Physical Education

Dance

- Is a movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given
space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or
simply taking delight in the movement itself.

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Cheerdance

- Sometimes referred to as cheerleading, is a team physical activity using

organized routines for the purpose of motivating a sports team, entertaining an
audience, or competition.

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Cheerleading

- Is an activity in which the participants cheer for their team as a form of

encouragement. It can range from chanting slogans to intense physical activity. It
can be performed to motivate sports teams, to entertain the audience, or for
competition.It is a team-based sport that involves stunting, pyramids, baskets,
tumbling, jumps and dance.

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Cheerleading Squad

- Is compose of team members holding different positions depending on their skill

and among others, body build.

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Organized Routine

- Refers to a combination of sequential, organized dancing, yelling, cheering,

jumping tumbling and stunting.

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CHEERLEADING ELEMENTS

1. Motion

- These elements includes arm motion like high V, low V. half high and half low
v’s, diagonals, K’s,L’s, T’s, broken T’s and Touch down.

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2. Jumps

- These are feet movements through jumping moves like hurdle, toe touch and pike
jumps.

- Push of oneself to surface and into the air.

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3. Stunts or Stunting

- are those that can be seen from flyers or selected cheer dancers like bow and
arrow, liberties and scorpions.

- are action displaying spectacular and daring skills.

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4. Tumbling

- Cartwheel and round of are basic tumbling movemens, while back springs, round off
springs, back tucks

- Is a unique skill set that requres combination of technique, form, balance,

strength and courage to execute the action.

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5. Cheers or Chants

- Cheers, chants incorporate stunts, jumps and tumbling are used to lead the crowd.

- are loud sharp way of shouting a chant.

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6. Dance Routine

- To move rhythmically to music, typically following sequence of steps.

- Dance routines are used to entertain the crowd during breaks.

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CHEERLEADING POSITIONS and TERMINOLOGIES

Base

- The base position are the ones who oversee the bottom of the stunt, while: in
pyramid position, lifting the flyer.

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Flyers

- These are the cheerleaders who are held and thrown into air and doing stunts.

- It is the face of cheer routine and the person who is getting the crowed involve.

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Backspot

- Sometimes called spotter, they are place behind and first to catch the flyer and
responsible of safety of stunts.

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CHEERLEADING SKILLS

1. Balance
2. Coordination
3. Endurance
4. Flexibility
5. Rhythm
6. Strength
7. Tumbling
8. Dexterity

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Rhythm
- Rhythm is almost like coordination but with relation to beat or music

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Dexterity

- Is skill in which any members of the cheerleading group can fill in a certain
position of teammates in the case of absent or emergency.

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Techniques in Cheerleading

Low V & High V

- extend arms downwards at 45 - degree ankle

- hands in fists

- legs a bit further than your shoulders, feet forward

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T's

- extend arms from shoulders, the way they are paralell with the ground

- hands in fists

- legs a bit further than your shoulders, feet forward

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T and Broken T

- Extend arms from shoulders, the way they are paralell with the ground as for a T

- bent both arms at the elbows towards shoulders

- hands in fists

- legs a bit further than your shoulders, feet forward

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Low Touch Down
Torch or Punch
K - Motion

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Clap

- arms in tight to body

- elbows put in and pointed down

- hands below chin

- palms together, finger facing up, towards chin

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Clasp
- arms in tight to body

- elbows put in and pointed down

- hands below chin

- wrap hands around each other

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Basic Stunts in Cheer Dance

Stunts

– Any skill involves mounting, tumbling pyramid or toss.

- When a group of (1-4) people lift a Cheerleader (called the flyer) in the air

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Prep

– At least two hold the flyer in the air

Cupie or Awesome
– A flyer is held up in the air by two bases each one using one hand.

Split Lift
– The flyer is lifted by at least two bases in a split position.

Shoulder Stand
– The flyer stands at the shoulder of base

Shoulder sit

– The name implies, flyer sits at the shoulder of base

Scorpion

– The flyer stands on one leg extending the other leg up to the back resembling
scorpion.

Heel Stretch

– The flyer stands on one leg and holds the other foot to the side of her/his head.

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Group Stunts

Pyramid

– Multiple mounts next to each other When lots of flyers in stunts connect with
each other to perform harder skills.

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Jumps in Cheer Dance

Herkie
Pike
Toe Touch
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Christian Living

The Call to Sanctify Our Daily Life ( Sacramentals )

What are Sacramentals?

- These are objects, actions, practices, places and the like, that help us become
aware of Christ’s grace-filled presence around us or liberate us from the presence
of the Evil One. They prepare us to receive the fruit of the Sacraments and to
sanctify the different circumstances of life. Like the Sacraments, they are sacred
signs that signify some spiritual effect which is realized through the action of
the Church. Any objects, actions, or words that help us become aware of Christ’s
grace-filled presence around us or liberate us from the presence of the Evil one is
considered Sacramentals.

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The Characteristics of Sacramentals

1. Sacramentals are instituted for the sanctification of certain ministries of the

Church, certain states of life, a great variety of circumstances in Christian life,
and the use of many things helpful to man. In accordance with bishops' pastoral
decisions, they can also respond to the needs, culture, and special history of the
Christian people of a particular region or time. They always include a prayer,
often accompanied by a specific sign, such as the laying on of hands, the sign of
the cross, or the sprinkling of holy water (which recalls Baptism).

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2. Sacramentals derive from the baptismal priesthood: every baptized person is
called to be a "blessing," and to bless. Hence lay people may preside at certain
blessings; the more a blessing concerns ecclesial and sacramental life, the more is
its administration reserved to the ordained ministry (bishops, priests, or
deacons).

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3. Sacramentals do not confer the grace of the Holy Spirit in the way that the
sacraments do, but by the Church's prayer, they prepare us to receive grace and
dispose us to cooperate with it. "For well-disposed members of the faithful, the
liturgy of the sacraments and sacramentals sanctifies almost every event of their
lives with the divine grace which flows from the Paschal mystery of the Passion,
Death, and Resurrection of Christ. From this source all sacraments and sacramentals
draw their power. There is scarcely any proper use of material things which cannot
be thus directed toward the sanctification of men and the praise of God."

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Examples of Sacramentals:

1. Objects
Example: Rosary, crucifix, scapular, statues

2. Actions
Example: Making the Signs of the Cross, bowing, kneeling

3.Words
Example: grace before and after meals, pious invocations, litanies

4. Blessings
Example: blessings of house, car, offices, churches, chapels, shrines. This is
the most important Sacramental.
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Difference between Sacrament and Sacramentals

1. Sacraments are instituted by Christ while Sacramentals are instituted by the

Church.
However, Sacraments and Sacramentals are related to each other because Sacramentals
prolong or extend the Sacraments. For example, the sprinkling of holy water on the
faithful at the beginning of the Mass is connected to the Sacrament of Baptism; the
blessing of houses is connected to the Sacrament of Matrimony; while the blessing
of meals is connected to the Eucharist. They are also related because both the
Sacraments and Sacramentals are sacred signs and symbols that give some spiritual
effects which are realized through the action of the Church (cf. CFC #1532).

2. Sacramentals do not give sanctifying grace as do the Sacraments by the power of

the Holy Spirit, but by the Church’s prayer, they prepare us to receive grace and
dispose us to cooperate with it (cf. CCC #1670).

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Is Sacramentals a mere invention of the Church and drawn purely from imagination?

- No. Sacramentals have their roots in the Bible. In the Old Testament, the
giving of blessing is a common practice while in the gospels we see Jesus blessing
the little children that were brought to Him while He also instructs His apostles
to bless the homes that will receive them. In the story of healing from the Gospel
of John (John 9:17), Jesus “spat on the ground, made a paste with the saliva, put
this over the eyes of the blind man, and said to him, ‘Go and wash in the Pool of
Siloam.’” The mud used by Jesus in performing His healing miracle is just like any
ordinary mud that we see around but since it was the holy hands of Jesus that
touched it, it was transformed, it became holy and became instrumental in healing
the blind man.

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The Call to Renewal of Popular Piety

Examples of Meaningful and Filipino Religious Festivals, Popular Piety

1. Ati-atihan Festival

- The Ati-Atihan Festival is a Philippine festival held annually in January in

honor of the Santo Niño (Holy Child or Infant Jesus) in several towns of the
province of Aklan, Panay Island. The biggest celebration is held during the third
Sunday of January in the town of Kalibo, the province’s capital.
The festival consists of religious processions and street-parades, showcasing
themed floats, dancing groups wearing colorful costumes, marching bands, and people
sporting face and body paints.

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2. Higantes Festival

- The Higantes Festival is a local festival held annually In Angono, Philippines,

where hundreds of giant papier-mâché puppets are paraded, representing the common
people's mockery of the bad hacienda (land) owners of the past during Spanish
colonial rule. It has evolved into also celebrating the feast of Pope St. Clement
I, every 22 and 23 November.

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3. Pahiyas Festival
- Lucban celebrates the Pahiyas Festival every May 15 in honor of the patron saint
of farmers, St Isidore the Labourer. Beginning with a 6:00am Mass at the Lucban
Church. This festival showcases a street of houses which are adorned with fruits,
vegetables, agricultural products, handicrafts and kiping, a rice-made decoration,
which afterwards can be eaten grilled or fried. The houses are judged and the best
one is proclaimed the winner. Every year, tourists roam the municipality to witness
the decoration of houses. Nowadays, Pahiyas Festival is a week-long celebration
starting every 15 of May.

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4. Pandangguhan Festival

- The festival is celebrated every 29th of July in honor of St. Martha. According
to the legend, a crocodile was menacing the people of Pateros, and many of its farm
animals were eaten by this beast. It was St. Martha who rode at the back of this
creature that saved the town. While the parade is going on, foods is coming from
the boats are thrown to the participants specially "BALUT" which is the famous
delicacy of Pateros.

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5. Traslacion – Black Nazarene Procession in Quiapo, Manila on January 9 to
celebrate the Feast of Black Nazarene. It is the largest procession, drawing
millions of devotees flocking to touch the image and lasting 22 hours at most.

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* Filipinos are very religious. We naturally seek to express our Faith in concrete
and tangible ways. One of these is through Popular Piety

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What is Popular Piety?

- Popular Piety is an expression of faith which makes use of certain cultural

elements proper to a specific environment which is capable of interpreting and
questioning in a live and effective manner the sensibilities of those who live in
that same environment.

- Genuine forms of popular piety, expressed in a multitude of different ways,

derives from the faith, and therefore, must be valued and promoted. Such authentic
expressions of popular piety are not at odds with the centrality of the Sacred
Liturgy. Rather, in promoting the faith of the people, who regard popular piety as
a natural religious expression, they predispose the people for the celebration of
the Sacred Mysteries.

- John Paul II, 2001, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy

- Popular piety, in the words of St. John Paul II, is an expression of faith that
makes use of certain cultural elements proper to a group of people. Popular piety
takes many forms and when they are based on faith are considered genuine. These
authentic expressions of popular piety do not contradict the Sacred Liturgy, as
such, they must be valued and promoted. These also promote the faith of the
people; thus, they prepare and dispose them for the celebration of the Sacred
Mysteries.

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Need to Remember in Practicing Popular Piety

1. It should not reduce to a mere external expression of a shallow religiosity.

Based on the Gospel Matthew 6:5-6 (please read the Gospel), Jesus warns that those
who pray for show will not receive any reward from God, rather, those who pray in
secret are the ones whom the Father will look kindly on. Jesus also warns that
acts of piety must produce acts of loving service, forgiveness, and sacrifice.

2. It must be ensured that the Catholic religion does not become saint or Mary-
centered, but that it always remains Christ-centered.

3. Popular religious practices should lead to the liturgy and are vitally related
to Filipino life by serving the cause of full human development, justice, peace,
and the integrity of creation.

4. The different expressions of piety extend the liturgical life of the Church, but
we have to be very mindful that these practices do not and must not replace the
life and liturgy of the Church. They “should be so drawn up that they harmonize
with the liturgical seasons in accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some way
derived from it and lead the people to it, since in fact the liturgy by its very
nature is far superior to any of them. (CCC #175)

5. Popular Religiosity is not “totally safe of fanaticism,”, and thus, “always

subject to purification.”- Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle.

6. Popular Piety should always affirm our commitment to Christ and to everything He
stands for, a commitment that is shown in daily practice of the faith according to
Catholic moral principles and the guidance of the teaching Church (cf. CFC #681)

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Featured Saint: St. Bernadette Soubirous or also called St. Bernadette of Lourdes

Born: January 7, 1844

Died: April 16, 1879, Nevers
Date of Canonization: December 8, 1933.
Feast Day: April 16

- St. Bernadette of Lourdes was a French nun who lived in the 1800s. As a young
teenager, she had a series of visions of the Virgin Mary in the Massabielle grotto,
ultimately leading to the founding of the shrine of Lourdes.

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TLE

Word Bank:

1. Subcutaneous fat- fat found underneath the skin of the animal

2. Embedded- enclosed or made a part of something
3. Intramuscular- found within the muscles
4. Ossified- to become hardened
5. Carcass- refers to slaughtered animal
6. Slaughtered- butchered; killed for food
7. Portioning- cutting into specific portions the parts of animal at a specified
quantity or size
8. Paring- process of removing the skin of fruits and vegetables
9. Interior/internal temperature- the amount of heat in the inside part of the meat
being cooked; amount of heat measured in terms of temperature.
10.Frozen meat- meat that has been stored in the freezer which differentiate it
from chilled meat that has been stored in the chiller at a higher temperature than
frozen.

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Meat
- refers to the edible flesh of animals

- is animal flesh that is eaten as food

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Red Meat

- The color depends on the concentration of myoglobin in muscle fiber. When

myoglobin is exposed to oxygen reddish color appears.

- Redness depends on species, animal age, and narrow muscle fibres.

Examples:
Beef, veal, lamb, mutton, carabeef

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White Meat

- White meat may also refer to any lighter - colored meat.

- It is believe that white meat is healthier than red meat

Examples:
Pork, Poultry and game, fish and shellfish

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Classification of Meat

1. Meat Proper- 4 legged tamed animals

Ex. Pig-pork
young cattle- veal
old cattle-beef

2. Poultry- 2 legged tamed animals

Ex. Chicken
ducks

3. Game- 2 or 4 legged wild animals

Ex. Wild boar
wild birds

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Meat from different Animals

Pork -hogs meat from domesticated pigs, typically high in fat, commonly slaughtered
one year or less of age to ensure tender cuts

Beef - meat from cattle over one year old ,cows

Veal - young calves (4-5months old)

Carabeef - carabaos

Chevon -goats/deer

Lamb - young sheep (less than 1 year old)

Mutton -sheep (more than 1 year old)

Horsemeat - horse
* Meat specialties or Meat Sundries are edible organ and glands of animals
Pork- Meat of a domesticated mature pig or swine. It is usually pinkish in color
with white fat.

Swine- is the collective name for all domesticated pig.

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Classification of Swine or Pigs

Furrowing- act of parturition

Piglet- newborn or young pig
Shoat- young male pig
Gilt- young female pig
Boar- mature male pig
Sow- mature female pig
Barrow- castrated male pig
Drove- group of pigs

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Composition of Meat

1. Water – 75% of muscle tissue.

2. Protein – 20% of muscle tissue. Protein coagulates when it is heated. It

becomes firmer and loses moisture. When protein has coagulated to the desired
degree, the meat is said to be done.

3. Fat – 2.5% Intramuscular fat

* The fat in meat contributes to:

A. Juiciness
Marbling – is fat that is deposited within the muscle tissue.

Surface – fats protect the meat from drying out during cooking. Adding surface
fat is called BARDING.

B. Tenderness
Marbling separates muscle fibers, making meat easier to chew.

C. Flavor- Fat is the main source of flavor in meat.

4. Carbohydrates – 2.3 % it plays a necessary part in the complex reaction, called

the MAILLARD reaction, which takes place when meats are browned by roasting,
broiling or sautéing.

* Without carbohydrates, desirable flavor-appearance of browned meats would not be

achieved.

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Structure of Meat

1. Muscle fibers - Lean meat is composed of long, thin muscle fibers bound together
in bundles. These determine the texture or grain of a piece of meat.

Fine – grained meat is composed of small fibers bound in small fibers.

