Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

1. Find the electric field at the origin due to a point charge of 6.44 × 10-9 C located
at (-4, 2, -3)m in the Cartesian coordinate system.

Solution:

⃗⃗ = 𝑸
The electric field intensity is given by 𝑬 ̂𝑹
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝑹𝟐
𝑅⃗ = [0 − (−4)]𝑎̂𝑥 + [0 − 2]𝑎̂𝑦 + [0 − (−3)]𝑎̂𝑧 = 4𝑎̂𝑥 − 2𝑎̂𝑦 + 3𝑎̂𝑧
⃗
𝑅 4𝑎̂𝑥 −2𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧
R = |𝑅⃗ | = √42 + 22 + 32 = √29 ; 𝑎̂𝑅 = =
𝑅 √29
1 1 1
𝜖0 = (36𝜋 × 10−9 ) = 8.854 × 10−12 ; = = 9 × 109
4𝜋𝜖0 1 −9
4𝜋 × 36𝜋×10

𝑄 6.44×10−9 4𝑎̂𝑥 −2𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗ = 𝑎̂𝑅 = 9 × 109 ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅2 (√29)2 √29

57.96 × (4𝑎̂𝑥 −2𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧 )

=
29√29

⃗ = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖 𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝒂
̂𝒚 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒂
̂𝒛

2. A charge of -0.3 𝝁C is located at A(-25, 30, 15)cm and a second charge of 0.5 𝝁C
is at B(-10, 8, 12)cm. Find E at the origin.
Soln: (i) Force on Q1

⃗ 𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝑭 ̂𝑹
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝑹

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

𝑅⃗ = [2 − (−1)]𝑎̂𝑥 + [0 − 0]𝑎̂𝑦 + [5 − (−2)]𝑎̂𝑧 = 3𝑎̂𝑥 + 7𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅⃗ 3𝑎̂𝑥 +7𝑎̂𝑧
R = |𝑅⃗ | = √32 + 72 = √58 ; 𝑎 ̂𝑅 = =
𝑅 √58
1 −9 −12 1 1
𝜖0 = (36𝜋 × 10 ) = 8.854 × 10 ; = = 9 × 109
4𝜋𝜖0 1 −9
4𝜋 × 36𝜋×10

𝑄1 𝑄2 30×10−6 ×(−100)×10−6 3𝑎̂𝑥 +7𝑎̂𝑧

𝐹1 = 2 𝑎̂𝑅 = 9 × 109 ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 (√58)2 √58

(−3000)×10−12 ×(3𝑎̂𝑥 +7𝑎̂𝑧 ) −27×(3𝑎̂𝑥 +7𝑎̂𝑧 )

= 9 × 10 9
× =
58√58 58√58

⃗𝑭𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒂

̂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝒂
̂𝒛

(ii) Force on Q2:

Force on Q2 , 𝐹2 = −𝐹1
⃗ 𝟐 = +𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒂
𝑭 ̂𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝒂
̂𝒛

(iii) The magnitude of forces

|⃗⃗𝐹1 | = |⃗⃗𝐹2 | = √0.1832 + 0.4282 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟓, 𝑵

(iv) Direction of forces:

⃗𝐹1 −0.183𝑎̂𝑥 −0.428𝑎̂𝑧

Direction of force, 𝐹1 = 𝑎
̂1 =
|𝐹1 |
= = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝒂̂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝒂̂𝒛
0.465

⃗2
𝐹 0.183𝑎̂𝑥 +0.428𝑎̂𝑧
Direction of force, 𝐹2 = 𝑎
̂2 =
|𝐹2 |
= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝒂̂𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝒂̂𝒛
0.465

3. Two point charges 𝑄1 & 𝑄2 are locates 80 cm apart in Bakelite. Find the electric
field intensity at a point 60 cm from both charges if 𝑄1 = 0.2 𝝁C, 𝑄2 = -0.2 𝝁C and
𝜖𝑟 = 5
Soln: (i) Force on Q1

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

𝑅⃗1 =0.4𝑎̂𝑦 + 0.45𝑎̂𝑧 𝑅⃗2 =−0.4𝑎̂𝑦 + 0.45𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅1 = √0.42 + 0.452 = 0.6 𝑅2 = √0.42 + 0.452 = 0.6

