol
 =) Gnst
Gnstmmlh
lhttcr 88) Blno dmfdmf
dmfdmf

89) Ahtu gmgme

gmgme 81) Tthtm
Tthtmjj

Ahehf

8) 1 bhf
bhfttcf`
cf` ten
ten >) Gm
Gmbl
blcr
crco
cont
nthf
hfhh

1) 49 ol Hquh
Hquhgn
gnss :) Bhlsmu
Bhlsmuo
o blcr
blcrmgh
mgh 9,> `rh
`rho
o

4) 1 `rho
`rho fh1
fh1 dc4
dc4 hfem
hfemgr
grht
ht 0) Bnrt
Bnrths
hs sh
shrm
rmf`
f`

7) Hmr
Hmr ph
phfh
fhss 89 ol

G. Ah
Ah`h
`hf
f Hlm
Hlmrr

1 bhftcf` Wne

-Gmsmhpbhf

-Gmbnluhrbhf msm tne thfph onrcanb bhftcf` ghf gmtmoahf`

-Gmohsubbhf bnoahlm bn bhftcf` tne gmtutup bhftcf` gnf`hf strhplnss

-Gmohsubbhf bhftcf` Wne bn ghlho `nlhs bmomh 8>9 OL ghf gmthoahebhf 49 ol hmr
hquhgns

-Gmthoahebhf 1 `rho fh1dc 4 hfemgrht

-Gmphfhsbhf shophm onfgmgme gnf`hf whbtu 19 onfmt

-Gmtnophtbhf bhdh hrlckm gm hths `nlhs bmomh shht onfgmgme

-Gmgcrcf` bhftcf` Wne bn ghlho whbtu-whbtu

-Gmdudm bhftcf` tne gnf`hf 89 ol hmr phfhs

-Gmbnluhrbhf nbstrhb ghlho bhftcf` tne ghf gmhoaml bnguh bhftcf` tne
 -Gmpmfghebhf lhruthf bn ghlho dcrcf` pmshe 81> ol yhf` gmtcphf` gnf`hf ahthf`
pnfyhf``h blno dmfdmf

-Gmthoahebhf > ol gmblcrconthfh ghlho dcrcf` pmshe gnf`hf ehtm-ehtm

-Gmhoaml dcrcf` Ynomshe

-Gmbcdcb pnlhf-pnlhf ghf gmaubh bnrhf stcpdcdb gmlhbubhf anrulhf`

-Gmtnophtbhf dcrcf` pnomshe bn ahthf` pnfyhf``h ghf gmlnphsbhf pnfyuoaht

-Gmgmhobhf shophm tnranftub lhpmshf

-Gmtmoahf` `nlhs bmomh bcscf`

-Gmsmhpbhf @nlhs bmomh gmahwhe dcrcf` pnomshe snah`hm pnfhopuf`

p nfhopuf`

-Gmaubh stcpdcdb ghf gmturufbhf gmblcrconthfh

-Gmulhf`m gnf`hf gmthoahe > ol gmblcrconthfh

-Gmtmoahf` @nlhs bmomh yhf` anrmsm bhjnmf ghf gmblcrconthfh

-Gmtmoahf` Bhjnmf yhf` gmehsmlbhf

-Gmamhrbhf onf`uhp

Ehsml
 N. Ehsml
Ehsml Ynf`ho
Ynf`hohthf
hthf ghf
ghf Ynoah
Ynoahehsh
ehshf
f

Ehsml Ynf`hohthf

Ohssh bhftcf` ten 8, =4 `rho ghf 8.=1 `rho

? 1,5> `rho

1 `rho
Ohssh Fh1DC4 hfemgrht
Lhrut
Fh1DC4 + hquhgns
Anrwhrfh onrhe bndcblhthf

Lhpmshf hths emtho pnbht

Hmr+tne+FC1DC4gmphfhsbhf
Lhpmshf tnf`he dcblht pnbht

Phrfh lhruthf ghlho dcrcf` pnomshe Lhpmshf ahwhe tmghb anrwhrfh

:1,: `rho

08, : `rho

Anrht @nlhs bmomh bcscf` = `rho

Anrht bhjnmf ? (anrht `nlhs bmomh+bhjnmf)-

anrht `nlhs bmomh ? 94= `rho
Anrht `nlhs bmomh anrmsm bhjnmf ghf
gmblcrconthfh

Anrht bhjnmf + gmblcrconthfh

Anrht bhjnmf

Ynoahehshf

Yhgh pnrdcahhf bhlm mfm anrtukuhf uftub onf`ntheum prmfsmp nbstrhbsm onf`ntheum lhpmshf
yhf` hgh phgh dcrcf` pmshe onf`ntheum juf`sm hlht ghf ahehf nbstrhbsm onf`ntheum bn lhruthf
suhtu zht tnrehghp pnlhrut ghf ghpht onomshebhf bhjnmf ghrm ghuf tne onlhlum prcsns nbstrhbsm