Muscle tissue consist of thread like called FIBER. These fibers are comparable in
dimensions to our human hair.

Course – textured meat has large fibers.

2. Connective tissue
These are network of proteins that bind the muscle fibers together. Connective
tissue is tough. Meats are high in connective tissue if the muscles are more
exercised like meat from legs and the meat comes from older animals.

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Two Kinds of Connective Tissue

A. Collagen – white connective tissue that dissolves or breaks down by long, slow
cooking with liquid. Moist-heat cooking methods at low temperature are not
effective for turning a meat high in connective tissue into a tender, juicy
finished product. Acid helps dissolve collagen.

B. Elastin – yellow connective tissue and is not broken down in cooking.

Tenderizing can be accomplished only by removing the elastin, by pounding and by
slicing and grinding.

C. Bones- this is the ossified tissue that forms the skeleton of the animal. It
holds the muscular tissues and fat tissues.

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Types of Knives and their Uses

1. French Knife or Chef's Knife

- for general purpose chopping, slicing, and dicing.

2. Utility Knife
- used for carving roast chicken and duck.

3. Boning Knife
- used for boning raw meats and poultry

4. Slicer
- used for carving and slicing cooked meats.

5. Butcher Knife
- used for cutting, sectioning, and trimming raw meats in the butcher shop.

6. Scimitar or Steak Knife

- used for accurate cutting of steaks

7. Cleaver
- used for cutting through bones.

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Basic Preparation Methods of Meat

1. Washing

- Generally, the only occasion in which you will have to wash meat is when it comes
into contact with blood during preparation. After washing, dry the food thoroughly
with absorbent kitchen paper.

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2. Skinning

- Most of the meat you dealt with has been already skinned by the supplier.

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3. Dicing

- Meat are diced when it is cut into cubes for various types of casseroles, stems,
curries, and dishes such as steak, kidney pie and pudding.

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4. Trimming

Reasons for trimming:

A. Improve the appearance of the cut or joint
B. Leave as much of the meat intact as possible.
C. Leave an even thickness of fat (where fat is to be left). How much fat you trim
off will depend on the type of meat, preference, and the cooking process to be
used.
D. Remove as much gristles and sinews as possible.

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5. Slicing

- It is the cutting of meat by determining the direction of the grain (the muscle
fibers), and cut across the grain. This is particularly important with tougher cuts
such as steak, in which the grain is also quite obvious.You slice meat with―instead
of against―the grain.

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6. Seasoning

- It is the addition of salt and white or black pepper to improve the flavor of
food.

A. Use white pepper or cayenne pepper on food which you want to keep attractive
with white color.

B. Add salt to roast and grill after the meat has browned. Adding salt before
cooking will extract the juices of the meat to the surface, and slows down the
browning reactions (which need high temperature and dry heat).

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7. Coating

The two basic coatings are:

a. Flour – coat the meat before cooking, otherwise the flour becomes sticky and
unpleasant.

b. Bread crumbs – coat the meat in flour, then egg wash (egg wash is made of
lightly beaten whole egg with a little water/milk) and finally with the bread
crumbs.

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Cook Meat Cuts

Effects of Heat on Meat

1. It tenderizes connective tissue if moisture is present and cooking is slow.

2. It coagulates protein. Even meats low in connective tissue can be tough and dry
if cooked at excessively high heats for too long.

3. High heat toughens and shrinks protein and results in excessive moisture lost.

4. Roasts cooked at low temperature shrink less and loss less moisture.

5. Moist heat penetrates meat quickly. To avoid over cooking, meat should be
simmered, never boiled.

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* Using the appropriate cooking method for the type of food being prepared is a
major part of the culinary arts.

* Tough cuts of meat like beef brisket or lamb shank need to be cooked slowly, at
low heat, for a long time, and with plenty of moisture. Prepared properly, these
cuts can be incredibly tender and delicious.

* Dry-heat methods typically involve very high temperatures and short cooking
times. A piece of brisket cooked in this way — on a grill, let's say would be
tough, chewy and largely inedible.

* Beef tenderloin steak cooked using a slow, moist-heat method such as braising
would also turn out tough, chewy and inedible.

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METHODS OF COOKING

A. Dry heat cooking

- such as roasting, broiling, or sautéing.

- Refers to any cooking technique where the heat is transferred to the food item
without using any moisture.

- Involves high heat, with temperatures of 300°F or hotter.

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1. ROASTING AND BAKING

- use hot, dry air to cook food - a method of cooking an item by enveloping it in
hot, dry air, generally inside an oven and at temperatures of at least 300°F and
often much hotter. A convection oven, which circulates hot air throughout the oven,
can enhance the browning reaction.

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2. GRILLING AND BROILING

- Methods that rely on heat being conducted through the air from an open flame are
grilling and broiling. - Require the food to be quite close to the heat source,
which in this case, is likely to be an open flame.

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3. SAUTÉING AND PAN FRYING

- Uses a very hot pan and a small amount of fat to cook the food very quickly.

REMEMBER: When sautéing, it's important to heat the pan for a minute, then add a
small amount of fat and let it gets hot as well, before adding the food to the pan.

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3. DEEP-FRYING

- It involves submerging food in hot, liquid fat.

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B. Moist heat cooking

- like braising, steaming, or poaching.

- This methods include any technique that involves cooking with moisture whether
it's steam, water, stock, wine or some other liquid.

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1. SIMMERING

- The cooking liquid is a bit hotter than poaching from 180°F to 205°F. Here we
will see bubbles forming and gently rising to the surface of the water, but the
water still isn't at a full rolling boil.

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2. BOILING

- The hottest stages is boiling, where the water reaches its highest possible
temperature of 212°F. - Violent agitation caused by the rolling boil can be too
rough on food and will often damage it.

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3. STEAMING

- employs hot steam to conduct the heat to the food item. -It can be done on a
stove top, with a pot containing a small amout of liquid that is brought to a
simmer. The item to be cooked is then placed in a basket suspended above the
liquid and the pot covered.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. BRAISING AND STEWING

- is a form of moist-heat cooking in which the item to be cooked is partially

covered with liquid and then simmered slowly at a low temperature

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BEGIN BY SEARING:

- Because moist heat does not permit the various browning reactions that dry heat
produces, giving cooked meats the brown, outer crust that also helps to develop
complex flavors and aromas, it’s customary to sear meat in a pan with a small
amount of hot fat before braising it. This step helps to develop flavors as well
as making the meat more appealing visually.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
HOW BRAISING WORKS

- Braising is a good choice of cooking method for cuts of meat that are tougher or
from older animals.

- The connective tissues that are more prevalent in cuts like this, and which can
make meats tough and chewy when improperly cooked, are slowly dissolved through
long, slow application of moist heat. So you end up with a tender piece of meat.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Factors Affecting Choice of Cooking Methods in Meat

1. Cuts of meat

- Tender cuts like ribs and loin cuts are used for roasting, broiling and grilling
• Less tender cuts from leg or round are used for braising • Tougher cuts from
chuck or shoulder are usually braced.

- Least tender cuts from shanks, breast, brisket, and flank are cooked by moist
heat. •Ground meat and cubed usually made from trimmings can be cooked by dry heat
or moist heat.

- Internal organs belong to variety of cuts.

- less tender meat cuts requires long and slow cooking temperature.

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2.Fat content

- Meats high in fat are cooked without added fat, such as roasting or broiling

- Meats low in fat are often cooked with added fat to prevent dryness, like
sautéing, pan frying or braising.

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3.Desired quality

- Tenderness is not the only goal of cooking. To develop flavor and appearance is
also one of the objectives to get the desired quality.

Brine solution

- is an oil-acid moisture which is used to enhance the flavor of meat.

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Health Education

Importance and components of Health Career

- A big part of healthy living includes health care, be it from traditional health
care providers such as physicians or alternative care providers such as
acupuncturists. With people living longer and the world's population increasing,
the need for health care professionals continues to grow. In fact, some of the
fastest-growing professions that offer the highest pay and lowest unemployment
rates are in the health care field, such as physician, physical therapist, and
registered nurse.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEALTH CARE CAREERS

Professional Careers

- Surgeons, doctors, registered nurses, dentists, physical therapists,

administrators, and social workers, as well as pharmacists and respiratory
therapists typically require degrees to enter their fields of practice.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Trained Technicians

- Many fast-growing fields exist in technical health care positions, which

encompass licensed practical and vocational nurses, information technicians, lab
technicians, paramedics, medical records and billing positions, pharmacy
technicians and dental hygienists. All require one- or two-year training programs
for entry level jobs; many also require state or federal certifications

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Service Occupations

- Service occupations in the health care field are made up of workers with a
minimum of specialized training. Jobs in this sector include home health aides,
nursing aides, cooks, cleaning and maintenance workers, medical assistants, and
medical receptionists. Other positions such as home care aides provide aid to the
elderly, disabled, or infirm who live independently and can be employed either
privately or through a private or public agency. With experience and further
training, service workers may advance to higher level positions.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Roles of Community Health Workers

- The roles and activities of community health workers (CHWs) are tailored to meet
the unique needs of the communities they serve. A CHW's role depends on factors
such their education, training, lived experience, and experience working with
specific populations. CHWs may perform the following roles:

* Create connections between vulberable populations and healthcare providers

* Help patients navigate healthcare and social service systems

* Manage care and care transitions for vulnerable populations

* Reduce social isolation among patients

* Determine eligibility and enroll individuals in health insurance plans

* Ensure cultural competence among healthcare providers serving vulnerable

populations

* Educate healthcare providers and stakeholders about community health needs

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CHW skills and background

- Education
- Certification
- Training
- Communication
- Interpersonal and relationship-building
- Cultural competence
- Advocacy and capacity-building
- Facilitation and motivational interviewing

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Health Career Pathways Disease’s prevention and control ( Public Health )
Career

- A career refers to your working life over time, and could include a single job
that you stay in for many years, or a series of successive jobs within the same
field.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Occupation

- An occupation or profession that requires special training.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Career planning is a process for:

Identifying what you are good

Matching your skills, etc. to existing jobs or careers

Knowing how your skills, talents, values, and interests translate into possible
jobs or careers

Matching your career goals to your educational needs

Matching your career goals to your financial needs

Finding ways to meet your educational and financial needs on your schedule

Making good decisions for yourself

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Health Care Careers: Words to Know

Manual

- Involving the hands.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Musculoskeletal

- Relating to the muscles and bones.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Osteopathy

- A system of medical practice based on the theory that disease is due chiefly to
mechanical misalignment of bones or body parts.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Radiation

- The energy sent out when changes occur in the atoms of an object.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Registered

- To complete the standards of education issued by a state government to practice a

certain profession.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Residency

- Advanced training in a medical specialty that includes or follows a physician's

internship.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Specialize

- To work in a special branch of a certain profession

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ultrasound

- The use of high - frequency sound waves that forms an image to detect a problem
in the body

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Accredit

- To recognize an educational institution for having the standards that allows

graduates to practice in a certain field.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Advocate

- A person who defends the cause of another

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Allopathic

- The system of medical practice making use of all measures that have proved to be
effective in the treatment of disease

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Associate's degree

- Degree granted from two - year college institutions

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bachelor's degree

-A four - year college degree

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Master's degree

- A college degree that ranks above a four - year bachelor's degree.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bedside manner

- A physician's ability to put a patient at ease and communicate effectively

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Congenital

- Existing at birth

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Continuing Education

- Formal schooling above and beyond any degree that is often required of medical
professionals in order to keep practicing in their specific field

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Diagnostic

- Used to recognize a disease or an illness

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dissertation

- An in - depth research paper

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fellowship

- Advanced study and research that usually follows a medical residency

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Geriatric - Elderly

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Holistic

- Treating both the body and the mind

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Internship

- Supervised practical experience

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Licensed

- Authorization to practice a certain occupation

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Components and Steps when considering health care career plans:

Self - Assessment

- involves personal evaluation of one's interest in terms of line of work, future

aspirations, and strengths in performing tasks.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Career Exploration

- It involves continuous learning improvements to build and grow in the chosen

career path

- You can explore different careers and work environments through career fairs,
meetings, internship, alumni connections and professional internship

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Decision Making

- This part is both subjective and objective weighing options. One must consider
narrowing down career options by considering the advantages and disadvantages of
profession one’s personal strength in performing expected tasks, qualifications for
the job and fulfilling one’s future aspirations and life goals.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Plan of Action

- Plan achievable goals and develop strategies to reach your goas. Organize your
goals into smaller steps, identify actions for each step utilize helpful people and
resources review and adapt your plan regularly.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Health Care Careers

- Refers to occupations which are related to the medical field.

- It is a scope of practice which is intended to provide the services of

prevention, assessment, diagnosis and treatment to those people suffering from
physical injuries, diseases, and mental illness.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Career Pathways

- are Clusters of careers or occupations that are grouped because of shared

skills.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Public Health Practitioners

- are employed in both the public and private sectors through government agencies,
universities, nonprofits, health care organizations and corporations.

- A Public Health Career has many diverse Pathways, offering a wide range of
challenging opportunities for professionals from a variety of backgrounds.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
HEALTH CAREER PATHWAYS

NUTRITION

- Nutrition, more specifically nutritional science, is the science that studies the
physiological process of nutrition, interpreting the nutrients and other substances
in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease of an
organism.

Sample Career:

Clinical Dietetics
Public Nutrition
Education and Research
Nutritionist
Dietician

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

– Focuses on non- communicable and Communicable disease

Sample Career:
Community Health Worker
Education and Research

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DENTAL HEALTH

- Dental Health is a general term that refers to the overall health status of your
mouth. In an oral examination the teeth are examined for areas of decay, wear and
fracture, defective fillings, crowns and other restorations, mobility,
discoloration, missing teeth, and occlusion. Oral hygiene and plague accumulation
are also evaluated.

Sample Career:

Dental Nursing
Dental Hygiene
Dental Health Support
Dentist

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHCARE

- Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of
the natural and built environment affecting human health. Environmental health is
focused on the natural and built environments for the benefit of human health.

Sample Career:

Air Quality Monitoring

Hazardous and Solid Waste Management
Environmental Medicine
Occupational medicine
Toxicology
Epidemiology

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DRUG PREVENTION

- programs are designed to provide the education and support necessary to diminish
drug dependency in communities, schools, and the workplace. Drug abuse prevention
has become an important first step in informing specific individuals about the
dangers of addiction, prevention techniques and where to find recovery help if it
should be deemed necessary.

Sample Career:

Drug Enforcement
Drug Rehabilitation Management

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Emergency medical services (EMS)

- also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are emergency services

that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilization for serious illness
and injuries and transport to definitive care.

Sample Career:
Emergency Medical Aid
Paramedic

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Music & Arts

Opera and Ballet in the Philippines

OPERA IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The emergence of the Filipino opera started to take shape during the middle part
of the 19th century. Foreign performers, including instrumental virtuosi, as well
opera singers and Spanish zarzuela performers came to the country to perform
enthusiastic.

- The opera is an art and music form in which singers and musicians a dramatic work
combining text (called a libretto) and a musical score, usually in elaborate
theatrical setting. It incorporates many of the elements of spoken theater, as
acting, scenery, costumes, and sometimes includes dance. The performance is given
in an opera house, cultural center, theater, or auditorium. It is accompanied an
orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. The dialogue is entirely sung and not
spoken.

- Opera is part of the Western classical music form and tradition. It started in
Italy at the end of the 16th century and soon spread through the rest of Europe.
While French and Italian operas were being presented, it was the Italian opera that
the creative imagination of composers, librettists, and singers.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ZORRILLLA THEATRE

- As the local were being exposed to Western art and music, they were also
realizing inner talents and passion for the opera. The themes were ripe for voicing
their sentiments about love of country and longing for independence from colonial
rule.

- The element of tragedy, emanating from the popular themes of romance, deceit,
vendetta, and other elements of human frailty, became a favorite story pattern of
Filipino Opera. Some operatic works were based on previous literary creations, such
as Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The tragic ending and unresolved
made them excellent choices for an operatic production.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Local Theaters and Early Philippine Operas

- Local theaters, including the Zorilla, Principe Alfonso, Variedades, Quiapo and
Tondo Theaters, were the choice venues for the mainly Italian operas that came to
the country, such as Lucia di Lammermoor, La Boheme, La Traviata, and Aida. Later,
other opera venues were established, led by the Manila Grand Opera House and the
Metropolitan Theater (Met).