⃗1
𝑅 0.4𝑎̂𝑦 +0.45𝑎̂𝑧 ⃗2
𝑅 −0.4𝑎̂𝑦 +0.45𝑎̂𝑧
𝑎̂1 = = 𝑎̂2 = =
𝑅1 0.6 𝑅2 0.6

Total Field at point, P: ⃗⃗ = 𝑬

𝑬 ⃗ 𝟏+𝑬
⃗𝟐

𝑸𝟏
(i) Field due to 𝑄1: ⃗𝑬
⃗𝟏= ̂𝟏
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎𝝐𝒓 𝑹𝟏 𝟐

1 0.2×10
−6 0.4𝑎̂ 𝑦 +0.45𝑎̂ 𝑧
𝐸⃗1 = 9 × 109 × × 2 0.6 = 1.666 × 103 × (0.4𝑎̂𝑦 + 0.45𝑎̂𝑧 )
5 (0.6)
⃗𝑬
⃗𝟏 = ̂𝒛 ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ,
̂𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒂
(𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒂 V/m
𝑸𝟐
(ii) Field due to 𝑄2 : ⃗⃗ 𝟐 =
𝑬 ̂𝟐
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎𝝐𝒓 𝑹𝟐 𝟐

1 −0.2×10
−6 −0.4𝑎̂ 𝑦+0.45𝑎̂ 𝑧
𝐸⃗2 = 9 × 109 × × 2 0.6
5 (0.6)
= 1.666 × 103 × (0.4𝑎̂𝑦 − 0.45𝑎̂𝑧 )
⃗𝑬
⃗ 𝟐 = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒂 ̂𝒛 ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 , V/m

(iii) Total Field at point, P: ⃗ = 𝑬

𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝟏 + 𝑬
⃗𝟐

⃗𝑬
⃗ = ⃗𝑬𝟏 + ⃗𝑬𝟐 = (0.666 𝑎̂𝑦 + 0.75 𝑎̂𝑧 ) × 103 + (0.666 𝑎̂𝑦 − 0.75 𝑎̂𝑧 ) × 103
= 2 × (0.666 𝑎̂𝑦 )
𝐸⃗ = 1.333 × 103 𝒂 ̂𝒚 , 𝑉/𝑚 or ⃗ = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒚 , 𝐾𝑉/𝑚

4. Determine the electric field intensity at a point A located at distances 0.3m and
0.4m respectively from charges 𝑄1& 𝑄2 spaced 0.5m apart. 𝑄1 has charge of
1 × 10−9 𝐶 while 𝑄2 has charge of 8 × 10−10 𝐶.

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

Soln:

Total Field at point, A: 𝑬 ⃗ = 𝑬 ⃗ 𝟏+𝑬

⃗𝟐
⃗
𝑅
𝑅⃗1 = − 0.3𝑎̂𝑧 ; 𝑅1 = 0.3 ; 𝑎̂1 = 𝑅1 = − 𝑎̂𝑧
1
⃗2
𝑅
𝑅⃗2 = − 0.4𝑎̂𝑦 ; 𝑅2 = 0.4 ; 𝑎̂2 = 𝑅 = − 𝑎̂𝑦
2

𝑸𝟏
(i) Field due to 𝑄1: ⃗𝟏=
𝑬 ̂𝟏
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝑹𝟏 𝟐

1×10 −9
𝐸⃗1 = 9 × 109 × (0.3)2 (− 𝑎̂𝑧 ) = − 100 𝑎̂𝑧 V/m

𝑸𝟐
(ii) Field due to 𝑄2 : ⃗𝟐=
𝑬 ̂𝟐
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝑹𝟐 𝟐

8×10 −10
𝐸⃗2 = 9 × 109 × (0.4)2 (− 𝑎̂𝑦 )
= −45 𝑎̂𝑦 V/m
(iii) Total Field at point, P: ⃗𝑬
⃗ = ⃗𝑬𝟏 + ⃗𝑬𝟐

⃗𝑬
⃗ = ⃗𝑬𝟏 + ⃗𝑬𝟐
= − 100 𝑎̂𝑧 −45 𝑎̂𝑦

𝐸⃗ = −𝟒𝟓 𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒂
̂𝒛 , 𝑉/𝑚

5. In free space, let 𝑸𝟏 = 10 𝒏C be at 𝑷𝟏 (𝟎, −𝟒, 𝟎) & 𝑸𝟐 = 20 𝒏C be at 𝑷𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟒).

a) Find electric field intensity at origin.
b) Where should a 30nCpoint charge be placed so that ⃗𝑬
⃗ = 𝟎 at the origin?

