03 Lecture Outline

Goals for Chapter 3
• To use vectors to represent the position of a body

Chapter 3 • To determine the velocity vector using the path
of a body
Motion in Two or • To investigate the acceleration vector of a body
Three Dimensions • To describe the curved path of projectile

• To investigate circular motion
PowerPoint® Lectures for • To describe the velocity of a body as seen from
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman different frames of reference
Lectures by Wayne Anderson
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Introduction Position vector

• What determines where a batted baseball lands?
• The position vector from the origin to point P has
• If a cyclist is going around a curve at constant speed, is he components x, y, and z.
accelerating?
• How is the motion of a particle described by different moving
observers?
• We need to extend our description of motion to two and three
dimensions.
HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

Average velocity—Figure 3.2 Instantaneous velocity
• The average velocity • The instantaneous velocity
between two points is is the instantaneous rate of
the displacement change of position vector
divided by the time with respect to time.
interval between the
• The components of the
two points, and it has
instantaneous velocity are
the same direction as
vx = dx/dt, vy = dy/dt, and
the displacement.
vz = dz/dt.
• The instantaneous velocity
of a particle is always
tangent to its path.
Calculating average and instantaneous velocity Average acceleration

• A rover vehicle • The average acceleration during a time interval t is
moves on the surface
of Mars.
defined as the velocity change during t divided by t.
• Follow Example 3.1.

Instantaneous acceleration Calculating average and instantaneous acceleration
• The instantaneous • Return to the Mars rover.

acceleration is the
instantaneous rate of change • Follow Example 3.2.
of the velocity with respect
to time.
• Any particle following a
curved path is accelerating,
even if it has constant speed.
• The components of the
instantaneous acceleration
are ax = dvx/dt, ay = dvy/dt,
and az = dvz/dt.
Direction of the acceleration vector Parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration
• The direction of the acceleration vector depends on • Return again to the Mars rover.
whether the speed is constant, increasing, or
decreasing, as shown in Figure 3.12. • Follow Example 3.3.

Acceleration of a skier Projectile motion—Figure 3.15
• Conceptual Example • A projectile is any body given an initial velocity that then
3.4 follows a skier follows a path determined by the effects of gravity and air
moving on a ski-jump resistance.
ramp.
• Begin by neglecting resistance and the curvature and rotation of
• Figure 3.14(b) shows the earth.
the direction of the
skier’s acceleration at
various points.
The x and y motion are separable—Figure 3.16 The equations for projectile motion
This image cannot currently be displayed.
• The red ball is dropped at • If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the

the same time that the equations describing projectile
yellow ball is fired
motion are shown at the right.
horizontally.
• The strobe marks equal time • The trajectory is a parabola.
intervals.
• We can analyze projectile
motion as horizontal motion
with constant velocity and
vertical motion with
constant acceleration: ax = 0
and ay = g.

The effects of air resistance—Figure 3.20 Acceleration of a skier
• Revisit the skier from Example 3.4.
• Calculations become
more complicated. • Follow Conceptual Example 3.5 using Problem-Solving
Strategy 3.1.
• Acceleration is not
constant.
• Effects can be very
large.
• Maximum height and
range decrease.
• Trajectory is no longer
a parabola.
A body projected horizontally Height and range of a projectile

• A motorcycle leaves a cliff horizontally. • A baseball is batted at an angle.
• Follow Example 3.6. • Follow Example 3.7.

Maximum height and range of a projectile Different initial and final heights
• What initial angle will give the maximum height and the • The final position is below the initial position.
maximum range of a projectile?
• Follow Example 3.8. • Follow Example 3.9 using Figure 3.25.
Tranquilizing a falling monkey Uniform circular motion—Figure 3.27

• Where should the zookeeper aim?
• For uniform circular motion, the speed is constant
• Follow Example 3.10. and the acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity.

Acceleration for uniform circular motion Centripetal acceleration on a curved road
• For uniform circular motion, • A sports car has a lateral acceleration as its rounds
the instantaneous acceleration a curve in the road.
always points toward the
center of the circle and is • Follow Example 3.11.
called the centripetal
acceleration.
• The magnitude of the
acceleration is arad = v2/R.
• The period T is the time for
one revolution, and arad =
4π2R/T2.
Centripetal acceleration on a carnival ride Nonuniform circular motion—Figure 3.30
• Passengers move horizontally at constant speed • If the speed varies, the

motion is nonuniform
with a known period.
circular motion.
• Follow Example 3.12. • The radial acceleration
component is still
arad = v2/R, but there
is also a tangential
acceleration
component atan that
is parallel to the
instantaneous velocity.

Relative velocity—Figures 3.31 and 3.32 Relative velocity in one dimension
• The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular • If point P is moving relative to

observer is called the velocity relative to that observer, reference frame A, we denote the
or simply the relative velocity. velocity of P relative to frame A
as vP/A.
• A frame of reference is a coordinate system plus a time
• If P is moving relative to frame
scale.
B and frame B is moving relative
to frame A, then the x-velocity
of P relative to frame A is vP/A-x
= vP/B-x + vB/A-x.
Relative velocity on a straight road Relative velocity in two or three dimensions

• Motion along a straight • We extend relative velocity to two or three dimensions by using
vector addition to combine velocities.
road is a case of one-
dimensional motion. • In Figure 3.34, a passenger’s motion is viewed in the frame of
the train and the cyclist.
• Follow Example 3.13
and Figure 3.33.
• Refer to Problem-
Solving Strategy 3.2.

Flying in a crosswind
• A crosswind affects the motion of an airplane.
• Follow Examples 3.14 and 3.15.
• Refer to Figures 3.35 and 3.36.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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Goals for Chapter 3

• To use vectors to represent the position of a body

Motion in Two or • To investigate the acceleration vector of a body

Three Dimensions • To describe the curved path of projectile

Introduction Position vector

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

Calculating average and instantaneous velocity Average acceleration

• Follow Example 3.1.

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 2

• The instantaneous • Return to the Mars rover.

Direction of the acceleration vector Parallel and perpendicular components of acceleration

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 3

• The red ball is dropped at • If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 4

A body projected horizontally Height and range of a projectile

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 5

Tranquilizing a falling monkey Uniform circular motion—Figure 3.27

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 6

Centripetal acceleration on a carnival ride Nonuniform circular motion—Figure 3.30

• Passengers move horizontally at constant speed • If the speed varies, the

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 7

• The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular • If point P is moving relative to

Relative velocity on a straight road Relative velocity in two or three dimensions

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 8

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 9

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