ACTIVITY NO.

3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

NAME PUGARIN,
SULLANORHETT
ARVINLAWRENCE
JOHN C. C. DATE: 03 - 25
18 - 2024

SUBJ - SEC: AENG 327L - 4

3 RATING:

SEM / A.Y: 2ND SEM / 2023 - 2024 INSTR: ENGR. SHIELDON M. CUENCA, MEAM

INTRODUCTION

THE FORCE (𝐹) EXPERIENCED BY A FOIL IS DETERMINED BY ITS AREA (𝐴),

FLUID DENSITY (ρ), VELOCITY (𝑉), AND THE ANGLE OF THE FOIL TO THE FLUID FLOW
CALLED ANGLE OF ATTACK (α).

THE FORCE HAS TWO PARTS - ONE THAT IS NORMAL TO THE DIRECTION OF
THE FLOW IS LIFT (L) AND ONE THAT IS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOW IS DRAG (D).

PROCEDURE:

1 2
THE CENTRAL LIFT EQUATION 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑉 𝑆 IS APPLICABLE TO A PROPELLER
BLADE. THE VELOCITY (𝑉) OF THE GIVEN EQUATION IS THE RESULTANT VELOCITY. FOR
A CLARK “Y” OR RAF - 6 AIRFOIL SECTION, THE FOLLOWING DATA ARE OBTAINED:

𝑎 = 0. 073 / 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
𝑘 = 0. 057
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102
0

α𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.

I. LIFT, L
FORMULA:
1 2
𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑉 𝑆
1 2
𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑛 𝑉𝐻
𝑛

WHERE:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
𝑛 𝑛

(
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑎 α𝑛 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑉𝑅 = 2π𝑟𝑛𝑁
𝑛

𝑑𝑟𝑛 = 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑉𝐴𝐿 𝐵𝐸𝑇𝑊𝐸𝐸𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝑆

ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

II. DRAG, D
FORMULA:
1 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑉 𝑆
1 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑛 𝑉𝐻
𝑛

WHERE:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
0
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑁 = 5800 𝑟𝑝𝑚 × 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
= 96. 67 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑓𝑡.
22 𝑠𝑒𝑐. 𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 119 𝑚𝑝ℎ × 15 𝑚𝑝ℎ
= 174. 53 𝑠𝑒𝑐.

FOR LIFT, L:

AT STATION 1:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
1 1

2
𝑉𝐻
1
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟1𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
1
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(5 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 307. 43 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
1

𝐶𝐿
1
(
= 𝑎 α1 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(− 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
1

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 0000
1

1 2
𝐿1 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏1𝑑𝑟1 𝑉𝐻
1 1

𝐿1 = (0) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑓𝑡.
3 )(1. 716 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(5 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(307. 43 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿1 = 0. 000 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 2:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
2 2

2
𝑉𝐻
2
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟2𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
2
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(8 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 440. 94 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
2

𝐶𝐿
2
(
= 𝑎 α2 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(0 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
2
ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 3650
2

1 2
𝐿2 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏2𝑑𝑟2 𝑉𝐻
2 2

𝐿2 = (0. 3650) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(2. 508 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(440. 94 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿2 = 4. 407 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 3:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
3 3

2
𝑉𝐻
3
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟3𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
3
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(11 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 583. 49 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
3

𝐶𝐿
3
(
= 𝑎 α3 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(1. 8 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
3

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 4964
3

1 2
𝐿3 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏3𝑑𝑟3𝑉𝐻
3 3

𝐿3 = (0. 4964) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(3. 08 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(583. 49 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿3 = 12. 889 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 4:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
4 4

2
𝑉𝐻
4
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟4𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
4
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(14 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 729. 80 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
4

𝐶𝐿
4
(
= 𝑎 α4 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(3 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
4

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 5840
4

1 2
𝐿4 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏4𝑑𝑟4𝑉𝐻
4 4

𝐿4 = (0. 5840) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(2. 904 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(729. 80 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿4 = 22. 365 𝑙𝑏𝑓

ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

AT STATION 5:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
5 5

2
𝑉𝐻
5
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟5𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
5
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(17 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 878. 00 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
5