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

a. Field at origin:
⃗
𝑅 4𝑎̂𝑦
⃗R1 = 4𝑎̂𝑦 ; R1 = √42 = 4 â1 = 𝑅1 = = 𝑎̂𝑦
1 4
⃗
𝑅 −4𝑎̂𝑧
⃗R 2 = −4𝑎̂𝑧 ; R 2 = √42 = 4 â2 = 𝑅2 = = −𝑎̂𝑧
2 4

Total Field at origin: ⃗ = 𝑬

𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝟏 + 𝑬
⃗𝟐
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐸⃗ = 2 𝑎
̂1 + 𝑎̂2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑅1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑅2 2
10×10−9 20×10−9
= 9 × 109 × 𝑎̂𝑦 + 9 × 109 × (−𝑎̂𝑧 )
(4)2 (4)2

⃗𝑬
⃗ = 5.625 𝑎̂𝑦 −11.25 𝑎̂𝑧 𝑉/𝑚

b)

let 𝑄3 = 30 𝑛C be at 𝑃3 (x, y, z). 𝑇h𝑒𝑛

⃗3
𝑅 −x 𝑎̂𝑦 −y 𝑎̂𝑦 −z 𝑎̂𝑦
⃗R 3 = −x 𝑎̂𝑦 − y 𝑎̂𝑦 − z 𝑎̂𝑦 ; R 3 = √x 2 + y 2 + z 2 â1 = =
𝑅3 √x2 +y2 +z2

Total Field at origin: ⃗𝑬 = ⃗𝑬

⃗ 𝟏 + ⃗𝑬𝟐 + ⃗𝑬𝟑

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
𝐸⃗ = 2 𝑎̂1 + 2 𝑎̂2 + 𝑎̂3 = 0
4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑅1 4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑅2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝑅3 2
10×10−9 20×10−9 30×10−9 −x 𝑎̂𝑦 −y 𝑎̂𝑦 −z 𝑎̂𝑦
0 = 9 × 109 × [ 𝑎̂𝑦 + (−𝑎̂𝑧 ) + ]
(4)2 (4)2 √(x2 +y2 +z2 )2 √x2 +y2 +z2

270(−x 𝑎̂𝑦 −y 𝑎̂𝑦 −z 𝑎̂𝑦 )

0 = 5.625 𝑎̂𝑦 −11.25 𝑎̂𝑧 + 𝑉/𝑚
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3

RHS becomes zero only when it's components are zero ie

270(−x)
i. =0 or 270(−x) = 0; OR x= 𝟎
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3
270y
ii) 5.625 − =0
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3
270y
5.625 =
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3
270y
Since x = 0, 5.625 =
(√y2 +z2 ) 3
270z
ii) −11.25 − =0
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3
−270 z
11.25 =
(√x2 +y2 +z2 ) 3
−270z
Since x = 0, 11.25 =
(√y2 +z2 ) 3

From (1) & (2),

5.625 −11.25
=
𝑦 𝑧
270y
Using (3) in (1), we get 5.625 = 3
(√y2 +(−2y)2 )

270y 24.15
5.625 = 3 = OR y = 2.07 & z = -2y = -4.15
(√5 y2 ) y2

So, location of the third charge is 𝑃3 (0, 2.07, − 4.15)

6. A 5nC point charge is located at A(2, -1, -3) in free space.

(a) Find electric field at origin.
(b) What is |𝑬(𝒙, 𝟎, 𝟎)|𝒎𝒂𝒙?
Solution:

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

(a)

𝑅⃗ = − 2 𝑎̂𝑥 + 𝑎̂𝑦 + 3 𝑎̂𝑧 ;

𝑅= √22 + 12 + 32 = √14;
⃗ −2 𝑎
𝑅 ̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3 𝑎̂𝑧
𝑎̂𝐴𝐵 = =
𝑅 √14

𝑄 5×10−9 −2𝑎̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗ = 2 𝑎̂𝑅 = 9 × 109 ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 (√14)2 √14

45 × (−2𝑎̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧 )

=
14√14

⃗⃗ = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟖 𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟗 𝒂
̂𝒚 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝒂
̂𝒛
(b)
𝑅⃗ = (x − 2) 𝑎̂𝑥 + 𝑎̂𝑦 + 3 𝑎̂𝑧 ;
𝑅= √(𝑥 − 2)2 + 12 + 32 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + 10;
⃗ (x−2) 𝑎
𝑅 ̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3 𝑎̂𝑧
𝑎̂𝐴𝐵 = =
𝑅 √(𝑥−2)2 +10
𝑄
𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 0,0) = 𝑎̂𝑅
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅2
5×10−9 (x−2) 𝑎̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3 𝑎̂𝑧
= 9 × 109 ×
(√(𝑥−2)2 +10)2 √(𝑥−2)2 +10
45 × ((x−2) 𝑎̂𝑥 +𝑎̂𝑦 +3 𝑎̂𝑧 )
𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 0,0) =
((𝑥−2)2 +10)3/2

𝑄 5×10−9
|𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 0,0) | = 9
= 9 × 10 ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 2 (√(𝑥−2)2 +10)2

45
|𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 0,0) | =
(𝑥−2)2 +10

𝑑
The condition to find the maximum is [|𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 0,0) |]=0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 45 𝑣 𝑑𝑢−𝑢 𝑑𝑣
[ ]=0 d(u/v) =
𝑑𝑥 2
(𝑥−2) +10 𝑣2

2
((𝑥−2) +10)(0)−(45)(2(𝑥−2))
[ 2 ]=0
(𝑥−2) +10

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

((𝑥 − 2)2 + 10)(0) − (45)(2(𝑥 − 2)) = 0

−(45)(2(𝑥 − 2)) = 0 OR 𝒙=𝟐

𝒙 = 𝟐 is the condition for maximum. Therefore,

|𝐸(𝑥, 0,0)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = |𝐸(𝑥, 0,0)| at 𝑥 = 2.

45
|𝐸(𝑥, 0,0)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 4.5 |𝑬(𝒙, 𝟎, 𝟎)|𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 4.5
(2−2)2 +10

⃗ at origin, if the following charge distributions are

7. Find electric field intensity 𝑬
present in free space:
i. Point charge of 12nc at P(2,0,6)
ii. Uniform line charge of 3nc/m at x=2 and y = -3
iii. Uniform surface charge density 0.4nc/m2 at z =5m.
Solution:

i. E due to point charge:

𝑅⃗ = (0 − 2)𝑎̂𝑥 + (0 − 0)𝑎̂𝑦 + (0 − 6) 𝑎̂𝑧

= −2 𝑎̂𝑥 − 6 𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅⃗ = √22 + 62 = √40

𝑄 12×10−9 −2𝑎̂𝑥 −6𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗𝑝 = 𝑎̂𝑅 = 9 × 10 9
×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅2 (√40)2 √40

̂𝒙 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒂
= −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒂 ̂𝒛
ii. E due to infinite line charge:
𝜌𝐿
𝐸⃗𝑙 = 𝑎̂𝜌
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌
𝜌 = [0 − 2]𝑎̂𝑥 + [0 + 3]𝑎̂𝑦 + [0 − 0]𝑎̂𝑧
= −2𝑎̂𝑥 + 3𝑎̂𝑦
⃗
𝜌 −2𝑎̂𝑥 +3𝑎̂𝑦
𝜌 = |𝜌| = √22 + 32 = √13 ; 𝑎̂𝜌 = =
𝜌 √13

𝜌𝐿 18×109 ×3×10−9 −2𝑎̂ 𝑥 +3𝑎̂ 𝑦

𝐸⃗2 = 𝑎̂𝜌 = ( ) = −𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝒂
̂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒂
̂𝒚
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌 √13 √13

iii. E due to infinite Sheet charge:

𝜌𝑆
𝐸⃗𝑠 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology

Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

𝑅⃗ = −5𝑎̂𝑧
R = |𝑅⃗ | = √52 = 5 ;
𝑅⃗ −5𝑎̂𝑧
𝑎̂𝑅 = = = −𝑎̂𝑧 ; 𝑎̂𝑛 = 𝑎̂𝑅
𝑅 5
𝜌𝑆 0.4×10−9
𝐸⃗𝑠 = 𝑎̂𝑛 = (−𝑎̂𝑧 ) = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝒂
̂𝒛
2𝜖0 2×8.854×10−12