- The first Filipino opera is said to be to Sandugong Panaginip by Pedro Paterno, a

poet, novelist, musician, and government official. This was first presented at the
Zorilla Theater on August 2, 1902. It was later translated by the Englishman M.W.
Loving with the title The Dreamed Alliance.

- Following this historic development, other prominent figures, and ensembles

significantly in the promotion of opera. They were composer Bonifacio Abdon as the
first Filipino opera conductor, Dr. Ramon Javier as the first Filipino opera
promoted local talents to participate in foreign productions. The Orchestra was
known for their interpretation of operatic works as well as other local
composition.

- Subsequent Filipino operas followed sporadically, such as Lakangbini by Patricio

that was staged at the Metropolitan Theater on December 19, 1933. Operatic included
Nelia Manalo, who portrayed the leading role of Violetta in Giuseppe Verdi’s La
Traviata. Mercedes Matias-Santiago portrayed the role as Lucia in Gaetano
Donizetti’s Lucia di Lamermoor. National Artist Jovita Fuentes portrayed the role
as Mimi in Puccini’s La Boheme. The establishment of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) by then First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos in 1969 paved the way
for other operas to be staged at a legitimate venue of international standard.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO

- Operas based on Rizal’s two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were
composed by National Artist Felipe Padilla de Leon. These were presented at the CCP
Main Theater in 1970 and 1975, respectively. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
were later restaged also at CCP as musical plays with new music composed by Ryan
Cayabyab and new creative team.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LA LOBA NEGRA

- La Loba Negra (The Black She-Wolf) is a three-act Filipino opera. Acts I and II
are based on history. Act III is based on a legend attributed to Fr. Jose Burgos.
He was one of the three martyred priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora who were
executed in Bagumbayan (now Luneta) in 1872. The music was composed by National
Artist Francisco Feliciano, with libretto by soprano Fides Cuyugan Asensio. The
premiere was held in 1984 with Lamberto Avellana as director. In 1985 direction was
by Peque Gallaga and Jorge V. Ledesma, production design by Don Escudero, costume
design by National Artist Salvador Bernal, lighting design by Dennis Marasigan, and
choreography by Rene C. Hinojales.

- La Loba Negra was presented by the Cultural Center of the Philippines in

cooperation with the Asian Institute for Liturgy and Music at the CCP Main Theater
from August 16 to 25, 1984 and the 2nd season in 1985.Ms. Asensio alternated with
Eleanor Calbes as Dona Luisa/La Loba. Jimmy Melendrez alternated with Noel Velasco
as Governor-General Fernando Manuel
Bustamante. Secondary roles were performed by Nomer Son as Torralba, Gamaliel
Viray/Nolyn Cabahug as Fr. Sebastian Totanes, Aileen Espinosa Cura as Florentina
Dolores, and Lito Carating/Elmo Makil as Kapitan Macatangay. The composer himself
conducted the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra. Choral support was from the
Philippine Madrigal Singers, Singers Harmonics, Tiples de Santo Domingo, Pasyon
Singers of Cardona, and the Zarzuela Foundation

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NOLI ME TANGERE, THE OPERA

- The three-act opera Noli Me Tangere was composed by National Artist Felipe
Padilla de Leon, with libretto by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino. It premiered
in 1957 at the FEU Auditorium. The cast included Juanita Javier Torres as Maria
Clara, Don David as Ibarra, Fides Cuyugan Asensio as Sisa, Milo Cristobal as Padre
(Father/priest) Damaso, and Morli Daram as the director.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EL FILIBUSTERISMO, THE OPERA
- The opera El Filibusterismo was composed by National Artist Felipe Padilla De
Leon in 1970, with libretto by Anthony Morli. It was in three acts and written in
Tagalog. The casts included Fides Cuyugan Asensio as Paulita, Constancio Bernardo
as Simoun, Irma Potenciano as Juli. It was staged at
the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

- Rizal considered this second novel as more profound and mature than Noli Me
Tangere, revealing his less hopeful outlook on the political and social situation
in the country. Written for the Filipinos and not for the Spaniards, it was first
distributed to his friends in Europe. However,
the book was immediately seized when it arrived in the Philippines. It was later
used as major evidence in the subversion charges against him. Even after his death,
it became a source of inspiration for revolutionaries that included Andres
Bonifacio.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BALLET IN THE PHILIPPINES

- The medium of dance and ballet to interpret novels, folktales, and stories
provides visual excitement as the characters come alive not in spoken dialogue but
in body movements. Much of the communication is relayed in pantomime. It is a
performance in which a story is told without words
by using body movements and facial expressions.

- The lack of spoken words or sung lyrics is more than made up for by the creative
steps and arm gestures of the dancers. Their facial expressions and body movements
add more meaning to the story being revealed. The performance is further enhanced
by colorful costumes, elaborate sets,
visually suggestive music, and synchronized choreography. Together, the dance or
ballet production makes for a complete drama by itself without a single word being
spoken.

- Filipino ballets vividly present folktales based on local fables for example,
Lola Basyang as well as epics from neighboring regions, such as India’s Ramayana.
Highly communicative movements and steps dramatize the actions in the respective
stories.

- The colorful sets and costumes add to the glitter and attraction of the
productions. Although not as extensively explored as the other performing genres
for local adaptation. Filipino ballet productions have evoked wide enthusiasm from
people of all ages. They have been added to the repertory of the Philippine dance
companies to supplement the Western classical ballets, such as Nutcracker Suite,
Swan Lake, Giselle, and Sleeping Beauty.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TATLONG KUWENTO NI LOLA BASYANG

- Lola Basyang is a ballet adaptation of SEVERINO REYES’ folktales MGA KWENTO NI

LOLA BASYANG. It was meant to instill and rekindle the interest of the Filipino
youth in the beauty, richness, and heritage of the Philippine literature. The
typical storytelling scene shows the grandmother (LOLA BASYANG, the pen name of the
author) on a rocking chair with her grandchildren listening to her fascinating
tales.

- Two episodes of such stories were presented by Ballet Manila, with Lisa Macuja-
Elizalde as the company’s Executive Director and prima ballerina. Entitled Tatlong
Kuwento ni Lola Basyang (2009) and Tatlo Pang Kuwento ni Lola Basyang (2013), the
stories were taken from the dozens of stories in the collection of Severino Reyes.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tatlong Kuwento ni Lola Basyang featured the following stories:

1. Ang Kapatid ng Tatlong Marya

- This is a fantasy story set to neo-ethnic music in a contemporary style. It is

about a hero’s fantastic journey to different kingdoms in pursuit of his bewitched
sisters. The music is by Joey Ayala, with choreography by Lisa Macuja-Elizalde.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Ang Mahiwagang Biyulin

- This is a local version of the Pied Piper tale where the main character
mesmerizes his followers through the music of his violin. The story instills in
them the moral lesson that “good triumphs over evil.” The music is by Ryan
Cayabyab, arranged by Arnold Buena, and choreography is by Tony Fabella.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Ang Prinsipe ng Mga Ibon

- This is a love story where a princess falls in love with a bird. It was
choreographed by Ballet Manila danseur (a male ballet dancer) Osias Barroso. The
music is taken from selected musical works of National Artists arranged by Mon
Faustino.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The second episode, Tatlo Pang Kuwento ni Lola Basyang, included the following
stories:

1. Ang Palasyo ng Mga Dwende

- This is a romantic adventure wherein the heroine Yani is being maltreated by her
envious stepmother and stepsisters. The cursed bird is changed back into a prince
with the help of Yani. It depicts Mindanao and the ancient Pintados through its
neo-ethnic movements.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Labindalawang Masasayang Prinsesa

- This is a romantic fantasy of the twelve daughters of the king. In the ballet,
the eldest daughter is acted out by Lisa Macuja Elizalde’s daughter Missy. The
twelve daughters secretly leave their bedroom at night to travel to an enchanted
land and dance with the princes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Anting-Anting

- This is a horror-comedy wherein the cowardly hero Huan tries to overcome his
fears to win his love. The slapstick comedy is enhanced by exaggerated movements as
Huan is later haunted by ghosts that add to his fears for which he looks for an
anting-anting (lucky charm) toward them off.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RAMA HARI

- Rama Hari, translated as King Rama, is the Philippine adaptation of the Indian
epic Ramayana set to music, dance, and drama. Originally presented on February 8 to
17, 1980, the creative team consisted of Ryan
Cayabyab (Music), National Artist Alice Reyes (Choreography), National Artist
Bienvenido Lumbera (Literature), and National Artist Salvador Bernal (Theater
Design), with the CCP Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Cayabyab. The major roles
were performed by Basil Valdez (Rama), Kuh Ledesma (Sita), and Leo Valdez (Ravana).
The dancers were Nonoy Froilan as the counterpart of Rama, Effie Nanas/Ester Rimpos
as Sita, and Robert Medina as Ravana.

- The production had the dancers moving alongside the characters to provide the
choreographic interpretation of their singing and acting. It also featured the song
Magbalik Ka Na Mahal sung by Kuh Ledesma, which was said to be instrumental in
launching her music career.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Indian Epic Behind the Musical Production

- The Ramayana is one of the two great Indian epics that talk about Indian life
around 1000 BC and how dharma was practiced. Later, it became a model of behavior
for the whole Hindu population. Dharma is a type of behavior said to be in
accordance with the order that makes life and the universe possible. According to
its meaning, it explains the expectations in fulfilling duties, respecting rights,
observing proper conduct, practicing virtues, and maintaining a rightful way of
living. The epic Ramayana consists of 18 books containing approximately 24,000
verses divided into 500 songs.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SUMMARY:

* The Filipino ballets vividly present folktales based on local fables (example,
Lola Basyang) and epics from neighboring regions (example, India’s Ramayana).
Highly communicative movements and steps dramatize the actions in the respective
stories. The colorful sets and costumes add to the luster and attraction of the
productions. Although not as extensively explored as the other performing genres
for local adaptation, Filipino ballets have evoked wide enthusiasm from people of
all ages.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* Lola Basyang is a ballet adaptation of Severino Reyes’ folktales Mga Kuwento ni

Lola Basyang. It was meant to instill and rekindle the interest of the Filipino
youth in the beauty, richness, and heritage of Philippine
literature.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Rama Hari, translated as King Rama, is the Philippine adaptation of the Indian epic
Ramayana set to music, dance, and drama.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSICAL PLAY AND MUSICALS IN THE PHILIPPINES

* Have you watched musical play, ballet, and opera? Ballet and opera performed by
professionals are regularly shown at the Cultural Center of the Philippines in
Manila. Nevertheless, these types of shows are within the reach of few Filipino
Students only. It is a good thing though that many popular musicals are shown on TV
or are made into films. Thus,
many Filipinos are acquainted with musical shows like MS SAIGON, LES MISERABLES,
PHANTOM OF THE OPERA, GLEE, or THE HIGH SCHOOL MUSICAL.

* Big colleges and universities also have mini – productions of musical play in
their schools which give some students opportunities to watch live musical plays.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSICAL PLAYS

- The musical play is a popular and generally lighter form of musical drama than
the opera. The themes are usually more contemporary, and the musical melodies more
manageable by the average singer. The acting is less intense and dramatic. The
choreography and dance sequences provide visual breaks from the ongoing plots.

- Musical plays have been associated with the Broadway plays of New York City and
West, End Productions in London, including My Fair Lady, South Pacific, Camelot,
West Side Story, Les Misérables, Phantom of the Opera, Lion King, Beauty, and the
Beast, Wicked, Mama Mia, Cats, and Mis

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WHAT IS A MUSICAL PLAY?

- A musical play is a form of theatrical presentation. It is popular because of the

combination of songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dancing which makes it more
endearing and entertaining. Although there might be some similarities with opera,
another type of musical theater, musical plays or simply called MUSICALS are
distinct because of the importance given to music more than dialogs or dance.
Modern musicals are becoming more interesting because of stage set – up, lights and
sounds. It may utilize a live orchestra or band to provide the music.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DEFINITION OF TERMS

MUSICALE

- a musical gathering or concert, typically small and informal.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSICALS

- is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting

and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love,
anger – are communicated through words, music, movement, and technical aspects of
the entertainment as an integrated whole.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
STAGE PLAY

- a dramatic performance; hence, a play or drama adapted for representation on the

stage, as distinguished from a reading- or closet-play.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSIC PRODUCTION

- is the process by which a record producer or music producer oversees the

recording and production of a track, single, or record. The music production
process varies from band to band, but it always includes many of the same
components. In some cases, music producers write material.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSICAL PLAY

- is a theater production with many songs and dances that provide the story.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THEATER PLAY

- is a work of drama, usually consisting mostly of dialogue between characters and

intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. The term "play" can
refer to both the written texts of playwrights and to their complete theatrical
performance.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MUSICAL

1. Choreography

- is the art or practice of designing sequences of movements of physical bodies (or

their depictions) in which motion, form, or both are specified. In the performing
arts, choreography applies to human movement and form. In dance, choreography is
also known as dance choreography or dance composition.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Sound equipment.

- Drama routines are an integral aspect of musical theatre. Audio equipment refers
to devices that reproduce, record, or process sound. This includes microphones,
radio receivers, AV receivers, CD players, tape recorders, amplifiers, mixing
consoles, effects units, and loudspeakers.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Dialogue.

- Songs are the main emphasis of musicals. Through speeches and silence, what is
spoken and deliberately unspoken, dialogue is the action that characters do,
expressing conflict of people working at cross-purposes. A. Stage dialogue serves
two main functions: To reveal character. To advance the play's action.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. The Production.

- Musical theatre productions usually include a score, songs with lyrics that
advance the plot. Theatrical production, the planning, rehearsal, and presentation
of a work. Such a work is presented to an audience at a particular time and place
by live performers, who use either themselves or inanimate figures, such as
puppets, as the medium of presentation.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5. Set and lighting. set

- representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to

identify the location of a dramatic production; "the sets were meticulously
authentic" set. scene, stage setting, setting - arrangement of scenery and
properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted. Lighting on a
particular item or area on stage, to make it stand out or for
aesthetic reasons, rather than to light an actor or functional area. Examples
include lighting on specific architectural features on the set or in the theatre to
make them 'pop' or because they're particularly significant.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Broadway Musicals

- The first major Broadway musical was Showboat, which featured the popular mode of
transport in the American frontier. Since then, musicals have presented other
themes: Siamese royalty in The King and I,
English aristocracy in My Fair Lady, Austrian history in The Sound of Music,
medieval English tragedy in Camelot, and interracial gang rivalry and romance in
West Side Story. Many Broadway musicals were also
made into

- are family entertainment with themes and texts which are generally light and easy
to understand. These may include the problems of everyday life, such as love and
romance, social acceptance, jealousy and intrigue, and adventure. The singing is
usually amplified, unlike the operatic quality of
classically trained voices.

- Thus, many songs from Broadway musicals have become popular hits and some have
achieved semiclassical status because of their sustained popularity. Among these
are Climb Every Mountain from Sound of Music, I Could Have Danced All Night from My
Fair Lady, If I Loved You from Carousel, If Ever I Would Leave You from Camelot,
Some Enchanted Evening from South Pacific, and Sun Moon from Miss Saigon. These are
also widely used for local and school productions because of their popularity,
appeal, and generally less demanding style of singing and acting.

- A few other musicals were adaptations of classical operas. Among these were Miss
Saigon based on Puccini’s Madame Butterfly and Aida from Verdi’s opera with the
same title. While with the advent of technology, modern productions like The
Phantom of the Opera, Les Misérables, Beauty and the Beast, and Lion King have
enthralled audiences with amazing set designs, elaborate costumes, and computer-
generated visual and sound.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MISS LEA SALONGA

- One Filipino artist who attained international status on both London’s West End
and Broadway is Lea Salonga. She is best known for her portrayal of Kim in the
musical Miss Saigon, a role for which she won the prestigious Tony Award for
theater in the USA and the Laurence Olivier Award
in London. She also garnered the Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards for the
same role in the USA. Salonga is the first Filipina to have won various
international awards for a single

- Miss Saigon is a musical by Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain Boublil, with

lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr. It is a modern adaptation of Giacomo Puccini’s opera
Madame Butterfly, which also tells the tragic tale of a doomed romance wherein an
Asian woman is abandoned by her Caucasian lover. The setting of the plot is
relocated to the 1970s’ Saigon during the Vietnam War, with Madame Butterfly’ is
love story between an American Lieutenant and a Japanese geisha modified into a
romance between an American soldier and a Vietnamese bar girl.