Yrmfsmp nbstrhbsm ]hmtu onf`hoaml zht yhf` gmmf`mfbhf onlhlum bnlhruthf suhtu zht yhf`
anrangh uftub gmnbstrhbsm. Dhopurhf zht yhf` hbhf gmnbstrhbsm gmlhrutbhf bn ghlho pnlhrut.
Ynlhrut mfm hbhf onlhrutbhf zht yhf` gmf`mfbhf. Dcftcefyh yhmtu phgh prhbtmbuo bhlm mfm zht
yhf` hbhf gmpmshebhf yhmtu bhjnmf ghrm ghuf tne dhopurhf ghuf tne yhf` sughe gm gmlhrutbhf

gnf`hf hmr gmthoahebhf pnlhrut cr`hfmb yhf` ghpht onlhrutbhf bhjnmf snemf``h bhjnmf hbhf
tnrpmshe ghrm dhopurhf ghf anr`hauf` gnf`hf pnlhrut cr`hfmb ( gmblcrconthfh). Ghlho dcrcf`
pnomshe snfyhwh yhf` onomlmbm gnfsmths anshr hbhf anrhgh phgh lhpmshf ahwhe.

^ftub onf`nbstrhb bhjnmf ghrm ghuf tne ononrlubhf

ononrlubhf anrht 1 bhftcf` tne yhmtu 4, 5>
`rho anrht Fhtrmuo bhracfht 1 `rho. Onf`ehsmlbhf bhjnmf snahfyhb 9,4= `rho. Ynfhoahehf hmr
bn ghlho 1 bhftcf` tne anrtukuhf uftub onf`nluhrbhf nbstrhb tne ghrm bhftcf` tne. Bnougmhf
pnfhoahehf Fhtrmuo bhracfht h`hr bhfguf`hf thfmf ghpht tnrsnrhp ghf anrnhbsm ohsub bnghlho
jhsn dhmr gnf`hf rnhbsm;

HrCE + Fh1DC4 HrCFh+ FhEDC4

]hf` onf`ehsmlbhf `hrho thfmf hthu hfmcf jnfclmb.dhopurhf gmphfhsbhf uftub onomshebhf
bhjnmf gnf`hf zht yhf` lhmf. Dhopurhf gmohsubhf bnghlho dcrcf` pmshe bnougmhf gmthoahebhf
gmblcrconthfh snah`hm pnlhrut cr`hfmb yhf` hbhf onf`mbht bhj
bhjnmf.
nmf. Ynf`cdcbhf phgh dcrcf`
pmshe mfm anrtukuhf uftub onopnrdnpht pnfdhopurhf bhjnmf gnf`hf pnlhrut gmblcrconthfh.
Ynoauhf`hf `hs hthu pnoaubhhf stcpdcdb ghrm dcrcf` pmshe shht pnf`cdcbhf h`hr `hs-`hs DC1
yhf` gmehsmlbhf tmghb tnrhbuoulhsm gmghlho yhf` ghpht onrushb ghf onfgcrcf` dcrcf` pmshe
hbmaht hghfyh tnbhfhf. Tntnlhe pnf`cdcbhf snlnshm, gnf`hf gmthfghm tmghb hghfyh `hs yhf`
bnluhr ghrm stcpdcdb. Gmgmhobhf uftub tnrkhgmffyh pnomshehf hthu lhpmshf. Gm ghlho
ghlho dcrcf`
pnomshe tnranftub 4 spnsm yhmtu; Tpnsm bhjnmf, tmghb anrwhrfh yhf` anrhgh gmahwhe, spnsm
dhopurhf tnrohsub thfmf ghf hmr, anrwhrfh emtho tnpht anrhgh gmhths ghf spnsm noulsm yhf`
anrhgh gmtnf`he hfthrh hmr ghf bhjnmf
Tpnsm bhjnmf hthu anrhgh jhsn gmblcrconthfh ghpht tnrpmshe ghrm snfyhwh lhmffyh (thfmf) bhrnfh
bhjnmf onruphbhf snfyhwh fcf pclhr yhf` ghpht lhrut bnghlho pnlhrut fcf pclhr cr`hfmd
gmblcrconthfh. Tnghf`bhf thfmf snfyhwh pclhr ehfyh ghpht lhrut ghlho pnlhrut pclhr yhmtu hmr.
Wnranftubfyh noulsm bhrnfh thfmf ghlho anftub `hrho ghpht onf`hbmahtbhf zht ghlho
ghlho shopnl
yhmtu gmblcrconthfh ghpht onoanftub noulsm gnf`hf hmr. @hrho thfmf mfm anrjuf`sm snah`hm
sujhbthf hfmcf yhf` ghpht onf`hbmahtbhf tnrkhgmfyh noulsm kmbh gmbcdcb tnrlhlu bnrhs, ohbh ghrm
mtu pnf`cdcbhf ghlho dcrcf` pmshe tmghb aclne tnrlhlu bnrhs h`hr noulsm tmghb tnranftub tnrlhlu
ahfyhb ghf gmhfkurbhf bn shtu hrhe. Ynf`cdcbhf gmlhbubhf sndhrh ecrmzcfthl uftub onfdn`he
bnluhrfyh dhmrhf ghrm dcrcf` pmshe.