𝐶𝐿
5
(
= 𝑎 α5 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(3. 4 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
5

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 6132
5

1 2
𝐿5 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏5𝑑𝑟5 𝑉𝐻
5 5

𝐿5 = (0. 6132) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(2. 464 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(878. 00 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿5 = 28. 840 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 6:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
6 6

2
𝑉𝐻
6
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟6𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
6
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(20 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦
𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 1027. 26 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
6

𝐶𝐿
6
(
= 𝑎 α6 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(4. 2 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
6

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 6716
6

1 2
𝐿6 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏6𝑑𝑟6 𝑉𝐻
6 6

𝐿6 = (0. 6716) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(1. 804 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(1027. 26 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿6 = 31. 657 𝑙𝑏𝑓

ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

AT STATION 7:
2 2 2
𝑉𝐻 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑅
7 7

2
𝑉𝐻
7
= 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 2π𝑟7𝑁 ( )2
𝑓𝑡. 2 2
𝑉𝐻
7
= (174. 53 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
+ ⎡(2)(π)(22 𝑖𝑛.)
⎣ ( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(96. 67 )⎤⎦ 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝑓𝑡.
𝑉𝐻 = 1127. 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
7

𝐶𝐿
7
(
= 𝑎 α7 + α𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
0.073
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
(5 𝑑𝑒𝑔. + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑔.)
7

𝐶𝐿 = 0. 7300
7

1 2
𝐿7 = 𝐶𝐿 2
ρ𝑏7𝑑𝑟7𝑉𝐻
7 7

𝐿7 = (0. 7300) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(1. 188 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(2 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(1127. 15 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐿7 = 18. 187 𝑙𝑏𝑓

FOR DRAG, D:

AT STATION 1:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
1 0 1
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0)
1

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102
1

1 2
𝐷1 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏1𝑑𝑟1𝑉𝐻
1 1

𝐷1 = (0. 0102) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑓𝑡.
3 )(1. 716 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(5 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(307. 43 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷1 = 0. 0683 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 2:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
2 0 2
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 3650)
2

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0178
2

1 2
𝐷2 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏2𝑑𝑟2𝑉𝐻
2 2

𝐷2 = (0. 0178) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑓𝑡.
3 )(2. 508 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(440. 94 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷2 = 0. 2149 𝑙𝑏𝑓
ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

AT STATION 3:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
3 0 3
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 4964)
3

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0242
3

1 2
𝐷3 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏3𝑑𝑟3𝑉𝐻
3 3

𝐷3 = (0. 0242) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(3. 080 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(583. 49 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷3 = 0. 6283 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 4:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
4 0 4
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 5840)
4

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0296
4

1 2
𝐷4 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏4𝑑𝑟4𝑉𝐻
4 4

𝐷4 = (0. 0296) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(2. 904 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(729. 80 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷4 = 1. 1336 𝑙𝑏𝑓

AT STATION 5:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
5 0 5
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 6132)
5

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0316
5

1 2
𝐷5 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏5𝑑𝑟5𝑉𝐻
5 5

𝐷5 = (0. 0316) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. ) (
(2. 464 𝑖𝑛.)
1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(878. 00 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷5 = 1. 4862

AT STATION 6:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
6 0 6
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 6716)
6

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0359
6

1 2
𝐷6 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏6𝑑𝑟6𝑉𝐻
6 6

𝐷6 = (0. 0359) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. ) (
(1. 804 𝑖𝑛.)
1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(3𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(1027. 26 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷6 = 1. 6922 𝑙𝑏𝑓
ACTIVITY NO. 3 BLADE SECTION FORCES

AT STATION 7:
2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿
7 0 7
2
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0102 + 0. 057 (0. 7300)
7

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 0406
7

1 2
𝐷7 = 𝐶𝐷 2
ρ𝑏7𝑑𝑟7𝑉𝐻
7 7

𝐷7 = (0. 0406) ( )(0. 002377

1
2
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3
𝑓𝑡. )(1. 188 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛. )(2 𝑖𝑛.)( 1 𝑓𝑡.
12 𝑖𝑛.
𝑓𝑡. 2
)(1127. 15 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐.

𝐷7 = 1. 0115 𝑙𝑏𝑓