- Miss Saigon first opened at West End in London in 1989 and closed in 1994. The
London production became one of the Theatre Royal’s (Drury Lane) longest running
musicals. Thereafter, it was successfully produced in many cities around the world.
The USA production opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York on April 11, 1991,
and closed on January 28, 2001, after 4,092 performances. It was again re-staged in
London in 2014.

- Following Miss Saigon, Salonga was the first Asian to play the role of Eponine in
the musical Les Misérables, based on the novel of the same title written in 1862 by
the French author Victor Hugo. She also played the role of Mei-Li in Flower Drum

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
- The Phantom of the Opera is a Broadway musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Richard
Stilgoe, with lyrics by Charles Hart and music by Lloyd Webber. It is based on the
novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux.

- The story focuses on a beautiful singer Christine Daaé as she is seduced by a

mysterious disfigured musical genius known as The Phantom of the Opera. The Phantom
lives beneath the Paris Opera House and terrorizes those who work there. He demands
that Christine be the star of the theater’s productions. When the young singer
rejects the Phantom’s advances and her lover Raoul intervenes, the Phantom sets no
limits in his pursuit of revenge and of Christine’s love. However, Christine
escapes with Raoul to the roof, where she tells him about her subterranean
rendezvous with the Phantom. Raoul is skeptical but swears to love and to protect
her always, as demonstrated in their song All I Ask of You

- The Phantom of the Opera is one of the longest-running Broadway musicals of all
time. At the 1988 Tony Awards, the Broadway production was nominated for 11 awards
and won seven, including the coveted Best
Musical award. The musical also won seven awards at the 1988 Drama Desk Awards.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Les Misérables

- Les Misérables, known as “Les Mis,” is a musical composed in 1980 by French

composer Claude-Michel Schonberg with libretto by Alain Boublil. It is based on the
novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. It is perhaps the most famous of all French
musicals and one of the most famous musicals performed

- Les Mis tells the story of paroled convict Jean Valjean who, failing attempts to
find work as an honest man, breaks his chains and conceals his identity to live his
life again. Other characters in the musical include the police inspector Javert,
who becomes obsessed with finding Valjean; Fantine, the single mother of Cosette,
who is forced to become a prostitute to support her daughter; Marius, a French
student who falls in love with Valjean’s adopted daughter, Cosette; Eponine, the
young daughter of the Thénardiers who falls in love with Marius; the Thénardiers,
who own an inn; and Enjolras and other students, who are working toward freeing the
oppressed lower class of France.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MUSICAL PLAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- In the Philippines, the musical pay isa more recent development than Broadway
West End, relying mostly on adaptations from novels literary works or sketches of
famous artists.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ANDRES BONIFACIO, ANG DAKILANG ANAK-PAWIS

- The musical play Andres Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis is a five-act work
commissioned by Alfonso Puyat in 1979, depicting the life of revolutionary hero
Andres Bonifacio. It was co-produced by the Cultural Center of the Philippines and
the Andres Bonifacio Music Foundation, Inc., and was staged again at the CCP Main
Theater on August 20 and 21, 1994 with Jerry Dadap as composer-conductor and the
late Elmo Makil as Bonifacio.

- In 2014, the UP College of Music and Andres Bonifacio Concert Choir presented
their own version of the musical play in celebration of the 150th birth anniversary
of Bonifacio.
- August 20 and 21, 1994 with Jerry Dadap as composer-conductor and the late Elmo
Makil as Bonifacio. In 2014, the UP College of Music and Andres Bonifacio Concert
Choir presented their own version of the musical play in celebration of the 150th
birth anniversary of Bonifacio.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ATANG - DULANG MAY MUSIKA

- Atang - Dulang May Musika is a musical based on the life of the first superstar
of the Philippines, Atang de la Rama. It starred Ayen Munji-Laurel, Shamaine
Centenera Buencamino, Frances Makil-Ignacio, Kalila
Aguilos, Teroy Guzman, Greg de Leon, Mitoy Sta. Ana, Ricky Ibe, Meynard Peñalosa,
Bituin Escalante and the Dulaang UP Ensemble.

- Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama was formally honored as the Queen of Kundiman in 1979,
then already 74 years old singing the same song (“Nabasag na Banga”) that she sang
as a 15-year-old girl in the sarsuela Dalagang Bukid. Atang became the very first
actress in the very first locally
produced Filipino film when she essayed the same role in the sarsuela’s film
version. As early as age seven, Atang was already being cast in Spanish zarzuelas
such as Mascota, Sueño de un Vals, and Marina. She counts the role though of an
orphan in Pangarap ni Rosa as her most rewarding
and satisfying role that she played with realism, the stage sparkling with silver
coins tossed by a teary-eyed audience. Atang firmly believes that the sarsuela and
the kundiman expresses best the Filipino soul, and even performed kundiman and
other Filipino songs for the Aetas or Negritos of
Zambales and the Sierra Madre, the Bagobos of Davao, and other Lumad of Mindanao.

- Atang firmly believed that the sarsuela and the kundiman express best the
Filipino soul and had even performed kundiman and other Filipino songs for the
Aetas or Negritos of Zambales and the Sierra Madre, the Bagobos of Davao, and other
Lumad of Mindanao.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Atang, The Musical

- The musical play Atang, written by Floy Quintos, directed by Alexander Cortes,
and with music by Von de Guzman, was shown at the Guerrero Theater, Palma Hall in
UP Diliman in 2008 as part of the Zarzuela Festival organized by the UP College of
Arts and Letters. Playing the title role were
Ayen Munji-Laurel, Sharmaine Centerera-Buencamino, Frances Makil-Ignacio, and Anna
Migallos, supported by Bituin Escalante as Katy de la Cruz, Teroy Guzman as Ka
Amado (Atang’s husband), and Frances Makil as the old Atang. The songs rendered by
Ms. Laurel (Atang) included notable
kundiman favorites— Nasaan Ka Irog, Pakiusap, Madaling Araw, Nabasag ang Banga
(from the zarzuela Dalaging Bukid), and Masayang Dalaga (from the zarzuela Ang
Kiri).

- (photos) Atang – Dulang May Musika tsage at UP Diliman in 2008, Ayen Munji –
Laurel, as Atang, Sharmaine Centenera – Buencamino alternating as Atang.

- She also sang duets with her husband Ka Amado such as Kitang Dalawa and Pilipinas
Kong Mahal. But what elicited enthusiastic audience response were the duets with
Katy de la Cruz, Magkano ang Bibingka Mo? and Mamang Gusting. The play also
featured the two men in Atang’s life –
General Artemio Ricarte and her husband, National Artist for Literature Amado
Hernandez. Kitang Dalawa was originally a poem by Hernandez dedicated to his wife,
which Von de Guzman brought to life with his music.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
KATY! THE MUSICAL

- The musical Katy! is about the life of bodabil (vaudeville) star Katy de la Cruz.
It was initially presented by Actors Studio East Production in 1988. The play
commissioned Ryan Cayabyab for the music and Jose Javier Reyes for the lyrics. It
starred Mitch Valdes in the title role.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Biography of Katy de la Cruz

- Catalina de la Cruz was born in Bustos, Bulacan on February 13, 1907, and died on
November 10, 2004. Popularly known as Katy de la Cruz, she was hailed as the “Queen
of Filipino Jazz” and “Queen of Bobadil.”

- Her career spanned eight decades, during which time she became the highest paid
Filipino entertainer. She appeared in films, jazz venues, theaters, and bodabil,
the Filipino counterpart of the American vaudeville. Bodabil contained songs and
dances, slapstick comedy routines, and
magic acts, with chorus girls providing musical and dance support.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Musical

- The opening scene of the musical Katy! Starts with a visit by Katy, already in
her old age, to the theater where she used to perform during her glorious past.
Learning that it would soon be closing, Katy reminisces on her past. The musical
unfolds as a retrospect of her performances.

- Other roles were portrayed by Tenten Muñoz as the young Katy, Celeste Legaspi as
Olivia, Bernardo Bernardo as Tatay, Marco Sison as Peping, Robert Seña as Dolphy,
Pinky Marquez as Hanna, Arlene Borja as Patsy, and Gigi Posadas as Mary.

- In January 2013, the revival of the musical was held at the Cultural Center of
the Philippines Main Theater, co-produced with the Spotlight Artists Centre.

- It was presented again at the Meralco Theater from July to August of the same
year. Portraying the title role was Isay Alvarez Seña, supported by Aicelle Santos
as Teen Katy, Yedda Lambujon/Leana Tabunar as the young Katy, Dulce as Olivia,
Tirso Cruz III as Tatay, Gian Magdangal as Peping, Epi Quizon as Dolphy, Tricia
Jimenez as Hanna, Celine Fabie as Patsy, and CJ Mangahis as Mary. Some songs in the
musical included Minsan Ang Minahal
Ay Ako; Saging; Luha sa Kinalimutang Lupa; Aba, ba, ba; Boogie; and Tingnan Mo Nga
Naman.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FLORANTE AT LAURA, THE MUSICAL

- The musical Florante at Laura was presented by Tanghalang Pilipino at the CCP
Little Theater (Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino) from July 7 to 24, 1988. This was in
celebration of the 200th birth anniversary of the author Francisco Balagtas-
Baltazar. The musical was selected as the official Philippine entry to the first
ASEAN Theater Festival in August 1988.

- The music and musical arrangements were done by Nonong Buencamino, based on the
book and lyrics of Tony Perez. Directed by Nonong Padilla, the production team
included National Artist Salvador Bernal for set and costume design, Bobby Roces
for lighting design, and Christine Blando for choreography.
- The lead roles were played by BIMBO CERRUDO and RONNIE QUIZON alternating as
FLORANTE (Makata) , JOANNA LORENZANA/ RINA REYES AS LAURA (Musa), Audie Gemora/
Tony Marino as ADOLFO (lalaking Nakaitim) DIO MARCO/ CARLO OROSA as ALADIN
(Estudyante), CELESTES BUENO/ Gina Wilson as FLERIDA(Dalagita), NONIE BUENCAMINO/
JAKE MACAPAGAL as MINANDRO (Pusong Babae) and ARMAND Malig as SULTAN ALI – ADAB
(Matandang Negosyante)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DARAGANG MAGAYON

- The musical play Daragang Magayon is a production for poetry and mixed media for
male and female narrators, female voice, two percussionists, two pianists, and two
dancers. It was first presented at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Loading
Dock in March 1991. It was produced by the CCP Women’s Desk and the Coordinating
Center for Dance to mark Women’s Month based on a poem by Merlinda C. Bobis

- The music was composed by National Artist Ramon P. Santos, with choreography by
Hazel Sabas, set and lighting design by Katsch SJ Catoy, and costume design by
Julie Lluch Dalena. The readers were Dindo Angeles and Dessa Quesada, the vocalist
was Johanna Cabili, while the musicians were Josefino “Chino” Toledo, Verne de la
Peña, Mauricia Borromeo, and Leticia del Valle. It also featured dancers Wendy
Panganiban and Brando Miranda assisted by Ballet Philippines and the New Zealand
Ballet.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NOLI ME TANGERE THE MUSICAL

- The musical play Noli Me Tangere was staged at the CCP Little Theater from
February 1 to 4, 1996 as a production of Tanghalang Pilipino. The creative team
included Ryan Cayabyab as composer and musical director, National Artist Bienvenido
Lumbera as librettist, Edna Vida as choreographer, National Artist Salvador Bernal
as set and costume designer, Masaaki Sano as lighting designer, Gerry Fernandez as
associate lighting designer, and Nonong Padilla as stage director

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EL FILIBUSTERISMO THE MUSICAL

- Theater from August 8 to 10, 1997 as a production of Tanghalang Pilipino. The

creative team was composed of Ryan Cayabyab for music, Jovy Miroy for the libretto,
Edna Vida for the choreography, National Artist Salvador Bernal for the set and
costume design, and Nonong Padilla for stage direction.

- The role of Simoun/Crisostomo Ibarra was alternately played by John Arcilla and
Bernardo Bernardo. Josephine Roces was Maria Clara, Emmy P. Cayabyab and Melani
Mabilangan alternated as Paulita Gomez,
Miguel Vera was Isagani, and Ariel Dayanghirang was Basilio. They were complemented
by a large chorus. The musical play closely follows the Rizal novel, whose major
character Crisostomo Ibarra disguised as Simoun. He returns to Manila from thirteen
years of absence to find his beloved Maria Clara. Another reason is to stage a
revolution to emancipate the country from colonial rule. His plots would fail more
than once. The first attempt fails because of the death of Maria Clara. The second
attempt fails after his bomb plot was foiled during a wedding festivity by his
associates Basilio and Isagani. Simoun would later take shelter in the house of
Padre Florentino after escaping arrest by the authorities for his plots. He commits
suicide there through poisoning. The play ends with Isagani witnessing a religious
procession as Simoun lay dead from his own frustrations and desolation.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MAGSIMULA KA, THE MUSICAL
- The musical play Magsimula Ka by Gines Tan was staged at the CCP Main Theater
from April 7 to 24, 1988. As the winner of the CCP Playwriting Contest in 1983, it
became one of the longest running musicals at the CCP. Later, it underwent a series
of revivals in the ensuing years while
some of its initial lead performers eventually became stars.

- MAGSIMULA KA is the story of young dreamers whose ambitions begin to fade in

life’s realities. They are part of the graduating class filled with hope but end up
compromising their idealism for their own survival. Miguel is a young composer
whose father forces him to forego his music in favor of a business career. Monina
wants to be a social worker to help the less privileged but is discouraged by the
problems that go with the profession. Mandy has a beautiful voice, but
circumstances lead him instead to singing in a cheap beer garden for lack of
support. Mario is a talented scriptwriter whose creativity is directed to writing
“sex advice” columns in a tabloid.

- The play responds to the young peoples’ lingering question of whether there is
hope for them in this cruel world. A major factor in realizing this hope is to
start and uphold one’s talent or ambition despite all odds. These are evident when
they meet a disabled girl whom they befriend and teach
how to overcome her physical and psychological suffering; when the beer garden
hostesses where Mandy sings take pride in themselves; when Miguel’s mother finds
fulfillment in her son’s eventual success; or when Miguel’s younger sister plays a
crucial role in his reconciliation with their father. The three boys – Miguel,
Mandy, and Mario – decide to join a national pop-song competition ‘Philippop’ and
reach the final stage. The finals represent the crucial part of the play where the
songs of equally talented groups are also performed. Here, the cast of veteran
singers form part of the competition. A romance also develops between Miguel and
Monina. The climactic song Magsimula Ka is a fitting theme for the musical and its
contestants in search of fame and fortune.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
English

Oscar Wilde ( 1854 - 1900 )

- Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright. After
writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, the early 1890s saw him become one
of the most popular playwrights in London.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CHARACTER SKETCH

Major Characters

The Happy Prince

- Former ruler who lived happily in palace of Sans-Souci. The palace was
surrounded by lofty walls so that sorrows could not enter. The Happy Prince did
not bother how people in Sans-Souci were living their lives. After his death, his
statue was set up so high that he could see all the ugliness and misery of the
city.

- The Prince is described as exceedingly beautiful with golden skin, sapphires for
eyes, and a ruby on his sword-hilt. Although his external beauty impresses everyone
around him, he sees that beauty as only skin-deep; his true worth lies in his
compassion for his townspeople and his willingness to sacrifice for them.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Swallow

- The little swallow plays a very important role in the story. He acts as the agent
of charity. He carries gold leaves and precious stones to the poor people who need
these things. He does the noble work of rescue and relief.

