REPORT

On

Create report on disk organization and Disk structure

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Diploma In Information Technology

Submitted by:

1539.Atharva lames

1538.Devansh chapre

1513.Varun bhalerao

Under the guidance of

Mr.D.D.Shelke

Department of Information Technology,

Shivajirao S. Jondhale Polytechnic, Ambernath (Maharashtra)

Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education

(2023-24)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Atharva Lamse(1539),

Devansh Chapre(1538), Varun Bhalerao(1513) of
Fifth Semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of Institute S.H.Jondhale
Polytechnic(Code: 0044) has completed the
micro project satisfactorily in subject Software
Testing(Code- 22519) for the Academic year
2023 to 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Index
Sr Context Page no.
no.

1. Abstract

2. Introduction of Disk
Organization

3. Literature survey

Disk structure/Disk
4. management/Disk organization

5. Function of Disk structure

6. Proposed system

7. Conclusion

8. References
 abstract
Disk organization refers to the structured arrangement of data on
computer storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state
drives (SSDs), to optimize data retrieval and storage efficiency. This
organization is crucial for the overall performance and functionality of
modern computer systems.At its core, disk organization involves the
allocation of storage space, file storage, and data access methods. The
primary goal is to minimize seek times and maximize data throughput.
There are various methods of disk organization, with two key
approaches being file systems and block-level management. File
systems, like NTFS or ext4, organize data into files and directories,
providing a logical hierarchy for data access.

They maintain metadata, such as file attributes and permissions, to

facilitate efficient data retrieval and management. Block-level
management, on the other hand, deals with the physical arrangement of
data blocks on the disk. This approach aims to reduce seek times by
placing related data blocks close together.

Furthermore, techniques like disk partitioning, caching, and RAID

(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) can enhance disk organization.
Disk partitioning divides a physical disk into logical partitions, each with
its own file system, while caching temporarily stores frequently accessed
data for quicker retrieval. RAID arrays improve data redundancy and
performance by distributing data across multiple disks. In summary,
effective disk organization is essential for optimizing data storage and
retrieval in modern computing environments, contributing significantly
to system performance and reliability. Different approaches and
techniques are used to balance the logical and physical aspects of data
storage, ensuring efficient utilization of storage devices.
 Introduction of disk organization

Disk organization refers to the systematic arrangement and

management of data on computer storage devices, primarily hard disk
drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). This critical aspect of
computer science and information technology is essential for efficient
data storage, retrieval, and management. Disk organization
encompasses various techniques and structures to optimize data access
and storage. One fundamental concept in disk organization is the file
system. A file system defines how data is stored, named, and organized
within a disk. It provides a hierarchical structure, enabling users to
create, modify, and access files and directories. Common file systems
include NTFS (New Technology File System) for Windows, ext4 for Linux,
and HFS+ for macOS. Another essential element of disk organization is
data allocation. This process determines how files are physically placed
on the disk's sectors or blocks.. Efficient data retrieval relies on disk
organization techniques like clustering and caching. Clustering groups
related data together on the disk to minimize seek times and rotational
latency, enhancing overall read/write performance..

Additionally, RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

configurations are employed for redundancy and improved performance
by organizing multiple disks into arrays. RAID levels, such as RAID 0,
RAID 1, and RAID 5, provide various trade-offs between data redundancy
and performance. In summary, disk organization is a fundamental aspect
of modern computing, enabling efficient data storage and retrieval
through file systems, allocation methods, clustering, caching, and RAID
configurations. A well-designed disk organization strategy is crucial for
optimizing computer system performance and data management.
 Literature survey

Disk organization is a fundamental concept in computer science and

data storage, essential for efficient data access and management. It
involves how data is stored, retrieved, and managed on disk drives,
impacting overall system performance. Several disk organization
methods have evolved over the years, each with its advantages and
trade-offs. One of the most common disk organization methods is the
File Allocation Table (FAT) system. It uses a master file table (MFT) to
store file metadata, enhancing file retrieval efficiency. The Unix File
System (UFS) is another notable disk organization method. UFS
organizes data into inodes, which store metadata, and data blocks,
making it efficient for large file storage but less suitable for small files.

The advent of solid-state drives (SSDs) has also led to changes in disk
organization. SSDs use wear-leveling algorithms to distribute write and
erase cycles evenly across memory cells, increasing their lifespan. This
differs from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), where data is stored in
sectors on spinning disks.

Disk organization continues to evolve with emerging technologies like

shingled magnetic recording (SMR) and non-volatile memory express
(NVMe) drives, each bringing unique challenges and opportunities.