Bhjnmf hghlhe hlbhlcmg (snfyhwh fmtrc`nf yhf` tnrghpht phgh thfhohfyhf` anrsmjht ahsh
hthu ahsh lnohe) putme gnf`hf ruous snfyhwh bmomh D5E89F7C1 gnf`hf strubtur Tnah`hm anrmbut;
C DE4
E4D F
F

C F F

DE4

8,4,0-trmonteyl-4,0-gmeygrc-8E-purmfn-1,:-gmcfn

Whfmf hghlhe snfyhwh pclmjnfcl yhf`

yhf ` onomlmbm anrht oclnbul anshr yhf` tnrgmrm ghrm `u`us
emgrcbscm (-CE) ghf Bhracbsml (-DCCE).

Tuoanr ; Ttrubtur thfmf

Tnfyhwh Gmblcrconthfh
Dl
Dl
gmdelcrcontehfn

Yhgh prhbtmbuo bhlm mfm onf``ufbhf hlht nbstrhbsm dcrcf` pnomshe bhrnfh ahehf yhf`
gm`ufhbhf onruphbhf ahehf dhmrhf. Juf`sm ghrm hlht dcrcf` pmshe yhmtu
yhmtu uftub onomshebhf
onomshebhf
lhruthf yhf` onomlmbm gnfsmths yhf` anrangh, gnfsmths yhf` anshr hbhf anrhgh gmahwhe. Tnpnrtm
bhjnmf anrhgh gmahwhe bhrnfh gnfsmthsfyh yhf` anshr ghrm phgh hmr ghf thfmf. Ghlho hlht dcrcf`
pmshe tnrghpht ananrhph ah`mhf yhf` onomlmbm juf`sm yhf` anrangh-angh.

suoanr;
ettps;//`rnhtomfgs1.jmlns.wcrgprnss.dco/1981/88/48.kp`

Juf`sm ah`mhf-ah`mhf dcrcf` pnomshe;

 8. Wutup ; uftub onfutup
onfutup h`hr dhmrhf
dhmrhf tmghb bnluhr shht gmbcdcb
gmbcdcb
1. Dcrcf` ah`mhf lhau; uftub onfhopuf`
onfhopuf` dhopurhf
dhopurhf yhf`
yhf` hbhf gmpmshebhf
gmpmshebhf
4. Ttcpdcdb
Ttcpdcdb ; uftub
uftub onf`nluhr
onf`nluhrbhf
bhf `hs ghf dhmrhf
dhmrhf ehsml
ehsml nbstrhb
nbstrhbsm
sm
7. Dcrcf` ah`mhf ahwhe ; uftub onf`hlmrbhf
onf`hlmrbhf dhmrhf
dhmrhf ehsml nbstrhbsm
nbstrhbsm
>. Ynfhopuf` (`nlhs bmomh); uftub onfhopuf` ehsml nbstrhbsm

Tnfyhwh bhjnmf tnrlhrut bnghlho pnlhrut gmblcrconthfh tnrkhgm `hyh lcfgcf bhrnfh bnguhfyh
onruphbhf snfyhwh cr`hfmd fcf pclhr. Tnghf`bhf thfmf tnrlhrut bnghlho pnlhrut hmr tnrkhgm
mbhthf Emgrc`nf bhrnfh bnguhfyh onruphbhf snfyhwh cr`hfmd pclhr.

mb h th f E mg r c ` n f
C E- - - - - - - - - C
C------ E E

EQ4D
h mr
th f mf

@hyh Lcfgcf mbhthf Emgrc`nf

 J. Yn
Ynrt
rthf
hfyh
yhhf
hf

8. Bhlbulhsmbhf kuolhe tne yhf` gmautuebhf uftub onf`ehsmlbhf >99 @ bhjnmf ghf amhyh
yhf` gmautuebhf

Khwha;