- Swallow was the bird who worked as a messenger for the statue of Happy Prince.
When the statue donated both of his eyes, swallow stayed with him forever, he
started loving the statue of the Happy Prince.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Minor Characters

The Seamstress & The Little Boy

- The first poor in the story is the seamstress. She is portrayed as a thin and
worn face woman with coarse and red hand. She has a baby and he is lying ill on
the bed. He has a fever, and asking for oranges. His mother has
nothing to give him but river water, so he is crying.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Playwright

- The second poor is a young man whose hair is brown and crisp. His lips are red
as a pomegranate and he has large and dreamy eyes. He is trying to finish a play
for the Director of the Theater, but he is too cold to write anymore. There is no
fire in the grate, and hunger has made him faint.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Little Match - Girl

- The little match-girl is the third poor. She has to give her father money or she
will beat her if she goes home penniless. She has let her matches fall in gutter,
and they are all spoiled. Her father will beat her if she doesn’t bring home some
money, and she is crying. She has no shoes or stockings, and her little head is
bare.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Beautiful Angel

- An angel was signed with the task by the God, to bring two most precious things
in the city. When he brought the leaden heart and the dead swallow, “You have
rightly chosen,” said God. The good deeds of “whomever” and “whatsoever” (Happy
Prince and Swallow) must be paid fairly by God.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PLOT

- The Happy Prince takes place in a nameless European city, in which the Prince
stands at the top of a tall monument from which he can see everything.

- The Happy Prince is guilty to have lived without sorrow, and now watches over the
miseries of his town, powerless to help.

- The climax occurs when the swallow dies, and the heart of the Happy Prince
cracks; both of them have given everything they have to help others. Everything
that happens after that, including the bickering and decisions of the Councillors
and Mayor, can be considered the conclusion of the story.
- The story concludes with the swallow dying at the feet of the Happy Prince. The
Happy Prince is also taken down when the Mayor and the Town Councillors decide that
he is no longer the beautiful statue he once was.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THEME

- Love, compassion and sacrifice are all a part of the themes of Oscar Wilde's 'The
Happy Prince.

- Outward beauty is nothing. It is just a show. The real beauties are love and
sacrifices.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
What does the Happy Prince symbolize?

- The story “Happy Prince” is an allegory which represents the social class system
of the Victorian society. it is about the wealth that the upper class of the
society possessed and the poverty to which the poor people went through.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
IMPLICATION

- The writer wants to tell that the outward beauty does not meant a lot. The real
beauty is in person’s heart which have the deep feelings and the ability to feel
the sorrows and hardships of others just like the Happy Prince that led a happy
life. But after his death and he saw people’s worries he felt them and helped
them as he could do so.

- The lesson we got from the story is that every person is not the same as the
Happy Prince, who, was once lived a very rich and lhappy life. But when he saw
people’s hardships even after his death, he was worried and anxious to help them
at every possible way. And make it possible by the swallow which served as his
agent for his good deeds.

- In this story, we have two very noble characters—the swallow and the statue—who
together helped several poor people in the city quietly, without expecting praise
or acclaim. The statue gives every valuable part that can help someone, even though
it made him look shabby and blind.

- The swallow also risked its life by staying on in the cold weather instead of
flying to warmer places like its friends. Instead, it stays back and helped the
Prince alleviate the suffering of several people in the city. Thus, their actions
make them the most precious things in the city.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Listening

- Listening is the most important communication skill

- We probably spend more time using our Listening Skills than any
other kind of skill

- Like other skills, Listening takes practice

- Real Listening is an active process

- Listening requires attention

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Why Do We Listen ?

- Listening is not plain hearing sounds.

- We listen for various purposes.

- We may listen to gain information and process this information for many other
reasons such as listening to simplify, reorganize, synthesize, evaluate,
expand, review, or update the information that we have gathered

- We listen to simplify information. One of the reasons why you should listen
intently is to use the ideas of the speaker in reports that you will do in school.
In simplifying or summarizing ideas, you need to use your own words; otherwise, you
are just quoting.

- We listen to reorganize information. The most effective ways to reorganize

ideas in the listening text is to take down notes then transforming these
notes into a cluster map which will be of aid to you.

- We listen to synthesize information. To synthesize in listening is to put

together in a concise way the information you have acquired from the current
listening text to the other information you have gathered previously about the
topic. In synthesizing, you will need your skill in reviewing and summarizing
information

- We listen to evaluate information. Asking information about something which is

not clear about what you listened to does not only clarify you to concepts you were
not able to absorb, but it also validates the information you have acquired. By
asking questions, you can evaluate the learning you attain from listening.

- We listen to expand information. Sometimes, after we have established a solid

standpoint on a certain concept, it is very difficult for us to break away from
this perception.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Effective Listening

- Effective Listening is the process of analyzing sounds, organizing them into

recognizable patterns, interpreting the patterns and understanding the message by
inferring the meaning

- Many of the problems we experience with people in our daily lives are primarily
attributable to ineffective listening or lack of listening

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Listening Comes First

The First and the foremost communication skill that we learn in

our lives is nothing but “LISTENING”

LISTENING
SPEAKING
READING
WRITING

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Listening is not Hearing
ACCORDING TO THE ELMHURST COLLEGE LEARNING CENTER:

- Listening and hearing are not the same. Hearing is the first stage of
listening. Hearing occurs when our ears pick up sound waves which
are then transported to our brain. This stage is our sense of hearing.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Listening is a communication process and, to be successful, is an active
process. In other words, we must be an active participant in this
communication process. In active listening, meaning and evaluation of
a message must take place before a listener can respond to a speaker.
Therefore, the listener is actively working while the speaker is talking.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- How can this happen? It is simple. Our thought speed is much faster
than our speech speed. But be careful! Don't allow the thought speed
to race into daydreaming. This habit will defeat our attempt to become
an active listener.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fallacies about Listening

Listening is not my problem!

Listening and hearing are the same
Good readers are good listeners
Smarter people are better listeners
Listening improves with age
Listening skills are difficult to learn

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Objectives of Listening

To learn
To increase one’s understanding
To advise or counsel
To relieve one’s boredom (listening to music)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Research Findings

One quarter of our waking time is spent in listening

Research shows that at the workplace, on an average, personnel spend about:

32.7 percent of their time listening

25.8 percent of their time speaking
22.6 percent of their time writing

* Effective Listening is the most crucial skill for becoming a successful manager.
It requires paying attention, interpreting and remembering sound stimuli.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Importance of Listening

- Communication is not complete without effective listening

- An attentive listener stimulates better speaking by

the speaker
- A good listener learns more than an indifferent
listener

- A good listener can restructure vague speaking in a

way that produces clearer meaning

- A good listener learns to detect prejudices, assumptions and attitudes

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Real Listening

Real listening has three basic steps:

Hearing

- Hearing just means listening enough to catch what the speaker is saying. For
example, say you were listening to a report on zebras, and the speaker mentioned
that no two are alike. If you can repeat the fact, then you have heard what has
been said.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Understanding

- The next part of listening happens when you take what you have heard and
understand it in your own way. Let's go back to that report on zebras. When you
hear that no two are alike, think about what that might mean. You might think,
"Maybe this means that the pattern of stripes is different for each zebra."

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Judging

- After you are sure that you have understood what the speaker has said, think
about whether it makes sense. Do you believe what you have heard? You might think,
"How could the stripes be different for every zebra? But then again, the
fingerprints are different for every person. I think this seems believable."

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Active Listening Process

STEPS:

Hearing

- Hearing is the first essential step in the listening process and relates to the
sensory perception of sound. The listener further processes the perceived sound.
For learning to be effective, hearing needs to be done with attentiveness and
concentration.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Filtering

- The next step involves sensing and filtering of heard sounds. The heard message
is categorized as wanted or unwanted. The unwanted message is discarded. The sense
of judgement of the individual comes into play, that is, the filtering process is
subjective and a person chooses to retain what makes sense to him.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Comprehending
- The listener understands what the speaker has tried to convey. This activity can
be described as absorbing, grasping or assimilating. The listener uses his
knowledge, experience, perception and cognitive power.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Remembering

- The assimilated message is stored in memory to facilitate future recall.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Responding

- Responding to a message takes place at the end of the communication, immediately

after or later, to show that the message is being received and comprehended.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Types of Listening

DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING

– It involves identifying the difference between various sounds. It also enables

one to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar language.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
COMPREHENSION LISTENING

– It involves attaching meaning to what is being listened to. It may also include
comprehending the non verbal messages being conveyed by the speaker.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EVALUATIVE LISTENING

– It involves evaluating and analyzing the message being received. It involves

judging the acceptability of what is said depending on how logical one finds it to
be.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ATTENTIVE LISTENING

– It involves paying attention to the words that are being spoken.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PRETENCE LISTENING

– It involves more hearing than listening. It means pretending through facial

expressions that one is listening when actually one is not.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SELECTIVE LISTENING

– It involves selecting the desired part of the message and ignoring the undesired
part of the message.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
INTUITIVE LISTENING

– It means listening through the intuitive mind by silencing the other forms of
internal dialogues going on simultaneously.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Barriers to Effective listening

Physical Barriers
• Noise
• Poor acoustics
• Defective mechanical devices
• Frequent interruptions
• Uncomfortable seating arrangements
• Uncomfortable environment
• Message overload

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• People – Related Barriers
➢ Physiological Barriers

State of Health

– State of health of the listener and the speaker affects the listening ability.
Fever, pain or any other form of bodily discomfort makes it difficult for a
person to listen or speak comfortably.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Disability

– Hearing deficiencies may lead to poor listening. Similarly, speech disorders of

the speaker may make a speech incoherent to the listener. Speaker’s accent may also
make it difficult for the listener to comprehend.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Wandering attention

– Human mind can process words at the rate of about 500 per minute, whereas a
speaker speaks at the rate of about 150 per minute. The
difference between the two leaves the listener with sufficient time to let his mind
wander.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
➢ Psychological Barriers

Being unsure of the speaker’s ability

– Based on past experience or inputs from sources, the listener may have a
preconceived notion of the speaker’s ability. He may perceive the speaker to not be
well informed, or to be lacking in depth and ability. Hence the listener will not
listen to what the speaker has to say.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Personal anxiety

– Sometimes the listener is preoccupied with personal concerns and anxieties. This
makes it difficult to perceive what is being said by the speaker.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Attitude

– The listener may be highly egocentric with a “know it all attitude” and may not
listen as he feels that he already knows what the listener has to say.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Impatience

– The listener may not have patience to wait for the other person to finish what he
has to say. He may be intolerant or may be eager to add his own points to the
discussion. As a result, his desire to speak overcomes his desire to listen, thus
acting as a barrier.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Emotional blocks

– Our deep seated beliefs in certain ideas may make it difficult for us to listen
to ideas which go against our belief. We may hear such an idea wrongly or it may
get distorted in our mind to match our perception or
we may completely block it off by not listening to it. Many a time, we block
something off completely because of painful memories associated with it.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tips for being a Good Listener

- Give your full attention on the person who is speaking. Don't look out the window
or at what else is going on in the room.

- Make sure your mind is focused. It can be easy to let your mind wander if you
think you know what the person is going to say next, but you might be wrong! If you
feel your mind wandering, change the position of your body and try to concentrate
on the speaker's words.

- Let the speaker finish before you begin to talk. Speakers appreciate having the
chance to say everything they would like to say without being interrupted. When you
interrupt, it looks like you aren't listening, even if you really are.

- Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak! You can't really listen
if you are busy thinking about what you want to say next.

- Listen for main ideas. The main ideas are the most important points the speaker
wants to get across. They may be mentioned at the start or end of a talk, and
repeated a number of times. Pay special attention to statements that begin with
phrases such as "My point is..." or "The thing to remember is..."

- Ask questions. If you are not sure you understood what the speaker has said, just
ask. For example, you might say, "When you said that no two zebras are alike, did
you mean that the stripes are different on each one?"

- Give feedback. Sit up straight and look directly at the speaker. Now and then,
nod to show that you understand. At appropriate points you may also smile, frown,
laugh, or be silent. These are all ways to let the speaker know that you are really
listening. Remember, you listen with your face as well as your ears!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Computer

Sketch Up Tools and Toolbars

Toolbar

- Where we find the various tools and controls to create our 3D runs smoothly. We
have various toolbars in SketchUp. By default, the “Getting Started” bar is
displayed.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To view the Large Tool Set:

- Click the “View” button again in the menu bar

- Choose “Toolbars” from the drop-down menu
- Click the “Large Tool Set” option to place a checkmark next to it.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Large Toolset

Actually consists of 6 different toolbars:

Main Toolbar

- Select tool, Paint Bucket, Create Component and Eraser.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Drawing Toolbar

- Line, Freehand, Rectangle, Circle, Rotated Rectangle, Polygon, Arc, 2 Point Arc,
3 Point Arc, and Pie.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Modification Toolbar

- Move/Copy, Rotate, Scale, Push/Pull, Follow me, and Offset

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Construction Toolbar

- Tape Measure, Dimension, Protractor, Text, Axes, and 3D Text

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Camera Toolbar

- Orbit, Zoom, Zoom Extents, Pan, Zoom Window, and Previous.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Guiding Toolbar

- Position Camera, Walk, Look Around, and Section Plane.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SketchUp

Select tool

- use to select one or more objects in the drawing area.

Shortcut key: Spacebar

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paint Bucket

- use when we want the objects in our drawing area with a color or texture.

Shortcut key: B
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Line

- use to draw line or edges.

Shortcut key: L

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rectangle

- use to draw a square or rectangle.

Shortcut key: R

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Circle

- use to draw circles or ovals.

Shortcut key: C

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Arc

- use to draw arcs from center and 2 points

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3 Point Arc

- use to draw arcs through 3 points on the arc circumference.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Move/Copy

- use to move/copy the objects that reside in the drawing area.

Shortcut key: M

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rotate use to rotate an object.
Shortcut key: Q

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Scale use to change the dimensions of an object.
Shortcut key: S

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tape Measure use to determine the distance between two points, or the size of an
object.
Shortcut key: T

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Protractor use to measure angles, and angular construction lines.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Axes use to move the drawing axes.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Orbit use to rotate the camera around the object.
Shortcut key: O

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Zoom use to zoom in or zoom out on object.
Shortcut key: Z

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Zoom extents tool just enough to zoom in, so that your object fills the whole
screen.
Shortcut Key: Shift + Z

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Position Camera Use the tool at a specific eye height to position the

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Walk use to maneuver the object.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Create Component use to select an object in the drawing area to create a component.
Shortcut key: G

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Eraser use to erase objects or parts of it in our drawing area.
Shortcut key: E

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Freehand use to draw freehand lines.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rotated Rectangle use to draw rectangular faces from 3 corners.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Polygon use to draw a polygon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 Point Arc use to draw arcs from point to point w/ bulge.
Shortcut key: A

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pie use to draw closed arcs from center and 2 points.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Push/Pull use to give more or less volume to an object in the drawing area.
Shortcut key: P

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Follow me use to duplicate the profile of an item along a path.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Offset use to offset selected edges in a plane.
Shortcut key: F

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dimension use to add length information to your item.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Text use to add text to the object.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3D Text use to add text in 3D.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pan use to move the image on horizontal or vertical axis.
Shortcut key: H

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Zoom Window zoom the camera to show everything inside the selected window.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Previous use to return to our previous image.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Look around use to rotate the camera around a point.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Section plane use to insert a new interface.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Setting Preferences to Customize SketchUp Display

Setting preferences to customize your workspace

- In SketchUp, preferences options enable you to customize your workspace.

To access these preferences:

Select Window > Preferences (Microsoft Windows)

SketchUp > Preferences (Mac OS X) from the menu bar. In the sidebar on the left,
select the preference panel that you need.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* SketchUp extensions, also called plug-ins, enable you to add specialized tools
and features to SketchUp.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The point in customizing your workspace is that you can fashion SketchUp to reflect
your specific situation:

Create settings that fit your general work patterns.

Tailor settings for a specific project or workflow.
Adjust settings to patch up computer or performance issues.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Viewing and Customizing Toolbars

Windows

- On Microsoft Windows, you can change which toolbars appear in your SketchUp
workspace by:

Selecting View > Toolbars.

In the Toolbars dialog box that appears, select the checkbox next to any toolbar
you want to see, or deselect the checkbox for any toolbar you don't want to see.
Then click the Close button.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MacOS

- On MacOS, SketchUp has a toolbar at the top as well as several tool palettes. You
can customize what tools appear on the toolbar and choose whether to see the
toolbar and tool palettes.

To customize the toolbar at the top of SketchUp's interface, you can do the
following:

Choose how the icons and text appear.