Total electric field is given by

𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒂 ̂𝒙 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒂
̂𝒛 − 𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝒂
̂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝒂
̂𝒛
⃗⃗ = −𝟗. 𝟏𝟔 𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝒂
̂𝒛 , 𝒗/𝒎

8. Find the electric field ⃗𝑬 at origin, if the following charge distributions are
present in free space:
i. point charge 2 nC at P(2, 5, 6)
ii. Uniform line charge of linear charge density 5 nC/m at x = -2, y = 3
iii. Uniform surface charge of density 0.2 nC/m2 at x = 2.
Solution:

iv. E due to point charge:

𝑄
𝐸⃗𝑝 = 𝑎̂
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑅⃗ = (0 − 2)𝑎̂𝑥 + (0 − 5)𝑎̂𝑦 + (0 − 6) 𝑎̂𝑧

= −2 𝑎̂𝑥 − 5 𝑎̂𝑦 − 6 𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅⃗ = √22 + 52 + 62 = √65

𝑄 2×10−9 −2𝑎̂𝑥 −5 𝑎̂𝑦 −6𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗𝑝 = 2 𝑎̂𝑅 = 9 × 109 ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 (√65)2 √65

̂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒂
= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗 𝒂 ̂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝒂
̂𝒛

v. E due to infinite line charge:

𝜌𝐿
𝐸⃗𝑙 = 𝑎̂𝜌
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌
𝜌 = [0 + 2]𝑎̂𝑥 + [0 − 3]𝑎̂𝑦 + [0 − 0]𝑎̂𝑧
= 2𝑎̂𝑥 − 3𝑎̂𝑦
⃗
𝜌 2𝑎̂𝑥 −3𝑎̂𝑦
𝜌 = |𝜌| = √22 + 32 = √13 ; 𝑎̂𝜌 = =
𝜌 √13

𝜌𝐿 18×109 ×5×10−9 2𝑎̂ 𝑥 −3𝑎̂ 𝑦

𝐸⃗2 = 𝑎̂𝜌 = ( ) = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝒂
̂𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝒂
̂𝒚
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌 √13 √13

vi. E due to infinite Sheet charge:

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𝜌𝑆
𝐸⃗𝑠 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

𝑅⃗ = −2𝑎̂𝑥
R = |𝑅⃗ | = √22 = 2 ;
𝑅⃗ −2𝑎̂𝑥
𝑎̂𝑅 = = = −𝑎̂𝑥 ; 𝑎̂𝑛 = 𝑎̂𝑅
𝑅 2
𝜌𝑆 0.2×10−9
𝐸⃗𝑠 = 𝑎̂𝑛 = (−𝑎̂𝑥 ) = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝒂
̂𝒙
2𝜖0 2×8.854×10−12

Total electric field is given by 𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3

⃗𝑬
⃗ = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗 𝒂 ̂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒂 ̂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝒂
̂𝒛 + 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝒂̂𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝒂
̂𝒙
⃗𝑬
⃗ = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝒂
̂𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒂
̂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝒂
̂𝒛 , 𝒗/𝒎

9. A line charge of 2 nC/m lies along y-axis while surface charge densities of 0.1
nC/m2 and -0.1 nC/m2 exist on the plane z = 3 and z = -4m respectively. Find the
⃗𝑬
⃗ at P(1, 7, -2).
Solution:

i. E due to infinite line charge:

𝜌𝐿
𝐸⃗𝑙 = 𝑎̂𝜌
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌
𝜌 = [1 − 0]𝑎̂𝑥 + [7 − 7]𝑎̂𝑦 + [−2 − 0]𝑎̂𝑧
= 𝑎̂𝑥 − 2𝑎̂𝑧
⃗
𝜌 𝑎̂𝑥 −2𝑎̂𝑧
𝜌 = |𝜌| = √12 + 22 = √5 ; 𝑎̂𝜌 = =
𝜌 √5

𝜌𝐿 18×109 ×2×10−9 𝑎̂ 𝑥 −2𝑎̂ 𝑧

𝐸⃗2 = 𝑎̂𝜌 = ( ) = 𝟕. 𝟐𝒂
̂𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝒂
̂𝒛
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌 √5 √5

ii. E due to infinite Sheet charge1:

𝜌𝑆1
𝐸⃗𝑠1 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

𝑅⃗1 = −5𝑎̂𝑧
𝑅1 = |𝑅⃗1 | = √52 = 5 ;
𝑅⃗1 −5𝑎̂𝑧
𝑎̂𝑅1 = = = −𝑎̂𝑧 ; 𝑎̂𝑛 = 𝑎̂𝑅
𝑅1 5
𝜌𝑆1 0.1×10−9
𝐸⃗𝑠1 = 𝑎̂𝑛 = (−𝑎̂𝑧 ) = −𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝒂
̂𝒛
2𝜖0 2×8.854×10−12

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Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

iii. E due to infinite Sheet charge2:

𝜌𝑆2
𝐸⃗𝑠2 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

𝑅⃗2 = (−2 + 4)𝑎̂𝑧 = 2𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅2 = |𝑅⃗2 | = √22 = 2 ;
⃗2
𝑅 2𝑎̂
𝑎̂𝑅2 = = 𝑧 = 𝑎̂𝑧 ; 𝑎̂𝑛 = 𝑎̂𝑅
𝑅2 2
𝜌 −0.1×10−9
⃗𝐸𝑠2 = 𝑆2 𝑎̂𝑛 = (−𝑎̂𝑧 ) = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝒂
̂𝒛
2𝜖0 2×8.854×10−12

Total electric field is given by 𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3

⃗⃗ = 𝟕. 𝟐𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝒂 ̂𝒛 − 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓 𝒂
̂𝒛 + 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝒂̂𝒛
⃗𝑬
⃗ = 𝟕. 𝟐𝒂
̂𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝒂
̂𝒛 , 𝒗/𝒎

10. Charge lies in the z = -3m plane in the form of a square sheet defined by −𝟐 ≤
𝟑
𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 𝒎, −𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 𝒎 with charge density 𝝆𝑺 = 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗)𝟐 nC/m2. Find
the ⃗𝑬
⃗ at the origin.

Solution:

⃗ due to differential charge, dQ of area, dS located at (x, y, 3) is given

The electric field intensity, 𝑑𝐸
by

𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝐸⃗ = 𝑎̂𝑅
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 2

𝑑𝑄 = 𝜌𝑆 𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3
𝜌𝑆 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 9)2 nC/m2
3
dQ = 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 9)2 × 10−9 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑅⃗ = (0 − 𝑥)𝑎̂𝑥 + (0 − 𝑦)𝑎̂𝑦 + (0 + 3) 𝑎̂𝑧

= −𝑥 𝑎̂𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎̂𝑦 + 3 𝑎̂𝑧

𝑅⃗ = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 9
3
𝑑𝑄 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +9)2 ×10−9 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ̂ 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑎̂ 𝑦 +3 𝑎̂ 𝑧
−𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝐸⃗ =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 2
𝑎̂𝑅 =
4𝜋𝜖0 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +9)
[ ]
√𝑥2 +𝑦2 +9

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3
9×109 ×2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +9)2 ×10−9 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3 (−𝑥 𝑎̂𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎̂𝑦 + 3 𝑎̂𝑧 )
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +9)2

Due to symmetry of charge distribution, x- and y-components do not exist in total

electric field. Therefore,

𝐸⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝐸⃗
2 2
= ∬ 18 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (3 𝑎̂𝑧 ) = 54 ∫−2 𝑑𝑥 ∫−2 𝑑𝑦 𝑎̂𝑧 = 54 (4)(4) 𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗ = 864 𝒂
̂𝒛 V/m.

𝟏
11. A uniform sheet charge with charge density ρS = 𝒏𝑪/𝒎𝟐 is located at z = 5 m
𝟑𝝅
−𝟐𝟓
and a uniform line charge with ρL = 𝒏𝑪/𝒎 at z = −3m, y = 3m. Find the
𝟗
electric field intensity at (x, -1, 0) m.

Solution:

i. Electric field due to surface charge:

𝜌𝑆
𝐸⃗1 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

𝑅⃗ = [𝑥 − (𝑥)]𝑎̂𝑥 + [−1 + (−1)]𝑎̂𝑦 + [0 − 5]𝑎̂𝑧

= −5𝑎̂𝑧
⃗
𝑅 −5𝑎̂𝑧
R = |𝑅⃗ | = √52 = 5 ; 𝑎̂𝑅 = = = −𝑎̂𝑧 ; 𝑎̂𝑛 = 𝑎̂𝑅
𝑅 5
𝜌𝑆
𝐸⃗1 = 𝑎̂𝑛
2𝜖0