In conclusion, disk organization is a critical aspect of computer systems,

impacting data access, storage efficiency, and overall performance.
Various methods have been developed to address different needs, from
traditional FAT and NTFS to specialized solutions for SSDs and hybrid
storage systems. As technology continues to advance, disk organization
methods will adapt to meet the changing demands of modern
computing environments.
 Disk structure for disk organization

Disk Organization:

File Systems: The operating system employs file systems to organize and
manage data on disks. Common file systems include NTFS (Windows), ext4
(Linux), and HFS+ (macOS). These file systems define how data is structured,
named, and accessed.
File Allocation Table (FAT): FAT is a simple file system used in older Windows
versions. It uses a table to map clusters on the disk, making it easy to locate
files. However, it is prone to fragmentation.
Master File Table (MFT): NTFS, commonly used in modern Windows
operating systems, employs an MFT to store file metadata and data pointers.
This enhances file retrieval efficiency and supports advanced features like file
permissions and encryption.
Inodes: UNIX-based systems like Linux and macOS use inodes (index nodes)
to store metadata about files and directories. Inodes contain information
such as file size, permissions, timestamps, and data block pointers.
Disk Structure:

Platters: A typical hard disk drive (HDD) consists of several spinning platters
coated with a magnetic material. Data is stored on these platters in the form
of magnetic patterns.
Tracks and Sectors: The platters are divided into concentric circles called
tracks. Each track is further divided into smaller units known as sectors.
These sectors are the smallest addressable data units on the disk.

Cylinders: A cylinder refers to the collection of tracks at the same position on

each platter's surface. This arrangement allows for efficient data access.

Heads: Read/write heads are positioned above and below the platters to
read and write data. These heads are mounted on an actuator arm, which
moves them to the desired track for data operations.

Disk Management:

Disk Formatting: This process prepares a disk for use by creating the
necessary file system structures. It also checks for bad sectors and marks
them.

Disk Defragmentation: On HDDs, fragmentation can occur as files are written

and deleted over time. Defragmentation processes rearrange data to reduce
seek times and improve disk performance.
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): RAID configurations are used
for data redundancy and performance improvements. Various RAID levels
determine how data is distributed and duplicated across multiple disks.
 Function of disk structure
The disk structure, also known as a file system or file structure, plays a crucial
role in managing and organizing data on computer storage devices like hard
drives, SSDs, and other storage media. Its primary function is to facilitate the
efficient and organized storage, retrieval, and management of files and data.
Here are some key functions of a disk structure:

 Data Storage: The fundamental function of a disk structure is to store

data persistently on a storage device. It organizes the available space
into blocks or clusters, making it possible to save and retrieve files and
data.
 File Organization: The file system organizes data into files and
 directories (folders), providing a hierarchical structure for storing and
managing data. This makes it easier for users and applications to locate
and access specific files.
 Data Retrieval: It enables the retrieval of data by providing a way to
locate and access files efficiently. The file system keeps track of the
physical location of files on the storage device, allowing the operating
system and applications to read and write data as needed.
 Data Protection: Many file systems include features for data
protection, such as access control permissions, file attributes, and
encryption. These features help control who can access, modify, or
delete files and provide security against unauthorized access.
 Data Integrity: File systems often implement mechanisms to ensure the
integrity of stored data. This includes techniques like checksums and
journaling to detect and recover from data corruption or system
crashes.
 Space Management: Disk structures manage available storage space
effectively. They allocate and deallocate storage space as files are
created, modified, or deleted. This prevents fragmentation and
optimizes space usage.
 File Metadata: File systems store metadata associated with each file,
such as file size, timestamps (creation, modification, access), file type,
and ownership information. This metadata is crucial for file
management and system administration.
 File Access and Permissions: Disk structures support access control
mechanisms, allowing administrators to set permissions that determine
which users or groups can read, write, execute, or delete files. This
enhances security and privacy.

conclusion
In summary, the structure of a computer disk is a critical component in data
storage and retrieval. Disks, whether hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state
drives (SSDs), consist of several key elements that enable their functionality.

Firstly, the platters serve as the physical storage medium, with data being
encoded in binary form as magnetic patterns on HDD platters or as electronic
charges in NAND flash memory cells on SSDs. The read/write heads, actuated
by an arm, are responsible for accessing and modifying data on the platters.
Additionally, a disk is organized into sectors and tracks to facilitate efficient
data access, and a file system is used to manage and organize files and
directories. File systems also include structures like the Master File Table
(MFT) in NTFS or the Inode table in Unix-based systems. Furthermore,
modern disks often employ various techniques for error correction, wear
leveling (in SSDs), and cache management to enhance performance and
reliability.

Overall, the disk structure is a complex interplay of physical and logical

components, each playing a crucial role in the storage, retrieval, and
management of digital data. Advancements in disk technology continue to
shape the landscape of data storage, offering increased capacity, speed, and
durability to meet the evolving needs of computer users and businesses.

Reference
 https://www.scaler.com/topics/operating-system/disk-management/ Plastic
Pollution PowerPoint Template - PPT Slides (sketchbubble.com)
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/disk-management-in-operating-system
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/disk-attachment-in-operating-system/
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=r