Context-click the toolbar, and
You can select whether you want to see icons, icons and text, or just text on the
toolbar.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hide or show the toolbar.
If you want more drawing area or just don't use the toolbar:
Select View
Hide Toolbar, and it disappears.
Hide or show the toolbar.

Alternately, context-click the toolbar and select Hide Toolbar. If the toolbar is
hidden and you want to see it again,
Select View
Show Toolbar.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Select what tools appear on the toolbar.
If you only want to see the tools that you use the most or to order tools in a
specific sequence, you'll love this feature.
View
Customize Toolbar or context-click the toolbar and
Select Customize Toolbar from the menu that appears.

You see the dialog box shown in the following figure, which contains all of
SketchUp's tools.
To add a tool, drag it to the toolbar.
To remove a tool, drag it off the toolbar.
To restore the default set, drag it from the bottom of the dialog box to the
toolbar.
You can also drag tools into whatever position you prefer.
When you're finished customizing the toolbar, click Done

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Social Studies

Ang Kasaysayan ng Edukasyon sa Pilipinas

SINAUNANG EDUKASYON NG MGA PILIPNO

1. Walang pormal na edukasyon sa panahong ito.

2. Ang pamilya ang pangunahing instrumento ng pagsasalin ng kaalaman.

3. Nagtuturo ang ama ng mga kaalamang pangkabuhayan tulad ng pagsasaka,

pangingisda, pagpapanday, pagpapalayok, pag-aanluwagi, at pangangaso.

4. Sinasanay din ang mga kabataang lalaki sa larangan ng pakikipaglaban upang

maging mandirigma at maipagtanggol ang kanilang pamayanan sa mga pananalakay.
5. Nagtuturo naman ang ina ng mga gawaing pantahanan, pagtatanim, paghahabi, at
pananahi. Sa loob din ng tahanan nagsisimulang matuto ang mga anak ng kanilang wika
at mga paniniwala.

6. Ang mga gawain at seremonya ng pamayanan ay nagtuturo sa mga kabataan ng mga

kaugalian, tradisyon, at batas na kailangang sundin at isabuhay.

7. Sa pamamagitan din ng pasalitang pamamaraan o transmisyong oral, naibahagi ng

pamayanan sa mga kabataan ang kanilang kasaysayan, tradisyon, kultura at kaasalan.

8. Sa pamamagitan naman ng pag-awit ng mga epikong awiting-bayan ay naikikintal sa

kabataan ang kabayanihan ng mga natatanging kasapi ng kanilang pamayanan.

9. Wala mang naiulat na mga paaralan may sistema ang mga katutubong Pilipino ng
pagbabahagi ng kaalaman sa pagsusulat at pagbabasa.

10. Bihasa ang mga sinaunang Pilipino sa pagsulat at pagbasa sa katutubong alpabeto
na tinatawag na baybayin.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Edukasyon sa ilalim ng mga Espanyol

- Relihiyon ang basehan ng edukasyon noong panahon ng mga Espanyol

- Nakahiwalay ang mga babae at lalaki sa mga paaralan

- Nagkaroon ng pormal na edukasyon sa Pilipinas.

- Itinatag ang mga unang paaralan sa bansa at ang mga paaralang parokyal na
pinatatakbo ng mga paring Katoliko.

- Nagkaroon din ng mga paaralan para sa Primarya, Sekundarya at Kolehiyong

Edukasyon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Paaralang Primarya

- Ito ay paaralang parokya na pinangangasiwaan ng mga kura - paroko. Ang mga

asignaturang itinuturo sa mga paaralang ito ay relihiyon, pagsulat, pagbasa,
pagbilang, musika at paghahanapbuhay. Wikang kastila naman ang ginamit sa pagtuturo
ng mga prayle.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Paaralang Sekundaryang at Pangkolehiyo

- Itinatag ang mga paaralang ito upang maihanda ang mga mag - aaral sa pagpasok sa
mataas na paaralan. Ang mga kasanayang itinuro ay ang banal na Kasulatan, ang
Doctrina Kristiyana, Etika, Heograpiya, mga Balrailang Kastila at Latin,
Matematika, Pilosopiya, Lohika, Retorika at Panulaan. kastila ang ginagamit na
wikang panturo. Mga misyonerong pari ang mga guro sa paaralang ito.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA GURO

MGA PRAYLE

- Sila ang mga naging unang guro noong sinakop ang Pilipinas ng mga Espanyol.
- Itinuro nila ang Kristiyanismo, pagbabasa, pagsusulat, at pagbibilang.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AGUSTINO

- Mga unang dumating sa Pilipinas

- Mga unang nagpatayo ng mga paaralan pagdating sa Cebu noong 1565

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PRANSISKANO

- Ikalawang dumating sa Pilipinas

- Nagturo kung papano magsulat at magbasa ng Espanyol
- Nagbigay din ng mga paraang industriyal at agrikultural

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
HESWITA

- Ikatlong dumating sa Pilipinas

- Nakatuon ang pagtuturo sa mga kabataan
- Ipinaalis sa Pilipinas dahil sa utos ng Santo Papa at ng hari ng Espanya

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DOMINIKANO

- Ika-apat na dumating sa Pilipinas

- Tulad ng mga Heswita, nakatuon ang kanilang pagtuturo sa mga kabataan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Itinuturo din ang iba’t ibang trabaho at kabuhayan.

* Maliban sa kolehiyo nagkaroon din ng mga seminaryo para sa mga katutubong nais
maging pari.

* Nagkaroon din ng Edukasyong Bokasyonal upang sanayin sa paglinang ng mga

kakayahan patungkol sa mga praktikal na gawain at trabaho tulad ng agrikultura,
gawaing pantahanan, kalakalan at iba pang kasanayan.

* Ginamit din ang wikang kastila sa pagtuturo.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ang mga paaralang sekundaryang itinatag ay ang mga sumusunod:

1. Kolehiyo ng San Ignacio

- itinatag ng mga paring Heswitang prayle noong 1589 sa Maynila na ngayon ay kilala
bilang Ateneo de Manila;

2. Kolehiyo ng San Ildefeonso

- itinatag ng mga Heswita sa Cebu, na ngayon ay ang San Carlos University

3. Kolehiyo ng San Jose

- itinatag pa rin ng mga heswita noong 1601;

4. Kolehiyo ng Santo Rosario

- itinatag noong 1611 ng mga misyoneryong Dominikano na naging Kolehiyo ng Santo

Tomas noong taong 1655.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MGA ILAN SA MGA PAARALANG ITINATAG

ATENEO DE MANILA (1589)

SANTO TOMAS UNIVERSITY (1611)
UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS (1519)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Panahong Amerikano

SISTEMA NG PAGTUTURO

Tatlong pangunahing layunin ng edukasyon noong panahon ng Amerikano:

1. Pagpapalaganap ng demokrasya
2. Pagtuturo ng wikang Ingles
3. Pagpapakalat ng kulturang Amerikano

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mayo 1898

- Itinatag sa Corregidor ang unang Amerikanong paaralan matapos ang labanan sa

Maynila.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Agosto 1898

- Pitong paaralan ang binuksan sa Maynila sa ilalim ng pamamahala ni Fr. William

McKinnon

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1898

- itinalaga si Lt. George P. Anderson bilang unang superintendent ng mga paaralan

sa Maynila

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1903

- Itinatag ang Bureau of Education at si Dr. David Barrows ang unang direktor.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Ipinakilala ang Sistema ng pampublikong paaralan.

* Ang mga matatalinong mag-aaral ay ipinadadala sa Estados Unidos upang makapag-

aral ng libre. Tinawag sila bilang mga Pensyonado (iskolar).

* Sa lahat ng paaralan, ang mga mag-aaral ay tumatanggap ng libreng aklat,

kuwaderno, lapis.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TAWAG SA MGA GURO NOONG PANAHON NG AMERIKANO

Thomasites

- Ang tawag sa mga guro noong panahon ng Amerikano.

- Ang mga naging unang guro na ipinadala ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas.

- Sila ay dumating noong Agosto 23, 1901 sakay ng barkong S.S. Thomas.

- 600 ang mga Thomasites na dumating at nagsilbing guro ng mga Pilipino.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PAARALANG NAIPATAYO

Philippine Normal School (1901)

Siliman University (1901)
Centro Escolar University (1917)
University of the Philippines (1908)
University of Manila (1914)
Philippine Women’s University (1919)
Far Eastern University (1919)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Maraming mga pampublikong paaralan ang naipatayo dahilan upang maraming mga
Pilipino ang nakapag - aral.

* Ingles ang ginamit na panturo sa mga paaralan at bingyang - diin ang kulturang
Amerikano sa mga leksyon.

* Maraming paaralang normal ang naipatayo na siyang nagsanay sa mga nais maging
guro sa buong bansa.

* Naitatag ang Kagawaran ng Pagtuturong Pampubliko o Department of Public

Instruction noong 1901

* Sibika ang naging pokus ng pagtuturo sa mga paaralan at binigyang - diin ang
demokratikong pamumuhay at hindi ang relihiyon

* Maraming mga ubibesrsidad, pampubliko at pribado ang naitatag sa bansa

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Edukasyon noong panahon ng mga Hapon

Sistema ng edukasyon:

- Palaganapin ang kulturang Pilipino.

- Nagsimula rin ang tinatawag na “Corporal punishment” sa mga bata

- Binigyang diin at itinaguyod ang pagpapahalaga sa paggawa.

- Wikang Nippongo ang ginamit na wika sa pagtuturo sa mga paaralan.

- Itinaguyod ang mga kursong bokasyonal at pang-elementarya.

- Pagtuturo sa implementasyon ng Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

- Pinahalagahan din ang pagpapaunlad sa agrikultura, pangingisda, medisina, at

inhenyera.

- Ipinatanggal ng mga hapon ang mga pahina sa libro na nagpapahiwatig ng mga

kulturang kanluranin upang ito ay hindi na mapagaralan o mabasa ng mga pilipino.

- Ang sentro ng mga layunin ng edukasyon ay ang paghubog sa moral na karakter ng

bawat tao, pagpapahalaga sa sariling pagsisikap, at pakikiisa sa Hapon.

- Hindi na nag-aral ng salitang ingles ang mga Pilipino dahil ito ay mahigpit nang
ipinagbawal ng mga Hapon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Guro sa panahon ng Hapon:

- Mga kapwa Pilipino rin ang nagtuturo sa mga paaralan noong panahon ng mga Hapon,
sila ay sapilitang pinagtuturo ng wikang niponggo dahil iyon ang nais ng mga hapon.

- Nanatili ang pagtuturo ng wikang pilipino sa panahon ng mga hapon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Edukasyon sa Kasalukuyang Panahon

- Ipinakilala ang “K-12 Program” bilang bagong Curriculum sa pag-aaral.

- Mas dumami ang mga kursong pagpipilian sa kolehiyo.

- Nagkaroon ng mas maraming scholarship program upang makapag-aral ang lahat.

- Ginamit ang wikang Ingles at Filipino sa pagtuturo.

- Hinati sa tatlo ang pangangasiwa ng Edukasyon sa bansa. Ang Kagawaran ng

Edukasyon na namamahala sa edukasyon ng elementarya at sekondarya, Commission on
higher Education na nangangasiwa naman sa edukasyon sa kolehiyo, at ang Technical
Education Skills Development Authority na namamahala sa pagbibigay ng mga kursong
bokasyonal.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Ang patakaran ng ating pamahalaan na makapagbigay ng mga serbisyong makatutugon
sa mga pangangailangan sa edukasyon ng mga mamamayan ay nakasaad sa 1987 Saligang
Batas ng Republika ng Pilipinas, Artikulo XIV – Edukasyon:

Seksyon 1. Dapat pangalagaan at itaguyod ng Estado ang karapatan ng lahat ng mga

mamamayan sa mahusay na edukasyon sa lahat ng antas at dapat magsagawa ng angkop na
mga hakbang upang matamo ng lahat ang gayong edukasyon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Seksyon 2. Ang Estado ay dapat:

(1) Magtatag, magpanatili, at magtustos ng isang kompleto, sapat, at pinag-isang

Sistema ng edukasyong naaangkop sa mga pangangailangan ng sambayanan at lipunan.

(2) Magtatag at magpanatili ng isang sistema ng libreng pambayang edukasyon sa

elementarya at mataas na paaralan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Seksyon 3.

(1) Dapat maging bahagi ng kultura ang pag-aaral ng konstitusyon sa lahat ng mga
institusyong pang-edukasyon.

(2) Dapat nilang ikintal ang pagkamakabayan at nasyonalismo, ihasik ang pag-ibig sa
sangkatauhan, paggalang sa mga karapatang pantao, pagpapahalaga sa gampanin ng mga
pambansang bayani sa historical na pagpapaunlad ng bansa, ituro ang mga karapatan
at mga tungkulin ng pagkamamamayan, patatagin ang mga pagpapahalagang etikal at
espiritwal, linangin ang karakter na moral at disiplinang pansarili, pasiglahin ang
kaisipang mapanuri at malikhain, palawakin ang kaalamang pang-agham at
teknolohikal, at itaguyod ang kahusayang bokasyonal..

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Department of Education o Kagawaran ng Edukasyon ( DepED)

- Ito ay ang ahensya ng sangay ng ehekutibo ng pamahalaan na siyang nangangalaga at

namamahala sa sistema ng edukasyon sa Pilipinas.

- Binubuo nito ang mga patakarang sinusunod ng mababa at mataas na paaralan.

* DECS - Department of Education, Culture, & Sports

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Commsion on Higher Education

- Ang Ahensyang ito ang namamahala sa Sistema ng edukasyon sa mga kolehiyo at

unibersidad.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Techinical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)

- Ito ang nangangasiwa ng mga polisiya sa edukasyong bokasyonal.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ang Sistema ng Edukasyon sa Bansa

- Ang Philippine Education for All 2015 Plan ay nilikha upang mapabuti ang Sistema
ng ating edukasyon.

- Kinikilala ng programang ito ang karapatan ng bawat bata at matanda na magkaroon

ng sapat na edukasyon upang matugunan ang Basic Learning Needs (BLN’s) kabilang na
ang kabuuang paglinang ng kaniyang personalidad.

- Para mapagbuti ang sistema ng edukasyon sa bansa, ang dating 10 taong Basic
Education (anim na taon sa elementarya at apat na taon sa sekundarya) na ipinatupad
mula noong 1945 hanggang 2011 ay pinalitan.

- Noong 2012, ipinatupad at pinamahalaan ng DepEd ang Kinder to Grade 12 Program o

K to 12 Program sa bansa.

- Naging 13 taon na ang basic education bago pumasok sa kolehiyo ang mag-aaral.
Isang taon sa kindergarten at inaasahang sa lebel na ito ang bata ay marunong ng
magbasa at magsulat, anim na taon sa elementarya, apat na taon sa junior high
school, at dalawang taon sa senior high school.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* BEC - Basic Education Curriculum ( 10 yrs ) - Sibika
* RBEC - Revised Basic Education Curriculum ( 10 yrs ) - Hecasy / Makabayan
* 2012 - K12 Program ( 13 yrs )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Isyu sa Sistema ng Edukasyon

1. Mababang kalidad ng edukasyon

2. Kakulangan ng mga tamang bilang at kwalipikado o mahuhusay na guro
3. Mababang sahod ng mga guro
4. Mababang kakayahan na mabayaran o affordability
5. Maliit ang budget ng pamahalaan para sa edukasyon
6. Kakulangan sa mga paaralan.
7. Kakulangan ng mga aklat at kagamitan sa paaralan.
8. Kakulangan sa bilang ng mga guro.
9. Paghinto sa pag-aaral o drop-out ng mga mag-aaral sa paaralan.

* Dahilan ng paghinto sa pag-aaral ng mga mag-aaral:

Walang panustos sa pag-aaral
Malayo ang paaralan
Walang guro sa paaralan

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ILANG PROGRAMA SA PAGLUTAS NG SULIRANIN SA EDUKASYON

Pagbabago sa kurikulum

– pinairal ang K-12 basic education program. Kung saan naging compulsory ang pag-
aaral sa kinder at inaasahang ang bata ay marunong ng bumasa at sumulat sa lebel na
ito.

* Pagsasakatuparan ng edukasyon para sa lahat o Education for All.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pagtataguyod ng cyber education project

– paggamit ng teknolohiyang satellite na nag-uugnay sa lahat ng opisina ng

deped.gumagamit ito ng hi-technology multimedia sa pagtuturo.