(1⁄3𝜋)×10−9
= (−𝑎̂𝑧 ) = −6𝑎̂𝑧
2×(1⁄36𝜋)×10−9

ii. Electric field due to line charge:

𝜌𝐿
𝐸⃗2 = 𝑎̂𝜌
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌

𝜌 = [𝑥 − (𝑥)]𝑎̂𝑥 + [−1 − 3]𝑎̂𝑦 + [0 − (−3)]𝑎̂𝑧

= −4𝑎̂𝑦 + 3𝑎̂𝑧
⃗
𝜌 −4𝑎̂𝑦 +3𝑎̂𝑧
𝜌 = |𝜌| = √42 + 32 = 5 ; 𝑎̂𝜌 = =
𝜌 5
𝜌𝐿
𝐸⃗2 = 𝑎̂𝜌
2𝜋𝜖0 𝜌

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Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

(−25⁄9)×10−9 −4𝑎̂ 𝑦 +3𝑎̂ 𝑧

= ( ) = −2 (−4𝑎
̂ 𝑦 + 3𝑎
̂𝑧 )
2𝜋×(1⁄36𝜋)×10−9 ×5 5

𝐸⃗2 = 8𝑎̂𝑦 − 6𝑎̂𝑧

Total electric field is given by

𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 = −6𝑎̂𝑧 + 8𝑎̂𝑦 − 6𝑎̂𝑧

⃗⃗ = 𝟖𝒂
𝑬 ̂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂
̂𝒛 , 𝒗/𝒎

12. Eight 25nC point charges in free space are located symmetrically on a circle of
radius 0.2m centred at origin in z = 0 plane.
⃗ | is maximum?
(a) At what point on the z-axis |𝑬
⃗⃗ |
(b) What is |𝑬 ?
𝒎𝒂𝒙

Solution:

The electric field intensity, 𝐸⃗1 due to Q1 at point P is given by

Q1
𝐸⃗1 = 𝑎
̂1
4𝜋𝜖0 R1 2

𝑅⃗1 = 𝑟𝑃 − 𝑟𝑄 = 𝒛 𝒂
̂𝒛 − 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒂
̂𝒓

25×10−9 𝑧𝑎̂𝑧 −0.2𝑎̂𝑟

𝐸⃗1 = 9 × 109 ×
(√𝑧 2 +0.22 )2 √𝑧 2 +0.22

Due to symmetric distribution of charges, only z-component exists in total electric field of
eight charges.

25×10−9 𝑧𝑎̂𝑧 1799𝑧𝑎̂𝑧

𝐸⃗ = 8 𝐸⃗1 =8× 9 × 109 × =
(√𝑧 2 +0.04)2 2
√𝑧 +0.04 (𝑧 +0.04)3/2
2

1799𝑧
|⃗⃗𝐸| =
(𝑧 2 +0.04)3/2

The condition for maximum of E is given by

𝑑 1799𝑧 𝑣 𝑑𝑢−𝑢 𝑑𝑣
[ 3/2 ]=0 d(u/v) =
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧2 +0.04) 𝑣2

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Prof Shiva Panchakshari T G Engineering Electromagnetics

3/2 1
3
((𝑧2 +0.04) )(1799)−(1799𝑧)( )((𝑧2 +0.04)2 )(2𝑧)
2
3 =0
(𝑧2 +0.04)
[ ]
1
3
((𝑧 2 + 0.04)3/2 )(1799) − (1799𝑧) (2) ((𝑧 2 + 0.04)2 ) (2𝑧)) = 0

1
3
((𝑧 2 + 0.04)3/2 )(1799) = (1799𝑧) (2) ((𝑧 2 + 0.04)2 ) (2𝑧)

1
(𝑧 2 + 0.04)3/2 = 3𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 + 0.04)2

(𝑧 2 +0.04)3/2
3𝑧 2 = 1 = (𝑧 2 + 0.04)1= 𝑧 2 + 0.04
(𝑧 2 +0.04)2

2𝑧 2 = 0.04; z = 0.1414

E is maximum at z = 0.1414

1799𝑧
⃗⃗ |
|𝑬 = at z = 0.1414
𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝑧 2 +0.04)3/2

1799(0.1414)
⃗⃗ |
|𝑬 = = 17.30 KV/m.
𝒎𝒂𝒙 ((0.1414)2 +0.04)3/2

Department of ECE Cambridge Institute of Technology