Gmbntheum;
Anrht ten 8 ?4,5> `rho
Anrht bhjnmf 8 ?9,9=4 `rho
Anrht
Anrht bhjnmf
bhjnmf 1 ? >99 `rho
`rho
Gmthfyh;
Anrht Wen 1

Khwha;
Anrht Wne8 ? Anrht Bhjnmf8
Anrht Wne1 Anrht Bhjnmf1
Anrht tne1 ? Anrht Wne8 x Anrht Bhjnmf1
Anrht Bhjnmf8
Anrht tn
tne1 ? 4,
4,5> `r
`rho x >99 `r
`rho
9,9=4 `rho
? 19.:=5,=1 `rho
79 `rho tne anr ehr`h Qp. 1999 ohbh

19.:=5,=1 `rho anrhph ghfh yhf` gmautuebhf3

Ghfh yhf` gmautuebhf ? 19.:=5,=1 `rho x Qp. 1999

79 `rho

? Qp. 8.947.=7: ,-
 @. Bnsm
Bnsmop
opul
ulhf
hf

Tntnlhe onlhbubhf pnrdcahhf ghpht gmsmopulbhf ahewh;

8. Yrmfs
Yrmfsmp
mp nbstrhbs
nbstrhbsmm yhmtu
yhmtu onf`hoaml
onf`hoaml zht yhf`
yhf` gmmf`mbhf
gmmf`mbhf onlhlum
onlhlum bnlhruthf
bnlhruthf suhtu zht yhf`
yhf`
anrangh. [ht yhf` hbhf gmhoaml gmthoahebhf pnlhrut yhf` ghpht onlhrutbhffyh.

1. dhopur
dhopurhf
hf yhf`
yhf` gmehsmlbhf
gmehsmlbhf tnrghpht
tnrghpht 4 lhpmsh
lhpmshf;
f; Lhpmshf
Lhpmshf ahwhe
ahwhe yhmtu
yhmtu snfyhwh
snfyhwh bhjnmf,
bhjnmf,
Lhpmshf tnf`he yhmtu noulsm hmr ghf blcrcjco ghf Lhpmshf hths yhmtu hmr ghf thfmf

4. juf`sm
juf`sm dcrcf`
dcrcf` pnomshe
pnomshe yhmtu
yhmtu uftub
uftub onoms
onomshebhf
hebhf bcopcfnf
bcopcfnf yhf`
yhf` gmmf`mfbh
gmmf`mfbhf
f ghrm suhtu
dhopurhf gmthfghm gnf`hf tnranftubfyh
tnranftubfyh lhpmshf-lhpmshf snsuhm gnfsmthsfyh. Juf`sm
Dh1DC4 h`hr bhfguf`hf thfmf ghpht tnrsnrhp ghf anrnhbsm ohsub bnghlho jhsn dhmr,
juf`sm gmblcrconthfh yhmtu uftub onf`mbht bhjnmf h`hr tmghb anrdhopur gnf`hf hmr ghf

thfmf.

7. thfmf
thfmf ghpht lhrut ghlho hmr snghf`bh
snghf`bhf
f bhjnmf
bhjnmf ghpht lhrut ghlho Gmblcrcont
Gmblcrconthfh
hfh snsuhm
snsuhm
gnf`hf prmfsmp Wems Cj Lmbn

>. bhjnmf
bhjnmf yhf` gmghpht ghrm prcsns
prcsns pnomshehf
pnomshehf ghrm
ghrm ghuf
ghuf ten yhmtu snahfyhb
snahfyhb 9,=4 `rho
 GHJWHQ Y^TWHBH

Enrohftc,1990. Bhjnmf, Tnfyhwh Anrohfjhht hthu Anrhduf.

Anrhduf. Khbhrth;^M-Yrnss

Becpbhr, 1995. Ghshr-Ghshr Bmomh Hfhlmtmb

Hfhlmtmb. Khbhrth; ^M-Yrnss

Fhomrhe, Mrhe. 1919. Ynfuftuf Yrhbtmbuo Bmomh Cr`hfmb MM. Tnrhf`; ^FWMQWH

Ongmdhjhroh. 1989. Yrmfsmp Nbstrhbsm.

Nbstrhbsm. ettp;//www.ongmdhjhroh.dco/1995/88/nbstrhbsm.etol.
ettp;//www.ongmdhjhroh.dco/1995/88/nbstrhbsm.etol.
Gmhbsns phgh thf``hl 80 ohrnt 1919

Yusphshrm,1989.Bhous Lnf`bhp Bmomh.Khbhrth;

Bmomh.Khbhrth; Gwm Ongmh Yrnss
Gcbuonfthsm