* Pagtataguyod ng programang Government Assistance to students and teachers in

private education (GASTPE)

* Pagbibigay ng computer access sa mga pampublikong mataas na paaralan sa buong

bansa

* Pagkamit ng 1:1 textbook to pupil ratio (TxPR)

* Pagtataguyod sa kagalingan sa edukasyon sa formative years sa pamamagitan ng

early childhood education at preschool programs.

* Pagkakaloob ng pautang at scholarship sa mahihirap ngunit magagaling na mag-

aaral.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Pamamaraan sa Pagpapataas ng Kalidad ng Edukasyon

Pagpapatupad ng Voucher Program

- Ito ay tulong pinansyal ng pamahalaan sa mga mag-aaral na nakatapos ng baitang 10

mula sa pampubliko at pribadong paaralan upang makapag-aral ng senior high school
sa mga pribadong high school at kolehiyo.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Special Program for the Employment of Students (SPES)

- Programa ng DEPED na mabigyan ng trabaho ang mga mag-aaral habang sila ay

bakasyon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Abot-Alam Program
- Programa para sa mga Out of School Youth na mabigyan sila ng pagkakataon na
makapag-aral at matulungan ang mga kabataan na maging produktibo at makapagtrabaho.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Alternative Learning System Program (ALS)

- Naglalayong matulungan ang mga hindi nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral katulad ng mga Out
of School Youth, Katutubo, may-kapansanan, dating bilanggo at mga dating rebelled
na magpatuloy muli ng pag-aaral.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Livelihood Program

- Programa na ang layunin ay bigyan ng kasanayan sa gawaing pangkabuhayan ang mga

taong may kapansanan, Out of school youth at urban poor.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paglutas ng Iba pang Suliranin sa Edukasyon

1. Pagtatayo ng mga gusali at silid-aralan

2. Pagdaragdag ng bilang ng mga guro
3. Libreng pag-aaral sa mga matatalino at may kapansanang mga mag-aaral.
4. Pagtataas ng sahod ng mga guro: may panukalang batas na inihain sa Kongreso na
itaas ito sa 36,000.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mga Paraan upang Makatulong sa Suliranin sa Edukasyon

1. Adopt-a-School Program
2. Pagtulong sa pagpapagawa ng mga impraestruktura, pagbibigay ng mga kagamitan,
Muebles, at ari-arian.
3. Suporta sa Pag-aaral (Learning Support)
4. Pagbigay tulong para sa kalusugan at nutrisyon
5. Reading Program
6. Suporta sa Teknolohiya (Technological Support)
7. Direktang Tulong (Direct Assistance)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8. Pagbibigay Pagsasanay

- Programa at pagsasanay sa mga guro upang lubos na matulungan sa pagtamo ng

makabago at epektibong pagtuturo.

- Kaugnay nito ipinatupad noong July 1, 2017 ang Republic Act 10912 o Continuing
Professional Development (CPD) Act na ipinanukala ni Sen. Antonio Trillanes.

- Ipinapanukala ng batas na ito na ang lahat ng mga Licensed Professionals bago

makapagrenew ng lisensya ay dapat magkaroon muna ng 45 CPD units na kanilang
makukuha sa pagdalo sa mga seminars na may kaugnayan sa kanilang propesyon.

- Ngunit dahil sa dami ng reklamo tungkol sa pagkakaroon ng 45 CPD Units bago

makapag-renew ng PRC ID. Ang requirements sa pagkuha ng CPD Units ay ibinaba sa 15
CPD Units na lamang noong March 1, 2019.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Filipino

Jose P. Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda
El Filibusterismo

- Nangangahulugang - Ang Paghahari ng Kasakiman

- Buong pusong inialay ni Rizal sa tatlong paring martir na lalong kilala sa bansag
na Gomburza
- Binubuo ng ito ng 39 na kabanata
- Sinasalamin ng nobelang El Filibusterismo ang mas malalim na pagtingin ni Rizal
sa kalagayang sosyo-politikal ng bansa noong panahong nailabas ito.
- Inihandog niya ito sa tatlong paring martir na GOMBURZA o sina Padre Mariano
Gomez ( 1799-1872 ), Padre Jose Burgos ( 1837-1872 ), at Padre Jacinto.
- Zamora ( 1835- 1872 ).
- Isa ang nobelang ito sa ginamit ng mga Espanyol sa paghatol ng parusang
kamatayan kay Rizal
( Derbyshire, 1912 )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Sa tekstong El Filibusterismo na isinalin ni Virgilio S. Almario ( 1998 ),
inilahad niyang nasa Brussels si Dr. Rizal nang planuhin nitong simulan ang
karugtong ng naunang nobela na Noli Me Tangere. Nasimulan nito ang burador ng
nobela nang bumalik ito sa Calamba , Laguna noong 1887.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Noong nasa London, England si Dr. Rizal, 1890, nakarating sa kanya sa pamamagitan
ng sulat ang hinaing ng mga kababayan at ang nangyaring paglusob sa Calamba. Ito
ang nagtulak sa kaniya upang isakatuparan ang ilang pagbabago sa banghay at/ o
kaisipan ng nobela. Mas naging maalab at kakila-kilabot ang nobela na humihiling ng
madugong rebolusyon ( Casanova, at. Al., 2001 ).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Ipinagpatuloy niya ang pagsusulat sa Ghent, Belgium mula sa pananatili sa Madrid,
Spain. Sa kabila ng mga paglalakbay at pagsusulat ng iba pang artikulo, nagawang
matapos ni Dr. Rizal ang El Filibusterismo noong Marso 29, 1891. Nakahanap siya ng
murang palimbagan sa Ghent at naipasok ang manuskrito ng nobela bandang Mayo 1891.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Naantala ang pagpapalimbag ng nobela noong Agosto 6, 1891 kahit nasa pahina 112
pa lamang dahil sa pinansiyal na kakapusan. Mabuti na lamang at nagpaabot ng
pinansiyal na nagkakahalaga ng P150 ang kaniyang kakilalang Pilipino na si Valentin
Ventura upang maituloy ang pagpapalimbag. Natapos ang pag-imprenta ng El
Filibusterismo noong Setyembre 18, 1891 ( Almario, 1998 ).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Nakarating ang nobela sa Hong Kong at Pilipinas ngunit kinumpiska ng mga Espanyol
bunsod ng paglalantad ng kanilang mga maling gawain.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Gayon man, may ilang Pilipinong nakabasa sa nobela kabilang na si Andres
Bonifacio na nag-udyok sa kaniyang itatag ang Katipunan. Lalong sumidhi ang
pagmamalasakit at pagmamahal ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa bayan nang matapos niya ang
nobela. Nagkaroon siya ng pagnanais na bumalik sa sariling bayan sa kabila ng
panganib at kamatayang maaaring maghintay sa kanya ( Casanova, et., al., 2001 ).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Katulad ng kanyang naunang nobela na Noli Me Tangere , itinuturing din ng mga
Espanyol na subersibo ang El Filibusterismo, partikular na ng mga prayle. Kaya
naman, dinakip si Dr. Rizal nang umuwi siya sa Pilipinas at ipinatapon sa Dapitan
noong Hulyo 15, 1892.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Hinatulan ng parusang kamatayan si Dr. Rizal at binitay noong Disyembre 30, 1896.
Bagaman higit isang siglo na ang nakalipas nang mailimbag ang Noli Me Tangere at El
Filibusterismo, patuloy pa ring dinadakila ang mga nobelang ito sa kasalukuyan at
nagsisilbing huwaran sa paglikha ng mga politikal na sulatin.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Ang El Filibusterismo ay isang sikwel o pagpapatuloy ng Noli Me Tangere. Naganap
ito labintatlong taon matapos ang mga pangyayari sa sinundang nobela. Matutunghayan
ditto ang pagpapatuloy ng buhay ng mga dating tauhan gaya nina Crisostomo Ibarra
( na nagpapakilala ngayong si Simoun), Maria Clara, Basilio, Padre Salvi, Donya
Victorina, at asawa nitong si Don Tiburcio, Padre Sibyla, Kapitan Tiago, at iba pa.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Ipinakikilala rin ang mga bagong tauhan. Sa pagbubukas ng nobela, inilalatag ang
mga bagong isyung panlipunan na sa pagsusuri ay masasabing nararanasan pa rin ng
bansa sa ngayon. Higit na madilim , mababakas sa ikalawang nobela ni Rizal ang poot
at paghihiganti, kaiba sa naunang nobela na may himig ng pag-ibig at pag-asa.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TANDAAN:

1. Ang Noli Me Tangere ay inialay ni Rizal sa Inang Bayan samantalang ang El

Filibusterismo ay sa Tatlong paring Martir o sa GOMBURZA. Ang Noli ay nobelang
panlipunan, tumatalakay sa pamumuhay, pag-uugali, at mga sakit ng mga mamamayan
noon. Ang El Fili ay nobelang pampulitika na pumapaksa sa pamamahala ng Kastila
( sibil at simbahan ).

2. Si Rizal ay isa sa mga masugid na tagahanga ni Padre Burgos at ayon sa sabi ay

nagkaroon ng pagkakataon si Paciano ( kapatid ng bayani ) na mapaglingkuran ang
pari bilang sakristan.

3. Bago bitayin sina P. Burgos, Gomez, at Zamora, ang mga Pilipino, sa kanilang
paghahanap ng pagbabago at kabutihan mula sa pamahalaan ay makapook lamang
( regional ). Nang maghimagsik sina Dagohoy, Bohol lamang ang inihanap niya ng
paglaya; si Diego Silang ay Ilokos lamang;

4. si Palaris, Pangasinan lamang; si Maniego, Kapampangan lamang, at iba pa.

Nguni’t nang bitayin ang GOMBURZA, naging pambansa na ang paningin ng mga Pilipino
ukol sa paglaya. Masasabi, samakatuwid, na ang pagbitay sa tatlong pari ay siyang
nagbinhi ng diwang makabansa sa mga Pilipino.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Nakalagak sa Filipiniana Division ng National Library sa Maynila.

* Napasakamay mula kay Ventura sa halagang 10,000

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Habang isinusulat ni Rizal ang El Filibusterismo ay nakakaranas siya ng mga
isyung personal at panlipunan

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Panlipunan

Suliranin sa lupa ang mga magsasaka ng Calamba

Abuso sa kababaihan
Paghahamak sa kalalakihan
Pagpatay sa mga lumalaban sa pamahalaan

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Personal

Pagmamatyag at pag-iisip ng masama kay Rizal ng mga arsobispo at punong

panlalawigan
Kakulangan sa salapi
Pagpapakasal ng kanyang kasintahan kay Charles Kipping
Panggigipit at pagpaparusa sa kanyang pamilya

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ANG HIMAGSIK NG EL FILIBUSTERISMO

- Malinaw nitong tinatalakay ang mga problema sa sistema ng pamahalaan ,

lupa,usaping panlipunan at panrelihiyon , at maging pang-edukasyon

- Higit itong binalangkas ni Rizal kung ikukumpara sa Noli Me Tangere dahil ito ay
may masidhing poot , paghihiganti at paghihimagsik

- Ito ang nagmulat sa mata ng bulag , binulag at nagbubulagbulagan.

- Nagsilbing lagda ng kamatayan ni Rizal , iyon ang pangalan ng kanyang kabayanihan

– isang walang kondisyong pag-ibig sa bayan

- Si Rizal ay binaril sa Bagumbayan, noong ika-30 ng Disyembre, 1896 sa gulang na

35 taon.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Science

Electricity and Magnetism

Lesson 1: Electricity

- Electricity is an essential part of nature, and it is one of our most widely used
forms of energy. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or
non-renewable (e.g. if through oil, coal, or gasoline = non-renewable; if from
solar, wind, or geothermal = renewable).

- Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of
mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity
generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was
cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by
wood-burning or coal-burning stoves.

- Electricity is associated with either stationary or moving electric charges. The

electric charge could be a simple particle like an electron which has negative
charge, a proton which has positive charge and an ion which has imbalance of
positive and negative charge.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Two Kinds of Electricity

1. Static Electricity

- is the results from an imbalance of electrons between objects. It is called

"static" because the displaced electrons remain stationary after being moved from
one insulating material to another.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Thales of Miletus
- discovered that rubbing fur on amber (fossilized tree resin) caused an attraction
between the two – and so what the Greeks found was static electricity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Electric Current

- is the flow of electrical power or electrons through a conductive material

like metal wire and it is measured in amperes (A). Voltage is the “outside
force” that causes electrons to move. Voltage is potential energy. Potential
energy has the ability to perform work.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
How to Transfer Electric Charge

1. Charging by rubbing (direct contact)

- When two materials are rubbed against each other, electrons are transferred from
one to another. One loses an electron while the other gains an electron (charged
particle).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The transfer of electrons depends on the type of material:

A. conductors
– allow the flow of electrons. Ex. metals

B. insulators
– do not allow the flow of electrons. Ex. rubber, plastic, paper, glass, air

C. semiconductors
– have a greater electrical conductivity than insulators but less than good
conductor.
Ex. silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called
"metalloid staircase" on the periodic table.

D. superconductor
– no resistance to the flow of charges at very low temperatures. Ex. ceramic Copper
(II) oxide

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Charging by attraction or induction (electric field)

- the movement of electrons to one part of an object by the electric field of

another object. This happens without directly touching another charged object

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Coulomb's Law

According to Coulomb, the electric force for charges at rest has the following
properties:

1. Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative
charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge.

2. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the two charges.

3. The size of the force varies inversely as the square of the distance between the
two charges. Therefore, if the distance between the two charges is doubled, the
attraction or repulsion becomes weaker, decreasing to one-fourth of the original
value. If the charges come 10 times closer, the size of the force increases by a
factor of 100.

4. The size of the force is proportional to the value of each charge. The unit used
to measure charge is the coulomb (C). If there were two positive charges, one of
0.1 coulomb and the second of 0.2 coulomb, they would repel each other with a force
that depends on the product 0.2 × 0.1. Thus, if each of the charges were reduced by
one-half, the repulsion would be reduced to one-quarter of its former value.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Electric Field Line

- Electric field lines are an excellent way of visualizing electric fields. They
were first introduced by Michael Faraday himself. A field line is drawn tangential
to the net charge at a point. Thus, at any point, the tangent to
the electric field line matches the direction of the electric field at that point.
Secondly, the relative density of field lines around a point corresponds to the
relative strength (magnitude) of the electric field at that point. In other words,
if you see more electric field lines (Figure 6) in the vicinity of point A as
compared to point B, then the electric field is stronger at point A.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Scientists And Their Contributions

Benjamin Franklin

- Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in
Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. Franklin
discovered positive and negative electric charges by conducting experiments with
electricity using the Leyden Jar. He proved his theory by performing his kite
experiment during a storm. His discovery of positive and negative electric charges
led to the invention of batteries by Alessandro Volta and the electric motor.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Thomas Edison

- helped change everyone's life. He perfected his invention, the electric light
bulb. Prior to 1879, direct current (D.C.) electricity had been used in arc
lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Nikola Tesla

- pioneered the generation, transmission, and application of electric power. He

invented the first alternating current (A.C.) motor and developed A.C. generation
and transmission technology, which can be transmitted over greater distances than
direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our
homes and industrial power machines.

- Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely think
about what life would be like without electricity. Yet like air and water,
we tend to take electricity for granted. Every day, we use electricity to
do many jobs for us -- from lighting and heating/cooling our homes, to
powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and
convenient form of energy used in heat, light, and power applications.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Uses of Electricity in Modern Life
Electricity is an essential part of modern life, and it helps us in many different
ways. In the modern era, we are nothing without electricity. The major areas where
we use electricity include:

1. Home Uses
2. Safety in the Community
3. Medical Uses
4. Agricultural Productivity
5. Social Interaction
6. Industrial Growth
7. Commercial sector
8. Transportation and Entertainment

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 2: Magnetism

- Magnetism is a force, like gravity, and the strong and weak forces inside the
nucleus of an atom. Magnetic forces pull and push objects by generating the so-
called magnetic field.

- Like electricity, magnetism produces attraction and repulsion between objects.

