Scribd
Upload
37 views20 pages

Host-Microbe Interactions - Poct

The document discusses host-microbe interactions, including symbiotic relationships between humans and microbes. It defines key terms like pathogen and infection and describes the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The document outlines Koch's postulates and its molecular version for studying infectious disease etiology. It also explains the normal microbiota, virulence factors, and the various stages of an infectious disease.

Uploaded by

HUỲNH QUỐC KHÁNH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views20 pages

Host-Microbe Interactions - Poct

The document discusses host-microbe interactions, including symbiotic relationships between humans and microbes. It defines key terms like pathogen and infection and describes the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The document outlines Koch's postulates and its molecular version for studying infectious disease etiology. It also explains the normal microbiota, virulence factors, and the various stages of an infectious disease.

Uploaded by

HUỲNH QUỐC KHÁNH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Host – Microbe Interactions

Võ Thị Chi Mai


Objectives

1/ Mention 3 symbiotic relationships between human & microbes.


2/ Cite important roles of indigenous microbiota.
3/ Define infection & infectious disease.
4/ Define pathogen & opportunist.
5/ Discuss the 4 periods in the course of an infectious disease.
6/ List 6 steps in the pathogenesis of an infectious disease.
7/ Define virulence & virulence factors.
8/ Differentiate between exotoxins & endotoxins.
9/ Describe 3 mechanisms by which pathogens evade the immune
response.
10/ Discuss Koch’s postulates & its molecular version.
Human – Microbe

On the human body


– microbes establish the indigenous microbiota.
– some of them prevail against the impaired host and
become the opportunists.
– some others are true pathogens, which cause
infections in the normal host.
Symbiosis
The biointeractive relationship between humans & micro-
organisms is symbiosis.

These symbiotic interactions include:


Normal Flora
• The flora include microbiota living in/on the human body
but not pathogenic.
– resident microbiota.
– transient microbiota.

The normal flora


– consume available nutrients.
– cover the habitat & hinder colonization of invaders.
– produce bacteriocins that are toxic against other bacteria.
– stimulate the production of antigens.
Normal Flora

• Disturbance the delicate balance established between


the human body and its indigenous microbiota may
result in disease.
Study of the etiology of
infectious disease

• Koch’s postulates (1877):


1/ The same pathogen must be present in every case of
the disease.
2/ The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host
& grown in pure culture.
3/ The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the
disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible
laboratory animal.
4/ The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated
animal & must be shown to be the original organism.
• Exceptions to Koch’s postulates:
– Some microbes can’t grow on artificial media.
– Some microbes can cause several disease conditions.
– A particular disease can be produced by various types
of infectious diseases.
– The disease may not be developed in laboratory
animals.
– Some agents cause disease only in human.
Molecular version of Koch’s postulates

• Falkow 1988:
– The phenotype or property under investigation should be
associated with pathogenic members of a genus or
pathogenic strains of a species.
– Specific inactivation of the gene(s) associated with the
suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable
loss in pathogenicity or virulence, or the gene(s)
associated with the supposed virulence trait should be
isolated by molecular methods.
– Reversion or allelic replacement of the mutated gene
should lead to restoration of pathogenicity. Restoration
of pathogenicity should accompany the reintroduction of
the wild-type gene(s).
Principles of infectious disease

• Infection is the invasion or colonization of the body (host)


by a certain pathogenic microorganism.
• Infectious disease occurs as a result from an infection that
causes damage or disruption to the host tissues & organs.
It can spread from one host to another (contagious or
communicable disease).
Principles of infectious disease (cont.)

• Pathogenicity: the ability to cause disease to an susceptible


individual.

• A (true) pathogen: a microbe capable of causing disease in


a healthy individual.

• An opportunist: it causes disease in an impaired host or


becomes harmful if it gains access to other body sites.
These opportunistic pathogens may be a member of the
normal flora or may come from environment.
• Types of an infectious disease
– acute: rapid onset followed by a relatively rapid
recovery
• Ex: measles, influenza
– chronic: slow onset & lasting a long time
• Ex: hepatitis B, tuberculosis
– latent: the disease is lying dormant, not currently
manifesting itself.
• Ex: shingles
• Four distinct stages of an
infectious disease
– Incubation period: the time that
elapses between arrival of the
pathogen and the onset of
symptoms.
– Prodromal period: the time
during which the patient feels
discomfort but not yet sure
what it is.
– Period of illness: during this
time the patient experiences
the typical symptoms
associated with that particular
disease.
– Convalescent period: during
this time symptoms decline,
the patient recovers.
Pathogenesis of infectious diseases

• Pathogenesis: the mechanisms involved in the development of


a disease.
• The pathogen causing infectious disease is able to
– enter into the body;
– attach to some tissues within the host.
– multiply in one location, resulting in a localized / systemic
infection.
– spread out to proximate tissues.
– avoid host defenses.
– damage to host tissues.
Virulence of pathogens & their virulence factors

Virulence expresses: - a degree of pathogenicity.


- the severity of the infectious diseases.

Virulence factors:
- Adhesins, Fimbriae, Flagella, Capsule. Biofilms.
- Extracellular enzymes. Toxins.
- Intracellular bacteria (obligate or facultative).
Entering - Attaching
• Bacterial adhesins usually locating at the end of fimbriae.
• Binding region of enveloped virus: glycoprotein of viral spike.

Bacterial adhesin Spike of


SARS-CoV-2

Viral spike of Influenza virus A


Colonization & Multiplication
The pathogens can:
• Gain access habitat & nutriment from normal microbiota.
• Prevail over the toxic materials produced by the microbiota.

Invading - Spreading
• They break down the host natural barriers (skin, mucous
membranes,…) and penetrate the proximal tissues.
Avoiding host defenses
• Changing surface antigen.
• Disguising & molecular mimicry: using host protein.
• Destroying host antibodies.

Damaging host tissues/body by poisonous substrates:


Exotoxins Endotoxins
Toxins

Exotoxins Endotoxins
• Protein secreted by live bacteria • LPS of Gram-neg cell wall
• Easily diffusive • Released by dead bacteria when
• Strongly active, highly specific cell wall is lysed
• Activities: neurotoxin, • Causing fever, inflammation,
enterotoxin, cytotoxin shock, disseminated
intravascular coagulation
Summary

What is a pathogen?
Infection
Bacteria isolated from localized
a clinical specimen systemic

Health state

You might also like