Any magnetic particle or object has a north and south pole with the directions
based on the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Properties of Magnets

1. Magnets can attract magnetic materials.

Classification of Magnetic Materials

Ferromagnetism

- gets its name from the word ‘ferrous,’ which means iron which was the first metal
known to show attractive properties to magnetic fields.

- a unique magnetic behavior exhibited by certain materials such as iron, cobalt,

alloys, etc.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ferromagnetic materials

- are a particular group of substances that tend to manifest or display strong

magnetism in the direction of the field due to the application of a magnetic field.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Uses of Ferromagnetic Materials

- There are wide applications of ferromagnetic materials in the

industry. Ferromagnetism is used in electric motors, generators, transformers,
telephones, loudspeakers, magnetic stripes at the back of credit cards.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Paramagnetism

- is a property of relatively few materials that are slightly attracted to an

applied magnetic field.
- include oxygen, titanium, aluminum, transition metal complexes, etc.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Diamagnetism

- a very weak form of magnetism induced by a change in the orbital motion of

electrons due to an applied magnetic field. In simple terms, diamagnetic materials
are substances that are usually repelled
by a magnetic field.

Diamagnetic materials

- are copper, zinc, bismuth, silver, gold, antimony, marble, water, glass, NaCl,
etc.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Like (N to N and S to S) poles repel and unlike (N to S) poles attract each
other.
3. When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align in one direction.
4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Magnetic Field Lines

- A permanent magnet, such as the bar, has a magnetic field surrounding it. You can
visualize the magnetic field consisting of lines of force, or flux lines, that
radiate from the north pole (N) to the south pole (S) and back to the north pole
through the magnetic material.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Attraction and Repulsion of Magnetic Poles

- When poles of two permanent magnets are placed close together, the magnetic
fields produce an attractive force. When two like poles are brought close together,
they repel each other.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Magnetic Flux (Φ)

- The group of force lines going from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet
is called the magnetic flux, symbolized by Φ (the Greek letter phi). The number of
lines of force in a magnetic field determines the value
of the flux. The more lines of force, the greater the flux and the stronger the
magnetic field. Magnetic flux is expressed using the SI unit weber (Wb), Tesla-
meter2 (T٠m), or volts-second (V٠s).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 1: Electromagnetism

- Electromagnetism shows the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Electricity and magnetism were never thought of as being related to each other for
many years. However, a Danish physicist, chemist, and philosopher, Hans Christian
Oersted (1777-1851) made an interesting
observation in 1820, which prompted others to start looking into the relationship
between electricity and magnetism.

- Oersted observed that when a compass was brought near a current-carrying wire,
the compass needle did not point to the north but got deflected to another
direction. Furthermore, when the flow of current was disconnected, it no longer
affected the compass, and its needle now turned to the north. Oersted concluded
then that the point of compass needle would follow a magnet.
- This led him to think that when an electric current flowed through the wire, the
wire acted as a magnet, and electricity could somehow produce magnetism. Oersted’s
discovery paved the way for the invention of new
gadgets using the principles of electromagnetism.

- is the production of a magnetic field by the current in a conductor. Many types

of devices such as tape recorders, electric motors, speakers, solenoids, and relays
are based on electromagnetism.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Electromagnetic Field

- Current produces a magnetic field, called an electromagnetic field, around a

conductor. The invisible lines of force of the magnetic field form a concentric
circular pattern around the conductor and are continuous along its length. Unlike
the bar magnet, the magnetic field surrounding a wire does not have a north or
south pole.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Right - Hand Rule

- To identify the direction of the induced current in the loop, you may use the
right-hand rule. Curl the fingers of your right hand except for the thumb around a
current-carrying wire. Your thumb should be pointing in the
direction of the current. The other fingers will point to the path where the
magnetic field is going.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lesson 2: Electromagnetic Induction and Its Application

- When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, a voltage is produced across

the conductor. This principle is known as electromagnetic
induction and the resulting voltage is an induced voltage. The principle of
electromagnetic induction is what makes transformers, electrical generators, and
many other devices possible.

- The work of Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry, and Heinrich Friedrich Lenz made
possible the process of electromagnetic induction, or the process of inducing
current by moving a magnetic field through a wire coil. As the wire coil moves
through the magnetic field, it induces an electric current. (Voltage is always
induced. Current is induced only if the circuit is closed.) The direction of the
wire coil’s motion affects the direction of the electric current.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
These are some important concepts to understand electromagnetic induction:

1. It occurs any time a motion takes place between the wire and the magnetic field.

2. The results are the same when the wire moves, when the magnetic field moves, or
when both move.

3. The speed of the motion affects the strength of the electric current; that is, a
weak current is produced when the movement of the wire or the magnetic field is
slow, and a strong current is produced when the movement is fast.

4. The number of loops in the wire affects the strength of the voltage; that is, a
larger number of loops means a stronger voltage induced.
5. Any changing magnetic field will induce a current.

Note: The magnetic force exerted on the current-carrying conductor will depend on
the magnitude of the electric current in the wire, the length of the wire, the
magnitude of the external magnetic field, and the angle
between the length of the wire and the magnetic field

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Faraday's Law

- Michael Faraday discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction in 1831. He

found that moving a magnet through a coil of wire induced a voltage across the coil
and that when a complete path was provided, the
induced voltage caused an induced current, as you have learned. Faraday's two
observations are stated as follows:

1. The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of

change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil.

2. The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the number

of turns of wire in the coil.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lenz's Law

- Lenz's law defines the polarity or direction of the induced voltage. When the
current through a coil changes, an induced voltage is created as a result of the
changing electromagnetic field. Thus, the direction of the induced voltage is such
that it always opposes the change in current.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Application of Electromagnetism

Motor

- Is a device that is used to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy.

- Motor works through the principle of electromagnetism. If the electricity run

through the wire, it creates a magnetic field. If the wire is coiled around the rod
and the electricity runs through the wire, a magnetic field is created around the
rod. One end of the rod will have a north magnetic pole and the other will have a
south pole. Opposite poles attract one another, while like poles repel. When you
surround that rod with other magnets, the rod will rotate from the attractive and
repulsive forces.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Parts of Motor

1. Rotor

- is also known as armature. It is a cylinder of magnetic laminations that are

insulated from one another. The armature is perpendicular to the
axis of the cylinder. It is the rotating part that rotates on its axis and is
separated from the field coil by an air gap.

2. Stator

- is a non-moving part on which winding is wound to produce a magnetic field. The

electromagnet has a cylindrical cavity between its poles. Stator is also known as
field coil.

3. Commutator

- is a cylindrical structure that is made of copper segments stacked together but

insulated from each other using mica (silicate mineral). The primary function of a
commutator is to supply electrical current to the armature winding.

4. Brushes

- are made with graphite and carbon structure. These brushes conduct electric
current from the external circuit to the rotating commutator.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* When the motor is powered by DC current, a magnetic field is created within the
stator, attracting, and repelling the magnets on the rotor. This causes the rotor
to start rotating. To keep the rotor rotating, the motor has a commutator. When the
rotor aligns with the magnetic field, it would stop spinning, but in this case the
commutator would reverse the current through the stator and this way reverse the
magnetic field. This way the rotor can keep spinning.

* Electric motors impact almost every aspect of modern living. Refrigerators,

vacuum cleaners, air conditioners, fans, computer hard drives, automatic car
windows, and multitudes of other appliances and devices use electric motors to
convert electrical energy into useful mechanical energy.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generators

- Is a device that transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy.

- Instead of moving a magnet in and out of a coil to induce emf (electromotive

force), you can move the coil to produce the same effect. It does not matter
whether it is the magnet or the coil moving, only the relative motion between the
two does. A device that does this is called a generator. The input in the generator
is the mechanical energy, and the output is the electrical energy. The wire is
placed between the two poles of a magnet. It rotates when an external force is
applied, and then the changing magnetic field induces electricity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Type of Generators

Portable Generators

– These generators are typically run by fuel and are the least expensive type of
generator; however, they require quite a bit of work.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Permanently Installed

– Permanently installed generators are more convenient and require less work than
portable generators during a power outage. These generators run on natural gas or
propane and switch on automatically once the power goes down.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Uses of Generator

1. Provide power for most power networks across cities

2. Used in medical laboratory due to high voltage range
3. Energy-efficient as fuel consumption is reduced drastically
4. They are used to drive motors
5. They are used in transportation
6. Small scale generators provide a backup when there is a power interruption in
household or small business

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Transformer

- is a device used to either increase or decrease the output voltage. It is

composed of two coils connected by an iron core.

- is designed in such a way that all the magnetic flux produced by the current in
the primary coil also passes through the secondary coil. The alternating current
passes through the primary coil, which serves as the input, creating a changing
magnetic field in the iron core. The changing magnetic field in the iron core then
induces a current in the secondary coil, which serves as the output

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Two Types of Transformers

Step up transformer

– has a primary coil with fewer turns than the secondary coil. This
enables the transformer to induce a larger voltage in its secondary coil

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Step down transformer

– has a primary coil with more turns than the secondary coil. This allows the
transformer to lessen the voltage output. The amount of voltage produced by a
transformer depends on the input voltage and the number of turns that the primary
and secondary coils have.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Uses of Transformers in Daily Life

1. Alternating Current Regulation

2. Charging Batteries
3. Steel Manufacturing
4. Electrolysis
5. Controlling the flow of electricity through a circuit
6. Used in the construction of electrical measuring device such as voltmeter,
ammeter, relay etc.

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Business Math

Mark - Up

“In business, what do you think are the factors of the amount of profit?”

- Markup is the amount of money above their cost of a product or service that
a business will charge for that product or service.

The formula in getting the mark-up can be:

𝑴_𝒖=𝑬+𝑷
Where:
M_𝑢 - mark-up
E – expenses
P- profit

- Always take note that the selling price must be reasonable, competitive, and
suitable to its target market, and will not make the business lose a money.

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Selling Price

The formula in getting the selling price is:

𝑺_𝒑=𝑪+𝑬+𝑷

Where:
Sp - selling price E - expenses
C - cost P - profit

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Also, mark-up is the difference between the selling price of an item and its cost.
The other formula in getting the mark-up:

𝑴_𝒖= 𝑺_𝒑−𝑪

Where : Mu = markup
Sp = selling price
C = cost

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Mark-up

- There are two different methods in getting the rate of mark-up; mark-up based on
cost and mark-up based on selling price.

- When markup is calculated based on cost, it is obtained by multiplying the cost

by the rate of the markup while markup based on selling price is obtained by
multiplying the selling price by the rate of the markup.

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Mark-up based on cost:
𝑴𝒖_𝒄=𝒓_𝒎𝒖𝒄×𝑪

𝑺_𝒑= 𝑪(𝟏+𝒓_𝒎𝒖𝒄)

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Mark-up based on selling price:
𝑴𝒖_𝒔=𝒓_𝒎𝒖𝒔×𝑺_𝒑

𝑺_𝒑= 𝑪/((𝟏−𝒓_𝒎𝒖𝒔))

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Mark-down and Additional Mark-on

What is mark-down?

- A markdown is a devaluation of a product. It is an attempt to sell something at a

lower price than originally planned because it is not selling. This may be because
a store has bought too many, an industry trend did not live up to its reputation,
or a product has a sizing issue or other defect that has limited its sales.

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Mark-down

The formula in getting the mark-down is:

𝑴𝒅=𝑺_𝒐𝒑−𝑺_𝒏𝒑 𝑜𝑟 𝑴𝒅= 𝒓_𝒎𝒅×𝑺_𝒐𝒑

While the rate of mark-down is computed using the formula:

𝒓_𝒎𝒅=𝑴𝒅/𝑺_𝒐𝒑

And the formula in getting the selling price after the mark-down or simply new
selling price is:
𝑺_𝒏𝒑=𝑺_𝒐𝒑−𝑴𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑺_𝒏𝒑= 𝑺_𝒐𝒑 (𝟏−𝒓_𝒎𝒅)

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Additional Mark-on

- Additional mark-on is an increase in the price due to shortage of production or

caused by an approaching peak season such as Christmas. Additional mark-ons are
based on an existing selling price.

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FORMULA IN MARK-ON

The formula in getting the mark-on is:

𝑴𝒐=𝑺_𝒏𝒑−𝑺_𝒑
𝑴𝒐= 𝒓_𝒎𝒐×𝑺_𝒑

While the rate of mark-on is computed using the formula:

𝒓_𝒎𝒐=𝑴𝒐/𝑺_𝒑

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Mathematics

Permutation

What is a Permutation?

- A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order. If it is an

ordered arrangement of distinguishable objects, then repetition among objects is
not allowed. To permute objects is to arrange them in a certain order. Here, the
order of arrangement of objects is important. Hence, the arrangement ABCD is not
the same as the arrangement BCDA. These are two different arrangements.

- In general, in the arrangement of n objects, there are n operations involved. The

first operation involves choosing an item for the first position; the second
operation, choosing an item for the second position; and so on until the nth
operation. From the Fundamental Counting Principle the formula becomes n(n- 1) ● …
● 3 ● 2 ● 1.

- The symbol 𝒏𝑷𝒓 denotes the permutation of n things taken r at a time. Two other
common notations that appear in some books are P(n, r) and 𝑃_𝑟^𝑛.

- The total number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is given by

expression nPr = n(n - 1)(n - 2)...(n - r + 1)

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Factorial Notations
- The product 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 can be written in abbreviated from 5! (Read as
“Five factorial”).

5! = 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 120
7! = 7 • 6 • 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 7 • 6 • 5! = 5,040
4! = 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 24
6! = 6 • 5 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 = 6 • 5 • 4! = 720

* If n is a positive integer, then n factorial denoted by n! is the product of all

integers less than or equal to n. in other words, n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)...(2)(1). As
a special case, you define 0!= 1.

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Linear Permutation

- The formula in computing the number of permutations of n things taken r at a time

can be derived from the fundamental principle of counting. If the things are to be
taken r at a time where r<n, then you have n things to fill up the first place, n –
1 things to fill up the second place, and so on.

- You have (n – r + 1) things to choose from to fill up the rth place. Thus ,
The number of ways of different ordered arrangements of n things taken r at a time
is given by

nPr = n(n - 1)(n - 2)...(n - r + 1)

The number of permutation of n things taken n at a time is given by

nPn = n(n - 1)(n - 2)...(3)(2)(1) = n!

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Circular Permutations

- Circular permutations are the permutations of objects when they are arranged in a
circular pattern. An example of this is the seating arrangement of people around a
circular table. The main difference between circular and linear permutations is
that in a circular permutation there is no starting or ending point.

Suppose there are four objects a, b, c, d. in linear permutations, they can be

arranged in 4! = 24 differen1t ways. When the four objects a, b, c, and d are
arranged in a circle, you get the following arrangements:

- The arrangements shown to the left are all considered the same because there is
no starting or ending point. Thus, out of the 4! = 24 different ways arranging 4
district objects in a line, there will be 4 such linear arrangements that will be
considered the same from a circular permutation’s view. Therefore, the number of
circular permutations of 4 different objects will be 𝟒!/𝟒=𝟑!=𝟑∗𝟐∗𝟏=𝟔.

- In general, if there are n different objects, and they are arranged in a circular
fashion, then the total number of circular permutations of these n objects is equal
to the number of linear permutations of the n objects divided by n. this is because
out of the n! ways of arranging n district objects in a line, there will be n such
linear arrangements that will be considered the same from a circular permutation’s
view. Hence,

Circular permutations of n objects = 𝒏!/𝒏=(𝒏−𝟏)!

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Permutations with Repetitions/Things That are Alike
- Sometimes, the elements with which we want to form permutations are not all
different as in the case of the word POP. Thus, to find the number of
distinguishable permutations of the word POP, we must take into consideration that
we cannot distinguish between the 2 P’s in any of the permutation. We know that the
permutations of the 3 letters of the word POP is 3!, but the 2 P’s can be permuted
in 2! ways and do not produce a different result, the number of distinguishable
permutations P is given by

𝟐!𝑷=𝟑! 𝒐𝒓 𝑷=𝟑!/𝟐!=(𝟑∗𝟐∗𝟏)/(𝟐∗𝟏)=𝟔/𝟐=𝟑

- The number of permutations of n things where a things are alike, b things are
alike, and c things are alike, and so forth, is

𝑷=𝒏!/(𝒂!𝒃!𝒄… )

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